Download APES Topic Outline Review I. Earth Systems and Resources (10

APES Topic Outline Review
I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%)
A. Earth Science Concepts
i.
Geologic
Time Scale
ii.
Plate
Tectonics
iii.
Earthquakes
iv.
Volcanism
v.
Seasons
vi.
Solar
Intensity &
Latitude
B. The Atmosphere
i. Composition
ii.
Structure
iii.
Weather & climate
a. Atmospheric circulation & Coriolis Effect
b. Atmosphere – ocean interactions; ENSO
C. Global Water resources & Use
i. Freshwater/saltwater
ii. Ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial & domestic use
iii.
Surface & groundwater issues
iv. Global problems; conservation
D. Soil & Soil Dynamics
i. Rock cycle
ii. Formation
a. Composition; physical & chemical properties
iii.
Main soil types
iv. Erosion and other soil problems
v.
Soil conservation
II. Living World (10-15%)
A. Ecosystem Structure
i. Biological populations & communities
ii. Ecological niches
iii. Interactions among species
iv. Keystone species
v. Species diversity and edge effect
vi. Major terrestrial & aquatic biomes (describe key components for each)
B. Energy Flow
i. Photosynthesis & cellular respiration
ii. Food webs and trophic levels
iii. Ecological pyramids
C. Ecosystem Diversity
i. Biodiversity
ii. Natural selection
iii. Evolution (identify, draw & explain)
iv. Ecosystem services
D. Natural Ecosystem Change
i. Climate shifts
ii. Species movement
iii. Ecological succession, primary & secondary (draw & explain)
E. Natural Biogeochemical cycles (identify cycle parts & draw each cycle)
i. Carbon
ii. Nitrogen
iii. Phosphorus
1. What is special about this cycle?
iv. Sulfur
v. Water
vi. conservation of matter & entropy
III. Population (10-15%)
A. Population Biology Concepts
i. Population ecology
ii. Carrying capacity
iii. Reproductive strategies
TYPE
DESCRIBE
DRAWING
TYPE
iv. Survivorship
B. Human Population
i. Human population dynamics
1. Historic population size
2. Distribution
DESCRIBE
3. Fertility rates
4. Growth rates and doubling times
5. Demographic transition
Preindustrial
Transitional
Industrialization
Postindustrial
6. Age-structure diagrams / histograms
C. Population size
i. Strategies for sustainability
ii. case studies
iii. national policies
IV. Land and Water Use (10-15%)
A. Agriculture
i. Feeding a growing population
a. human nutritional requirements
b. types of agriculture / sustainable agriculture
Conventional Tillage
Farming
Conservation-Tilling
Farming
Terracing
Contour Farming
Strip Cropping
Alley Cropping/
Agroforestry
Windbreaks/Shelter
belts
PAM
compost
B. Green Revolution
C. Genetic engineering and crop production
DESCRIBE
TYPE
D. Deforestation / forestry
E. Irrigation
F. Controlling pests
i. Types of pesticides (big 10)
Describe Effects
Name
Describe Effects
Name
ii. Costs & Benefits of pesticide use
iii. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
G. Laws
H. Forestry
i. Tree plantations
ii. Old Growth forests
iii. Forest fires
iv. Forest management
v. National Forests
I. Rangelands
i. Overgrazing
ii. Deforestation
iii. Rangeland management
iv. Federal rangelands
J. Other land use
i. Urban land development
a. Planned development
b. Suburban sprawl
c. Urbanization
K. Transportation infrastructure
i. Federal highway system
ii. Canals and channels
iii. Roadless areas
iv. Ecosystem impact
L. Public and Federal Lands
i. Management
ii. Wilderness areas
iii. National parks
v. Wildlife refuges
vi. Forests
vii. Wetlands
M. Land Conservation options
i. Preservation
ii. Remediation
iii. Mitigation
iv. Restoration
v. Sustainable land-use strategies
N. Mining
i. Mineral formation
ii. Extraction
iii. Global reserves
iv. Relevant laws and treaties
O. Fishing
i. Fishing techniques
Description
Type
ii. Overfishing
iii. Aquaculture
iv. Relevant laws and treaties for fishing
P. Global Economics
i. Globalization
ii. World bank
iii. Tragedy of the commons
iv. Relevant laws and treaties
v. Misc info.
V. Energy Resources and Consumption
A. Energy Concepts
i. Energy forms
ii. Power
iii. Units
iv. Conversions
v. Laws of Thermodynamics
B. Energy Consumption
i. History
a. Industrial Revolution
b. Exponential Growth
c. Energy crisis
ii. Present global energy use
iii. Future energy needs
C. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use
i. Formation of coal, oil and natural gas
ii. Extraction/ purification methods
iii. World reserves and global demand
iv. Synfuels
vi.
Environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources
D. Nuclear Energy
i. Nuclear fission process
ii. Nuclear fuel
iii. Electricity production in a coal burning power plant (diagram & explain)
iv. Nuclear reactor (diagram & explain each part)
v. Environmental advantages/disadvantages
vi. Safety issues & major disasters
vii. Radiation and human health
vii. Radioactive wastes
ix. Nuclear fusion
E. Hydroelectric power
i. Dams (diagram & explain)
ii. Flood control
iii. Salmon
iv. Silting
v. other impacts
F. Energy Conservation
i. Energy Efficiency
ii. CAFÉ standards
iii. Hybrid electric vehicles
iv. Mass transit
G. Renewable Energy
TYPE
SOLAR
ENERGY
SOLAR
ELECTRICITY
HYDROGEN
FUEL CELL
ENERGY
BIOMASS
ENERGY
WIND
ENERGY
SMALL
SCALE
HYDRO
TIDAL &
WAVE
ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
DESCRIPTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
VI. Pollution ( 25-30%)
.
A. Air Pollution
i. Sources, primary and secondary
ii. Major air pollutants (main types with causes & effects of each)
iii. Measurement units
iv. Smog: acid deposition – causes and effects
v. Heat Islands and temperature inversions
vi. Indoor pollutants; sick building syndrome, types of pollutants. Health effects etc.
vii. Remediation and reduction strategies
viii. Clean Air Act and other relevant laws
B. Water pollution
i. Types
ii. Sources
iii. Causes and effects
iii. Eutrophication
iv. Ground-water pollution
v. Maintaining water quality
vi. Water purification
vii. Sewage treatment/septic systems
viii. List and describe 4 water quality tests and what they determine about water quality.
viii. Clean Water Act and other relevant laws
C. Noise Pollution
i. Sources
ii. Effects
iii. Control measures
D. Solid waste
i. Types
ii. Disposal
iii. Reduction
E. Impacts on the Environment and Human Health
i. Hazards to Human health
a. Environmental risk analysis
b. Acute and chronic effects
ACUTE
CHRONIC
C. Dose-response relationships: LD50 and Threshold (draw, graph & label)
d. Air pollutants
e. Smoking and other risks
F. Hazardous chemicals in the Environment
i. Types of hazardous waste
ii. Treatment/ disposal of hazardous waste
G. Cleanup of contaminated sites
i. Biomagnifications
ii. Bioaccumulation
iii. Relevant laws
H. Economic Impacts
I. Cost- Benefit analysis (diagram & label)
II. Externalities
III. Marginal costs
IV. Sustainability
VI. Global Change (10-15%)
A. Stratospheric Ozone
i. Formation of stratospheric ozone
ii. Ultraviolet radiation
iii. Causes and effects of ozone depletion
iv. Strategies for reducing ozone depletion
v. Relevant laws and treaties
B. Global Warming
i. Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect
ii. Impacts and consequences of global warming
iii. Reducing climate change
iv. Relevant laws and treaties
C. Loss of Biodiversity
i. Habitat Loss
a. Overuse
b. Pollution
c. Introduced species
List 1 species introduced to an area in order to contain an invasive species
d. Endangered and extinct species
ii. Maintenance through conservation
iii. Relevant Laws and Treaties
IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, TREATIES & SUMMITS
Antarctic Treaty
Cairo Conference on population & development
Clean Air Acts
Convention of climate change & Kyoto Protocol
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES)
Endangered Species Act
Energy Policy Act
Lacey Act
Federal Food, Drug & cosmetics Act (FFDCA)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA)
National Wildlife Refuge System Act
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Rio Earth Summit
Soil Conservation Act
Solid Waste Disposal Act
Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (SMCRA)
Taylor Grazing Act
Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know
Act (EPCRA)
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Toxic substance Control Act
US Clean Water Act
Wild & Scenic Rivers Act
Wilderness Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation
Liability Act (CERCLA)
IMPORTANT APES CASE STUDIES
Bophal, India
Kesterson National Wildlife
Refuge
Prince William Sound (1989)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1993)
Aral Sea
Mono Lake
Ogallala Aquifer
Minamata, Japan
Aswan High Dam, Egypt
Chesapeake Bay,
Maryland/Virginia
Love Canal Housing
Development, New York
Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania
Chernobyl, Ukraine
Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Three Gorges Dam, China
Clinch River, Tennessee
Colorado River Basin
Columbia River Basin
Missouri River Basin
Mississipi River Basin
Cayohoga River, Ohio
Lake Erie (Great Lakes)
World Summits
Lake Washington
Georges Bank
Old Growth Forests (Pacific NW)
Antartic Food web
Evergalades
Isle Royale Pred-Prey Dynamics
Floods of 1993 (USA)
American Dust Bowl
Copper Basin, Tennessee
Tongass National Forest
Green Revolution
LA & Mexico City Pollution
Ozone Layer Cause & Recovery
Herbicides in Vietnam
Times Beach Missouri
APES IMPORTANT KEY FACTS/CONCEPTS TO KNOW
ECOLOGY
 Per Capita
 Sustainable
 Point-Non Point
 Environmental degradation
 Trophic Pyramids
 2 laws of energy
(Thermodynamics)
 Electro magnetic spectrum
 Abiotic/Biotic
 Community structure
 ALL Biochemical Cycles
 Inter/ Intraspecific
Competition
 Tolerance Limits
 Exotic/Introduced Species
 Succession
 K & R Strategists
BIOMES
 Climotograms
ENDANGERED SPECIES
 Research Reports
 Invasive Species
 Causes of Extinction
 Wildlife management
AIR
 Criteria Pollutants
 Weather/Climate
 Global Wind patterns
 El Nino
 Stratospheric/Tropospheric
Ozone
 Acid Deposition
 Greenhouse Gasses
 Indoor Air Pollution
 Layers/ Composition of
atmosphere
POPULATION
 Annual Percent growth rate
 Rule of 70
 Histograms
 Demographic transition
 Carrying Capacity
HEALTH
 Risk assessment
 Bioaccumulation/
Biomagnification
 Water versus Air diseases
 Emergent diseases
 LD50
PESTICIDES
 IPM
 Treadmill
GEOLOGY/SOIL
 Rock Cycle
 Plate tectonics
 Soil structure /Pyramid
 Horizons
 Desertifiction
 Salinization
 Mining & Mineral resources
WATER
 Water Diversion
 Water pollution
 Over Fishing
 Water Shortage
ENERGY
 Conventional
 Alternative
SOLID WASTE
 Landfills
 Reduce/Reuse/Recycle
FORESTRY
 Land Use Management