Download World History—Early Civ. And Egypt

Human Origins
and
Early Civilizations…
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Egypt
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World History—Early Civ. And Egypt
 Before
we talk about early
civilizations…We must first ask ourselves:


What are the requirements of a civilization?
Can any group of people that gather together
be called a “civilization”? OR Is that word
saved for particular people who have
achieved particular things?
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
SMALL GROUPS: What are 5 requirements
of a civilization.
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 1.
Cities
 2. Specialized workers
 3. Writing
 4. Advanced technology
 5. Complex institutions

Like: Organized religious institution, legal
system, government, etc.
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 Long
before any civilizations as we know
them flourished, ancient humans (humanlike beings) walked the earth.
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 4.4

million years ago:
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
• 3-5’ tall, bipedal, small brain, flat nose, large teeth
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 1.5

million years ago:
HOMO HABILIS (person of ability)
• Used rudimentary tools…slightly bigger physically
than predecessors.
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 100-200,000

years ago:
HOMO SAPIENS:
• “Person who thinks”
• First Homo Sapiens: NEANDERTHAL

5.5’ TALL, Brains slightly larger than
modern humans, stocky bodies, muscular,
thick necks, nomadic hunter-gatherers,
used fire, sophisticated tools that were
skillfully crafted (stone knives, spear points
and bone tools).
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 There
is evidence that Neanderthal man
buried their dead. He had the beginnings
of what we call CULTURE:

The way of life—language, tools, skills,
beliefs, and traditions—that a people develop,
follow, and leave to their children.
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 Young
Neanderthal
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 The
Neolithic Revolution:
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Paleolithic culture
Neolithic culture
Housing
Means of
Living:
Technology
Social Org.
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 Paleolithic





culture:
HOUSING: Caves, campsites, huts, tents…
Means of Living: Hunting and gathering.
Technology: Simple tools of chipped stone,
flint, wood or bone. Basketry
Social organization: Nomadic groups of 25-40
people; society of equals, sharing of
resources
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World History—Early Civ. And Egypt
 Neolithic
Revolution:
 Housing: Houses or mud and stone
 Means of Living: Farming and herding
 Technology: Farming tools made of ground
stone; spinning and weaving; pottery
making; metal working
 Social organization: Villages and early
cities; specialization; private property.
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

The Neolithic Revolution, in the end, was:
The most important technological development ever to
occur in human history was the domestication of plants
(agriculture) and animals. Together these developments
are called the Neolithic Revolution and they allowed the
development of urban centers (towns and, later, cities),
trade and most of the other things we consider to be
components of "civilization."
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 And….Civilizations
began to flourish
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 Egypt

is often called: The “gift of the Nile”.
Why might that be?
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 95%
of Egypt is desert.
 The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the
longest river in the world—a thin ribbon in
a parched desert.

Very plainly, life would not be possible without
the river.
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 No
rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its
waters originate in the distant mountains,
plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So
remote were these places that they were
called the mountains of the moon.
 Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria.
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 Other
gifts: Transportation, fertile soil.
 Every
year, in June, the Nile floods.

This predictability makes it a tremendous
asset to farmers.
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 Importance


of the deserts:
To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan
desert and to the East, along the Red Sea,
lies the Arabian Desert.
These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay
close to the fertile soils along the river but
also protected them from invaders. Thanks to
this, Egypt was spared the constant warfare of
the fertile crescent.
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 Howard
Carter
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 King
Tutankhamen
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 Nefertiti
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 Egyptians
lived in farming villages as far
back as 6000b.c.
 They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep,
and donkeys.
 They worshipped the wild creatures of the
Nile.
 The used stone tools to clear and cultivate
the land.
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 So,
small villages were scattered along the
river.

What to do? Villages attacked other
villages…..
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
Villages united into NOMES.
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Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods.
Of course, the raiding continued…
By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into contact
with the Mesopotamians…caravans loaded for trade
were traveling between the two regions.
Whole groups of people were moving back and forth
in search of a better life, better farming, etc.
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 At
the same time, important changes were
occurring in Egypt.
 The first Kings arose…..uniting the
territories of many Nomes.

Development of their own system of writing.
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 By
3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had
united into two kingdoms.


One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red
crown.
One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white
crown.
• PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND
TWO KINGS IN ONE LAND?
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 By
3100b.c., the strong-willed king of
Upper Egypt—MENES—united both
kingdoms into one.
 As a symbol of his united kingdom, he
wore a crown of white and red.
 He would create the new capitol city of
Memphis.
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 Pharaohs—like
Menes—ruled Egypt as
Gods….handing power down through the
male line. A Dynasty.
 Eventually the history of Egypt would
comprise 31 dynasties spanning more
than 2800 years.

The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and
fall. Strength followed weakness and
prosperity followed ruin.
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 Egyptian
history is divided into three major
periods:
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The Old Kingdom: 2660-2180
The Middle Kingdom: 2080-1640
The New Kingdom: 1570-1075
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 The
Old Kingdom was the great age of the
pyramid.


Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more
important than the palace in which they lived.
The Pharaoh was expected to live
forever…and so they spent much of their
wealth on their tomb—from which, they would
be reborn.
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 This
God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the
center of Egypt’s religion as well as its
government and army. Considered
responsible for whatever circumstances
befell the country. Responsible for justice.
 Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal
spirit or KA.
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
Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power
of the Pharaohs declined. In large part because
of poor harvests, famine. More and more power
fell into the hands of nobles and officials.
 If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to
us? People began to doubt his authority.
 Eventually, civil war would tear the country apart.
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 Egyptians
called the period of time
following the Old Kingdom, the First
Illness.


2180-2080
Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the
region.
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World History—Early Civ. And Egypt
 It
would be two young princes: Intef and
Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken
lands into rule by one King again.
 They would usher in the Middle Kingdom
 But,
the Pharaoh would never really regain
their power.
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 The





Middle Kingdom
Law and order returns to Egypt.
Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish.
Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to
Thebes.
Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is
the first time that Pharaohs seem to care
about the common folks.
Religious beliefs even began to reflect the
importance of the common man.
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 Capitol
is moved
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 Temple
to Horus built during Mid. King.
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 Eventually,
Egypt’s greatness would be
broken in two by another civil
war…ushering in the SECOND ILLNESS
 What
happens to a country during times of
civil war?
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 The
country is left vulnerable during such
periods to things like:




INVASION.
And…that is exactly what happens.
Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in
horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were
Asian nomads known as the Hyksos.
They would rule much of Egypt from 16401570 b.c.
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 The
proud Egyptians despised their
uncivilized conquerors.
 But…they did learn a few things:



The making of bronze—harder than the
copper that they had been using.
How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots,
bows and arrows (powerful new kind of bow).
New techniques in the gentler arts—weaving
and spinning.
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 The
Hyksos take over
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 1600b.c.
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A series of warlike rulers began to restore
Egypt’s power
QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally
driving the enemy out of Egypt.
KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great
victory over the Hyksos.
Eventually the Egyptians would chase the
Hyksos all the way to Palestine.
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 The


New Kingdom
This would be an age of empire and empire
building.
Third period of glory: 1570-1075
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World History—Early Civ. And Egypt
 The
kingdom of Egypt would become
wealthier and more powerful than ever
before.
 Buildings larger and more magnificent.


This was the period during which Tut’s tomb
was built.
Yet, much of what was built no longer exists.
The work just wasn’t as carefully crafted as
the work of the Old Kingdom.
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 Thutmosis
III
Greatest conqueror of
the New Kingdom
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Ramesses II reclaimed
Egypt's lost glory through
war and peace treaties
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Arts and crafts
flourished as you
can see by this
fine relief of Seti I
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 What
do you think the invasion by the
Hyksos had done to Egypt?
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 Basically,
it had shaken their confidence in
their desert protection.
 The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were
far more warrior-like that those that had
come before them.

First goal: to build a professional army.
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
The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears
and shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do
not seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in
the New Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by
horses—a skill that they had learned from the
conquering Hyksos.
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Nubian
mercenaries were
hired to protect
Egypt
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 By
1300, the Egyptians had crossed the
Sinai peninsula and had conquered parts
of Syria and Palestine.
 This advance brought them face to face
with another group—the Hittites.


These were the first people to discover the
process of smelting iron.
THINK: CULTURAL DIFFUSION
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 After
a series of confrontations, they were
at a stalemate.


What is a stalemate? From where do we get
the term?
What options do you have when you are in a
stalemate?
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 The
only answer was either to wipe each
other off the face of the earth or come to
some sort of agreement.
 So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made
a treaty promising peace and brotherhood
between the two groups forever.
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 For
the first time, the Egyptians come to
realize that they were not the most
powerful people in the world.
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 One
of the greatest Pharaohs of the period
was Ramesses who lived to be 99 and
had, according to legend, more than 150
children.
 He built the great temple to AMON—
Egypt’s chief sun-god—at Karnak.
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 Religion:

MAAT (muh-aht)
• The virtues of a good life.
• The idea of justice, right, truth, and order.
• One wanted to live according to Maat
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 Osiris


Powerful god of the dead
Would weigh each dead person’s heart
• The heart could be no heavier than a feather
• What hope was there if you had a heavy heart?
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 No

problem:
Employ a priest.
• Pay him enough and anything was possible.
• Priests had enormous power and prestige and
could influence the gods with their magic.
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 Religion
would become a serious issue for
a Pharaoh named Akhenaton who
believed that Egyptians should turn to
monotheism—worshipping one God:
ATON.
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 Akhenaton
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 Akhenaton
probably was trying, in his own
way, to curtail the power of the priests of
Egypt.

They had become almost as powerful as the
Pharaoh himself. Akhenaton felt that
something had to be done.
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 Most
Egyptians of the period would be
horrified by the thought of this.

This included the young prince Tutankhamon.
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 Tutankhamon
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 Draw
a pyramid:
Slaves
commoners
Divide the
pyramid up into
different
sections:
Nobles
Peasants
Where would
you locate each
of the following
groups?
Pharaoh
Military elite
Women
Priests
Soldiers
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PHARAOH
Nobles/Priests
Military elite
Soldiers
Commoners
Slaves…….Women…..Peasants
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