Download X - Estrella Mountain Community College

Global ecology
Landscape ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Community ecology
Population ecology
Organismal ecology
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Atmosphere
90N (North Pole)
Low angle of incoming sunlight
23.5N (Tropic of
Cancer)
Sun overhead at equinoxes
0 (Equator)
23.5S (Tropic of
Capricorn)
Low angle of incoming sunlight
90S (South Pole)
Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity
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2
66.5N (Arctic Circle)
30N
60N
30N
Westerlies
Ascending
moist air
releases
moisture.
Northeast trades
0
Southeast trades
30S
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture.
0
Westerlies
60S
66.5S (Antarctic Circle)
Global air circulation and precipitation patterns
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3
March equinox
December solstice
Constant tilt
of 23.5
June solstice
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60N
30N
0 (equator)
30S
September equinox
4
Labrador
Current
California
Current
PACIFIC
OCEAN
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Gulf Stream
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
5
Leeward side
of mountains
Air flow
Mountain
range
Ocean
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6
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
30S
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
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Temperate broadleaf forest
Northern coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
7
Annual mean temperature (C)
Desert
Temperate grassland
Tropical forest
30
Temperate
broadleaf
forest
15
Northern
coniferous
forest
0
Arctic and
alpine
tundra
15
0
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200
100
400
300
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
8
A tropical rain forest in Costa Rica
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9
A savanna in Kenya
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10
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona
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11
An area of chaparral in California
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12
A grassland in Mongolia
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13
A coniferous forest in Norway
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14
A temperate broadleaf forest in New Jersey
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15
Dovrefjell National Park, Norway
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16
A basin wetland in the United Kingdom
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17
An oligotrophic lake in Alberta, Canada
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18
A headwater stream in Washington
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19
A rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon
coast
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20
A coral reef in the Red Sea
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21
Open ocean near Iceland
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22
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
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23
Littoral
zone
Limnetic
zone
Photic
zone
Benthic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Aphotic
zone
Zonation in a lake
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24
Yes
Why is species
X absent from
an area?
Does dispersal
limit its
distribution?
No
Area inaccessible
or insufficient time
Do biotic factors
(other species)
limit its
distribution?
Yes
No
Water, oxygen, salinity,
pH, soil nutrients, etc.
Temperature, light,
soil structure, fire,
moisture, etc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemical
factors
Predation, parasitism,
competition, disease
Do abiotic factors
limit its
distribution?
Physical
factors
25
Births
Births and
immigration
add individuals to
a population.
Immigration
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Deaths
Deaths and
emigration
remove individuals
from a population.
Emigration
26
(a) Clumped
(b) Uniform
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(c) Random
27
Number of survivors (log scale)
1,000
I
100
II
10
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III
1
0
50
Percentage of maximum life span
100
28
2,000
Population size (N)
dN
 1.0N
dt
1,500
dN
 0.5N
dt
1,000
500
0
0
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5
10
Number of generations
15
29
Population size (N)
K  carrying capacity
(K − N)
dN
 rmax N
K
dt
Number of generations
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Exponential
growth
dN
 1.0N
dt
Population size (N)
2,000
1,500
K  1,500
1,000
Logistic growth
(1,500  N)
dN
 1.0N
1,500
dt
Population growth
begins slowing here.
500
0
0
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10
5
Number of generations
15
32
Dandelions grow
quickly and release
a large number of
tiny fruits.
The Brazil nut tree
(above), produces a
moderate number of
large seeds in pods (left).
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33
Birth or death rate
per capita
When population
density is low, b  m. As
a result, the population
grows until the density
reaches Q.
When population
density is high, m  b,
and the population
shrinks until the
density reaches Q.
Equilibrium density (Q)
Density-independent
death rate (m)
Density-dependent
birth rate (b)
Population density
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34
Competition for resources
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Predation
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Disease
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Toxic wastes
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5 m
38
Territoriality
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Intrinsic factors
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40
2,500
Wolves
Moose
40
2,000
30
1,500
20
1,000
10
500
0
1955
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Number of moose
Number of wolves
50
0
1965
1975
1985
Year
1995
2005
41