Download KEY EXPRESSIONS

第１章 物理の基本用語
(GLOSSARY)
Kyoto University
Graduate School of Science
Division of Physics and Astronomy
Division of Mathematics and
Mathematical Analysis
Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Division of Chemistry
Division of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Science
Department of Physics
undergraduate students (undergraduates)
freshman, sophomore, junior, senior
graduate students (graduates)
teaching assistant (TA)
postdoctor (PD)
associate professor
准教授
assistant professor
助教
physicist
experimentalist / theorist
the first semester / the second semester
Courses
classical mechanics
electricity and magnetism (E & M)
quantum mechanics
thermodynamics, statistical mechanics
general relativity
nonlinear science
physics laboratory
senior thesis
卒業論文
condensed matter physics
quantum optics, laser spectroscopy
plasma physics
hydrodynamics
soft-matter physics
nuclear physics
particle physics
high energy physics
cosmology, astronomy
Matter
solid, liquid, gas
molecule, atom, nucleus (pl. nuclei)
nucleon, proton, neutron (cf. neuron)
electron, photon
光子
neutrino
hadron, lepton
quark, gluon
strong interaction / weak interaction
electromagnetic interaction
gravitation (gravity)
hydrogen, proton
deuterium, deuteron
重水素，重陽子
isotope
a periodic table of the elements
protein
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
gene
Mathematics, etc.
addition, summation
subtraction
sign 符号
multiplication, division
product,
quotient 商
round off, round up, round down
四捨五入、切上げ、切捨て
substitution
ratio (pl. ratios)
even number, odd ...
integer
fraction,
decimal
constant, variable
integration, integral
differentiation, partial derivative
differential equation
boundary condition
solution, approximation
numerator, denominator
分子，分母
maximum, minimum
scalar product, vector product, tensor
matrix (pl. matrices)
determinant, eigenvalue
reciprocal
circle, cylinder, sphere
square, cube, rectangle
parallelogram
trapezoid
equilateral triangle
正三角形
isosceles triangle
二等辺三角形
radius (pl. radii), diameter
circumference
surface area
volume
1
,

a diagonal
a right angle
直角
parallel, perpendicular
orthogonal
origin, unity
logarithm, exponential function
hyperbola,
双曲線
parabola
放物線
quadratic function
quadratic equation
polynomial function
asymptotic expansion
漸近
extrapolation, interpolation 外挿、内挿
mean, standard deviation
the method of least squares
the least-squares method
an order of magnitude
桁
two orders of magnitude
dimension, dimensionality
geometry, algebra
projection
complex number
real number, imaginary ...
complex conjugate
Cartesian coordinates
cylindrical coordinates
spherical coordinates
the polar angle 
the azimuthal angle 
hypothesis
criterion
analysis
estimation
approximation
speculation
推測
Mechanics
force, centrifugal force, centripetal …
viscosity,
friction
motion, rotation,
translation
並進
gravity
gravitation
a degree of freedom
自由度
an equation of motion
mass, weight, density
moment of inertia
momentum (pl. momenta)
angular momentum
velocity, acceleration, angular velocity
position, distance
Hamiltonian, Lagrangian
potential energy, kinetic energy
energy conservation
anisotropy
torque, friction, dissipation 散逸
oscillation,
a harmonic oscillator
resonance
共鳴
precision, accuracy
精度、確度
amplitude,
phase
pendulum
elastic collision, inelastic ...
turbulence, chaos
vortex (pl. vortices)
a frame of reference
基準系
an inertial frame of reference 慣性系
Electricity and Magnetism
charge, elementary ...
電荷
attractive force, repulsive ... 引力､斥力
electric field, magnetic field
the method of images
鏡像法
magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole
Coulomb force
Maxwell’s equations
gradient, divergence
勾配､発散
speed of light
frequency, period, wavelength
current
電流
voltage
oscilloscope
Ohm’s law
resistance, resistor
電気抵抗
parallel-plate capacitor
mutual inductance, inductor
impedance
coaxial cable
同軸ケーブル
parallel circuit, in parallel
series circuit,
in series
並列
直列
propagation, absorption
伝播、吸収
attenuation
減衰
Doppler shift
elastic scattering, inelastic ...
弾性散乱､
非弾性散乱
X-ray diffraction
エックス線回折
reflection
反射
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index of refraction
屈折率
interference
干渉
dielectric constant (permittivity)
誘電率
permeability
透磁率
dispersion relation
分散関係
concave 凹
convex 凸
thermal convection
熱対流
the principle of least action
最小作用の法則
Quantum Mechanics
the uncertainty principle
不確定性原理
the Pauli exclusion principle
排他律
quantization
量子化
eigenvalue
固有値
spin, parity
symmetry, observable, operator
binding energy, a bound state 束縛状態
the ground state
基底状態
excitation, an excited state
励起状態
activation energy
励起エネルギー
stationary state (c.f. stationery) 静的状態
steady state
定常状態
degeneracy
縮退､凝縮
perturbation
摂動
conjugate
共役
invariant
commutation relations
交換関係
annihilation operator, creation ...
消滅演算子、生成...
orbital
軌道
Compton scattering
pair annihilation
Zeeman effect
de Broglie waves
Feynman diagram
principal quantum number
azimuthal ･･･ magnetic ･･･
quantum computing
qubit (quantum bit)
Statistical Physics
heat
specific heat, heat capacity 比熱、熱容量
latent heat
temperature, pressure
free energy
entropy, volume
thermometer
adiabatic expansion
断熱膨張
isothermal compression
等温圧縮
canonical ensemble
partition function
分配関数
phase space
位相空間
Bose-Einstein condensation
distribution function
分布関数
equilibrium, non-equilibrium
熱平衡 非平衡
critical temperature
臨界温度
threshold value
閾値
mean free path
平均自由行程
fluctuation
揺らぎ
diffusion
saturation
飽和
hysteresis (pl. hystereses) ヒステリシス
medium (pl. media)
媒体
vacuum
renormalization
繰り込み
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Condensed Matter Physics
凝縮系物理学
metal, insulator, semiconductor
superfluidity,
superconductivity
phase transition
相転移
long-range order
saturated vapor pressure
飽和蒸気圧
ultrasound
超音波
phonons, lattice
フォノン､格子
crystal, amorphous material
alloy, compound,
composition
impurity
paramagnetism, ferromagnetism
常磁性､
強磁性
magnetic susceptibility
giant magnetoresistance 巨大磁気抵抗
SEM (scanning electron microscope)
STM (scanning tunneling microscope)
走査型トンネル顕微鏡
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
核磁気共鳴
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
磁気共鳴映像法
empirical rule
経験則
Particle Physics and Cosmology
parity
fine-structure constant
particle accelerator
粒子加速器
nuclear reactor
原子炉
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion
核分裂､
核融合
QCD (quantum chromodynamics)
QED (quantum electrodynamics)
量子色力学, 量子電磁力学
time scale
universe,
galaxy
宇宙、銀河
a solar system
red shift
赤方偏移
nebula (pl. nebulae)
星雲
supernova (pl. supernovae)
超新星
black-body radiation
黒体輻射
cosmic ray
宇宙線
comet
彗星
the special (general) theory of relativity
特殊（一般）相対性理論
GUT: Grand Unified Theory
neutrino oscillation
proton decay
崩壊
KEY EXPRESSIONS
by three orders of magnitude
on the order of
by a factor of
proportional to the cube of
the square root of
with respect to
in terms of
account for
characteristic of
be ascribed to
attribute A to B
respectively
For this reason
More precisely,
Interestingly,
on the other hand
Conversely,
consist of / consistent with
First, / Second,
on the contrary
planets
Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
Pluto
satellite
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17. Two resistors connected in this way give the
(Exercise 1-1) pp. 1-2
Write down the words in English that best
describe the following statements:
9. The rate of increase of velocity with time.
total resistance that is the sum of the two.
10. A part of the energy associated with motion.
18. High-energy charged particles which enter the
earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
1. The product of the mass and the velocity of a
particle.
(Exercise 1-2) pp. 3-4
2. The surface area of a sphere with radius R.
3. The most massive part of an atom, consisting
of protons and neutrons.
(x, y) = (1, 2) in the xy-plane.
The
relation
between
two
the relation x•p～.
13. An extensive variable in thermodynamics that
flat
planes
perpendicular to a common straight line.
6. The fundamental physical theory developed in
the 1920s as a replacement for classical
mechanics.
7. An elementary particle with zero charge and
with a rest mass nearly equal to that of a
proton.
8. A quantum of electromagnetic
(light).
elementary particle.
12. The fundamental principle often expressed by
4. The distance between the origin and the point
5.
11. The intrinsic angular momentum of an
radiation
gives a measure of the microscopic disorder of
a system.
14. A reaction between light nuclei in which a
heavier nucleus is formed with the release of
energy.
15. The force between positive and negative
charges is attractive. How about the force
between two positive charges ?
16. The change of direction that a wave undergoes
when it enters another medium.
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