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Ехам questions
1. The classification of retrogressive changes in cells with intracellular accumulation of water and
proteins, at what illnesses do they meet?
2. The classification of processes with interstitial proteins accumulation compressing cells, at
what illnesses are they ?
3. The nature, etiology and classification of amyloidosis, the typically distribution of secondary
amyloidosis.
4. Pathologic changes at amyloidosis in kidney. Mechanism of nephrotic syndrome
development.
5. The basic mechanisms of pathologic accumulation of proteins in the cytoplasm of cells.
6. The basic mechanisms of interstitial accumulation of proteins.
7. The basic endogenous pigments.
8. Mechanisms of development prehepatic, posthepatic and hepatocellular jaundice.
9. Localisation of a malarial pigment, including at a coma.
10. The various disorders of melanin pigmentation. Addison’s disease.
11. The intracellular accumulation of neutral fat within heart. The reason of “tiger heart”
formation.
12. The intracellular accumulation of neutral fat within liver. Kwasiorkor.
13. Pathologic (heterotopic) calcification. Reasons of hypercalcaemia.
14. The basic clinic and anatomic displays of a rickets.
15. Appearance of calculus in urinary bladder (Natrii phosphates, Sodium oxalates); the
mechanism of a hydronephrosis.
16. Morphological features of gall bladder stones (pigmental and cholesterol).
17. The apoptosis and necrosis.
18. Types of necrosis. Gross and microscopically appearance of tissues.
19. Definitions of an infarct, gangrene, their types, pathologic changes.
20. Definitions of an infarct, colour, shape in different tissues.
21. The histological performance of three stages in development of a myocardial infarction.
Complications of myocardial infarction.
22. The possible fate of necrosis, types of healing of myocardial and brain infarctions.
23. Derangement of blood flow and their reasons.
24. Displays of chronic venous congestion of the liver and lungs; at what failure of heart each
of them develops.
25. Consequences of chronic venous congestion.
26. Classification of thrombi (colour, attitude to a lumen of vessels, shape). Morphology of
various types of thrombi. How red thrombi (ante-mortem) have to be distinguished from
post-mortem clots?
27. The possible fate of thrombi.
28. Views of an embolism depending of particles material and direction of propagation in blood.
29. Where there will be an embolism at separation of a thrombus from veins in the inferior
extremities at a direct and paradoxical embolism. The reason of death.
30. Where there is an embolism at separation of "vegetations" from aortal or mitral valves.
Definition of concept of an embolism.
31. Classification and reasons of an atrophy. Brown atrophy of heart and liver.
32. The mechanism of hydronephrosis development.
33. The reasons of development of a hypertrophy and hyperplasia. A hormonal regulation of a
uterus mucous hyperplasia.
34. Healing (regeneration, repair). Pathology of healing (metaplasia).
35. In what tissues does the intracellular regeneration develop?
36. Primary and secondary healing of wounds. A structure of a granulation tissue.
37. Morphological displays of an alteration, exudation and proliferation.
38. Morphology of acute inflammation, their fate.
39. Morphology of a purulent inflammation.
40. The differences between fibrinous films density at croupous and diphteric inflammation.
41. What process underlies "hairy heart", what illnesses cause it.
42. Features of a hemorrhagic inflammation at a plague, malignant anthrax and complicated
pneumonia at influenza.
43. What cells collect in an infiltrate at chronic inflammation.
44. Pattern of a specific inflammation at a tuberculosis.
45. Pattern of a specific inflammation at a lues.
46. Pattern of a specific inflammation at three shapes of a lepra.
47. Most typical cells in granulomas at a tuberculosis, lepra, mycosises.
48. Disturbances in the volume of circulating blood. Hyperaemia and congestion.
49. Haemorrhage.
50. Shock definition and types.
51. Morphological complications at shock.
52. Arterial and venous thromboembolism (Sources of be derived an effects to organs).
53. Classification and reasons of atrophy.
54. Brown atrophy of heart and liver.
55. Hypertrophy, types, examples and pathological changes in organs.
56. Hyperplasia, types, examples and pathological changes in organs.
57. Hyperplastic growth potential of cells.
58. Epithelial metaplasia.
59. Mesenchymal metaplasia.
60. Healing (regeneration, repair).
61. Primary and secondary healing of wounds. A structure of a granulation tissue.
62. Complications of wound healing.
63. Morphological displays of an alteration, exudation and proliferation. Types of exudations.
64. Morphology of acute inflammation.
65. Fate of acute inflammation.
66. Morphology of a purulent inflammation.
67. The differences between fibrinous films density at croupous and diphteric inflammation.
68. What process underlies "bread and butter pericarditis", what illnesses cause it?
69. General features of chronic inflammation.
70. Chronic granulomatous inflammation.
71. Patterns of specific inflammation at tuberculosis.
72. Patterns of specific inflammation at syphilis.
73. Patterns of specific inflammation at three shapes of leprosy.
74. Patterns of chronic inflammation at hydatid disease.
75. Classification of tumours.
76. Concept of anaplasia (parenchyma and stroma) of tumours.
77. Examples of cellular and tissue atypia in tumours.
78. Macroscopic types of tumours growth in caval and uncaval organs.
79. Concept of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
80. Secondary changes of malignant tumours.
81. Metastasis (distant spread).
82. Morphological differences between benign and malignant tumours.
83. Grading and staging of cancer.
84. Classification of benign tumours from an epithelium.
85. Differences between cancers and sarcomas (age of patients, tumour spread).
86. Gastric carcinoma (histogenesis, localization of metastasises)..
87. Cancer of lungs, types and localization of metastasises.
88. Cellular sources of mamma cancer development (histogenesis, metastasis).
89. Tumours from chorionic epithelium.
90. Epithelial tumours of an ovary.
91. Features of a histological structure and fate of cervix and body cancer in uterus.
92. Tumours and tumour-like lesions of fibrous tissue.
93. Tumours of adipose tissue.
94. Muscle tumors.
95. Classification of tumours from a mesenchyma, mesoderm and skeleton.
96. Tumours of the CNS.
97. Melanocytic tumours.
98. Blood vessels tumours.
99. Leukaemias definition and classification.
100. Acute leukaemia (lymphocytic and myeloid).
101. Chronic leukaemia (lymphocytic and myeloid).
102. Clinical features of leukaemia.
103. Multiple myeloma. Changes in bone marrow, skull, kidneys.
104. Malignant lymphomas.
105. Rye classification of Hodgkin’s disease. Changes in spleen.
106. Burkitts lymphoma (localization, microscopical structure).
107. Classification of anaemia.
108. Pathological changes of vessels at atherosclerosis.
109. Atherosclerotic plaques complications.
110. Clinical effects of an atherosclerosis.
111. Ischemic heart disease, etiopathogenesis of acute and chronic form.
112. Manifestations of myocardial ischemia.
113. Types of myocardial infarctions.
114. The gross and microscopic changes at myocardial infarction.
115. The important complications of myocardial infarction.
116. Chronic Ischemic heart disease, the gross and microscopic changes.
117. Hypertensive vascular disease. Definition and classification.
118. Effects of hypertension. Changes in heart, brain, kidneys at hypertensive vascular disease.
119. Cerebrovascular disease. Ischemic brain damage.
120. Intracranial haemorrhage.
121. The basic rheumatic diseases, changes in connective tissue.
122. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatic fever. The basic clinical forms.
123. Cardiac lesions at rheumatic fever.
124. The acquired valvular heart diseases and deformations. (An etiology, change of valve
constituents: stenosis and insufficiently.
125. Congenital heart disease.
126. Specific types of glomerular disease. Nephritic and Nephrotic syndromes.
127. Tubular diseases. Acute renal failure and acute tubular necrosis.
128. Morphological changes of kidneys underlying chronic renal failure.
129. Pathological anatomy of a uraemia.
130. Morphological manifestations of acute and chronic hepatic failure.
131. Acute viral hepatitis, pathologic changes.
132. Chronic hepatitis.
133. Fulminant hepatitis.
134. Alcoholic hepatitis.
135. Cirrhosis of liver.
136. Major sequel of portal hypertension. Main varices.
137. Acute and chronic gastritis.
138. Peptic ulcers acute and chronic. Pathologic changes. Complications.
139. Inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease.
140. An appendicitis (etiopathogenesis, pathologic changes, complications).
141. Factors Relating to Infectious Agents at infection diseases.
142. Factors Relating to Host at infection diseases.
143. Types of rush at measles, scarlet fever, enteric fever and typhus fever.
144. The main features of the primary infectious complex, at what diseases it is developed?
145. Pathological anatomy of enteric fever in dynamics of its development. Complications.
146. Why and where the vasculitis develops at typhus fever? Who have described it? What is
most important affected organ in development of clinical patterns?
147. Lungs diseases (obstructive and restrictive).
148. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
149. Lobar pneumonia, stages, complications.
150. Types of bronchopneumonia, etiology, pathologic changes, complications.
151. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis and its complications. Types of
bronchiectasis, emphysema, atelectases, pneumosclerosis. Why is bronchitis accompanied by
a pulmonary artery hypertension?
152. Chronic restrictive pulmonary diseases. Complications.
153. Pathological anatomy of an influenza, their complications. An acute bronchitis.
154. Pathological anatomy of measles, their complications. An acute bronchitis.
155. Diphtheria of fauces and larynx, their complications.
156. Pathological anatomy of an intestine at bacillary dysentery, complications, difference from
an amebiasis.
157. The performance of two periods at scarlet fever, their possible complications.
158. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis, its fates. Spread of tuberculosis in the body.
159. The secondary pulmonary tuberculosis, its difference from primary tuberculosis.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
Diseases caused by fungi.
Syphilis, causative organism. Acquired syphilis.
Syphilitic aortitis, difference from atherosclerosis of an aorta.
Congenital syphilis.
Leprosy. Causative organism. Classification. Clinical features. Histopathology of leprosy.
Malaria. Causative organism. Pathological changes.
Amebiasis, main forms of parasite, the lesions.
African trypanosomiasis and Chagas Disease.
Three types of a leishmaniasis.
Pathological anatomy of schistosomiasias, its forms.
Pathological anatomy of hydatid disease.
Plague. Causative organism. Type of spread. Pathological changes.
Cholera. Causative organism. Pathological changes.
Variola (smallpox). Pathological changes.
Anthrax. Causative organism. Pathological changes.
Bacterial infection of the blood.
Bacterial endocarditis.