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, thePatois - the jargon or informal speech used by a particular social group.
Apartheid - was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation
by the National Party governments, the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, under which the
rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and
Afrikaner minority rule was maintained
Assimilation - process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are
absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. The process of assimilating involves taking
on the traits of the dominant culture to such a degree that the assimilating group becomes
socially indistinguishable from other members of the society.
As such, assimilation is the most extreme form of acculturation. Although assimilation may be
compelled through force or undertaken voluntarily, it is rare for a minority group to replace its
previous cultural practices completely; religion, food preferences, the physical distance between
people in a given social situation, and aesthetics are among the characteristics that tend to be most
resistant to change.
Migration - is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of
settling temporarily or permanently in the new location.
Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the
new place and because the movement is generally seasonal.
Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or
beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and
ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure
point they are called emigrants.
Labor - the people of a country or other geographic entity actively employed or seeking
employment and/or physical work done by people
Creoles - creole peoples are fully or partially descended from white European colonial
settlers. Their language, culture and/or racial origin represent the creolization resulting
from the interaction and adaptation of colonial-era emigrants from Europe with nonEuropean peoples, climates, cuisines, etc.
Mestizos - person of combined European and Native American descent, or someone who
would have been deemed a Castizo (one European parent and one Mestizo parent).
The term was used as a racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empire's
control of their American colonies. The term mestizaje, taking as its root mestizo or "mixed", is the
Spanish word for the general process of mixing races.
Indios - indigenous peoples… "First peoples"
Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines as "a body of persons that are united by a common culture,
tradition, or sense of kinship, which typically have common language, institutions, and beliefs, and
often constitute a politically organized group".
Peninsulares - In the colonial caste system of Spanish America and Spanish Philippines, a
peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East
Indies. The word peninsular makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, where
Spain is located.
monsoon winds - a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in
precipitation… Summer is wet (winds are coming from the ocean)
Winter is dry (winds are coming from the mountains)
San Andreas Fault - continental transform fault that extends roughly 810 miles (1,300 km)
through California in the United States. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific
Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal).
The fault divides into three segments, each with
different characteristics, and a different degree of
earthquake risk. Although the most significant
(Southern) segment only dates back about 5 million
years, the oldest sections were formed by the
subduction of a spreading ridge about 30 million years
ago.
East Eritrean - is a country in the Horn of Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered
by Sudan to the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast
Eurasian – combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia, with the term being a
portmanteau of its two constituents.
North Anatolian Fault - an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which
runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.
The fault extends westward from a
junction with the East Anatolian
Fault at the Karliova Triple
Junction in eastern Turkey, across
northern Turkey and into the
Aegean Sea. It runs about 20 km
south of Istanbul. The North
Anatolian Fault is similar in many
ways to the San Andreas Fault in
California. Both are continental
transforms with similar lengths
and slip rates. The Sea of Marmara
near Istanbul is an extensional
basin similar to the Salton Trough
in California, where a releasing
bend in the strike-slip system
creates a pull apart basin.
global warming - the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's
climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the increased energy has been stored in the oceans,
mostly in the 0 to 700m region. Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the
term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air
and sea at Earth's surface.
the Coriolis effect - deflection of moving objects when the motion is described relative
to a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the
deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise
rotation, the deflection is to the right.
greenhouse effect - is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is
absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
brain drain - the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular
country.
Doldrums - a state or period of inactivity, stagnation at an equatorial region of the
Atlantic Ocean with calms, sudden storms, and light unpredictable winds.
trade winds - are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics,
within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the
troposphere near the Earth's equator.
Mediterranean climate - characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters and
located between about 30° and 45° latitude north and south of the Equator and on the
western sides of the continents.
rain shadow effect - a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area (away from the
wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a
"shadow" of dryness behind them.
rift valley - linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges
created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. A rift valley is formed on a divergent
plate boundary, a crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface, which is
subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion
river plain - *where we live* an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that
stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and
experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.
It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that
actively carry flood flows downstream, and the flood fringe, which are areas inundated
by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. In other words, a floodplain
is an area near a river or a stream which floods when the water level reaches flood
stage.
Steppe - a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
Delta - a landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an
ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas form from deposition of sediment
carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth.
push and pull factors - force which acts to drive people away from a place and the
pull factor is what draws them to a new location.
Example: Several push factors contributed to me wanting to leave my village and
move to Cairo but, by far, the pull factor of the that amazing city was what made me
decide to move.
Desertification - a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region
becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation
and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human
activities.
Ring of Fire - an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is
associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and
volcanic belts and/or plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of
the world's active and dormant volcanoes.
Great Plains - the broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland,
that lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and
Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New
Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces
of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Appalachian Mountains - formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period
and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were
eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating
ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.
Rocky Mountains - formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide
orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate. The
angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western
North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles
Canadian Shield - also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien, is a large
shield of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks
(geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American
continent (North American or Laurentia craton), covered by a thin layer of soil.
Human population is sparse, and industrial development is minimal, while mining is
very prevalent.
Pangaea - was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early
Mesozoic eras. It formed approximately 300 million years ago and then began to break
apart after about 100 million years. Unlike the present Earth, much of the land mass was
in the Southern Hemisphere. Pangaea was the first reconstructed supercontinent and it
was surrounded by a super ocean, known as Panthalassa. <Plate Tectonics>
Northern European Plain - consists of the low plains between the Hercynian Europe
(Central European Highlands) to the south and coastlines of the North Sea and the Baltic
Sea to the north. These two seas are separated by the Jutland peninsula (Denmark).
Central Uplands - one of the three major natural regions of Germany and covers most
of the land area of the country. To the north lies the North German Plain or Northern
Lowland; to the south, the Alps and the Alpine Foreland.
Sahel - the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the
Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. Having a semi-arid
climate, it stretches across the southernmost extent of Northern Africa between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The Arabic word sāḥil literally means "shore, coast",
Ganges River valley - is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of
Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. Is a transboundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mile river
rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and
east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the
Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river by discharge.
What provides the energy that drives the water cycle? SUN
Southeast Asia’s population - what are the demographics?
A sub-region of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of
China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. Even prior to the
penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world
trading system.
The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and
volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:
Maritime Southeast Asia: Philippines, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, Brunei,
and Singapore
Mainland Southeast Asia: Indochina, comprising Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma),
Thailand, West Malaysia and Vietnam;
The major religions are Islam, and Buddhism, followed by Christianity. However, a
wide variety of religions are found throughout the region, including Hinduism and
many animist-influenced practices.
East and West Pakistan separated into Pakistan and Bangladesh based primarily on
their different…
Was the partition of the British Indian Empire that led to the creation of the sovereign
states of the Dominion of Pakistan (it later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of
India) on 15 August 1947. "Partition" here refers to the division of the Bengal
province of British India into East Pakistan and West Bengal (India), and the similar
partition of the Punjab province into Punjab (West Pakistan) and Punjab, India.
In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab region, between 200,000 to
500,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide. UNHCR estimates 14 million
Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition; it was the largest
mass migration in human history.
Equatorial Africa - what makes it unusual?
tropical Africa, or the region of Sub-Saharan Africa traversed by the equator. The
environment of the Congo (the present-day countries of the Republic of Congo and
the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Uganda ranges from rain forest to savanna.
Kenya's boundaries encompass mixed forest and grassland in the west and steppe
and desert in the east and along the coastline. Adaptations to these environments
have resulted in two predominant subsistence methods in Equatorial Africa agriculturalism and pastoralism.
What language is spoken by the majority of people in Central Asia?
Territory and region data
Country
Area
km²
Population
(2012)
Nominal
Population
GDP
density millions of
per km2
USD
(2012)
GDP per capita
in USD (IMF
2012[KG, TJ,
TM], 2013[UZ],
2014[KZ])[27]
Capital
Official
languages
Kazakh,
Kazakhstan
2,724,900 17,948,816[28]
6.3
196,419
Kyrgyzstan
199,900 5,604,212[29]
27.8
6,473
Tajikistan
143,100 8,052,512[30]
55.9
7,592
488,100 5,171,943
[31]
10.5
33,679
5,330 Ashgabat Turkmen
447,400 30,185,000
[32]
67.5
51,168
1,867 Tashkent Uzbek
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
12,456 Astana
1,152 Bishkek
903 Dushanbe
Russian
Kyrgyz,
Russian
Tajik,
Russian
What are Romance languages based on?
occasionally called the Latin languages, Romanic or Neo-Latin languages—are a group of
languages descended from Vulgar Latin. They form a branch of the Italic languages within
the Indo-European language family. The five most widely spoken Romance languages by
number of native speakers are Spanish (410 million), Portuguese (216 million), French (75
million), Italian (60 million), and Romanian (25 million).
What commodities are important parts of China’s economy and culture?
Agriculture is by far the leading occupation, involving almost 50% of the population,
although extensive rough, high terrain and large arid areas.
China is the world's largest producer of rice and wheat and a major producer of potatoes,
corn, peanuts, millet, barley, apples, sweet potatoes, sorghum, and soybeans. In terms of
cash crops, China ranks first in cotton and tobacco and is an important producer of tea,
oilseeds, silk, ramie, jute, hemp, sugarcane, and sugar beets.
World's major mineral-producing countries. Coal is the most abundant mineral (China
ranks first in coal production). High-quality, easily mined coal is found throughout the
country, but especially in the north and northeast. There are also extensive iron-ore
deposits; the largest mines are at Anshan and Benxi, in Liaoning province. Oil fields
discovered in the 1960s and after made China a net exporter, and by the early 1990s, China
was the world's fifth-ranked oil producer.
In both villages and cities, wealthy people and Hindus of the higher jatis tend to live
where?
The jatis perform the many specialized jobs that are considered essential to society—farming,
metalworking, pottery making, carpentry, weaving, laundering, marketing, and many others.
Forty-two percent of the nation lives below the international poverty line. The almost 500 million
people who live in poverty in India outnumber the entire U.S. population.
Describe Oceania as a region –
Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which constitute the major ecological regions of
the planet. The Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except
New Zealand. New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia.
Most of Oceania is divided into two climate zones. The first of these is temperate and the
second is tropical. Most of Australia and all of New Zealand are within the temperate zone
and most of the island areas in the Pacific are considered tropical. Oceania's temperate
regions feature high levels of precipitation, cold winters and warm to hot summers. The
tropical regions in Oceania are hot and wet year round.
Because most of Oceania is tropical or temperate there is an abundant amount of rainfall
which produces tropical and temperate rainforests throughout the region. Tropical
rainforests are common in some of the island countries located near the tropics, while
temperate rainforests are common in New Zealand. In both of these types of forests there is
a plethora of plant and animal species, making Oceania one of the world's most biodiverse
regions.
Where in Central Asia is Russian an official language?
Territory and region data
Country
Area
km²
Population
(2012)
Nominal
Population
GDP
density millions of
per km2
USD
(2012)
GDP per capita
in USD (IMF
2012[KG, TJ,
TM], 2013[UZ],
2014[KZ])[27]
Capital
Official
languages
Kazakh,
Kazakhstan
2,724,900 17,948,816[28]
6.3
196,419
Kyrgyzstan
199,900 5,604,212[29]
27.8
6,473
Tajikistan
143,100 8,052,512[30]
55.9
7,592
488,100 5,171,943
[31]
10.5
33,679
5,330 Ashgabat Turkmen
447,400 30,185,000
[32]
67.5
51,168
1,867 Tashkent Uzbek
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
12,456 Astana
1,152 Bishkek
903 Dushanbe
Russian
Kyrgyz,
Russian
Tajik,
Russian
In which Central Asian countries is weaving an important cultural tradition?
What do they weave?
Kazakhstan - Carpet weaving and decoration in Kazakhstan is unique. Besides the
traditional loomed rugs, Kazakh artisans are also known for their remarkable felt
work.
Turkmenistan - Carpet weaving is an ancient art, and each tribe developed its own
distinctive pattern. Turkmen carpets have been traditionally woven out of wool,
cotton, and silk by women, using horizontal looms.
Ukrainian - Artisan textile arts play an important role in Ukrainian culture, especially
in Ukrainian wedding traditions. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving, and lace-making
are used in traditional folk dress and in traditional celebrations
What values are shared by North Korea and South Korea?
What impact does religion have in Northwestern Europe today?
The ethnic and religious composition of the Eastern Mediterranean region, with the
exception of Israel, is primarily –
Which religion established the concept of monotheism?
The major source of conflict between the two branches of Islam is disagreement over
what?
What places and things do Hindus consider sacred?
What beliefs do followers of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam share?
Generalize the social status trends of women in the Arab nations of the Eastern
Mediterranean.
Describe the Kurds
What ethnic group is the dominant political group in Afghanistan?
Why is the United States one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world?
Why is French spoken in some countries of North Africa?
Why did many indigenous communities in South America develop as isolated groups?
Explain how nontraditional agricultural practices can help underdeveloped nations
regain drought-ravaged land
Why is the lingua franca of many parts of East Africa not an
indigenous language?
Why and how do different places on Earth receive different amounts of direct
sunlight at the same time?
Describe the savannas of West Africa
Where do the most dramatic variations in the amount of sunlight occur?
How do monsoons affect China and India differently?
What causes Patagonia to be dry, barren, and windy?
What causes solar radiation to warm Earth?
What three areas of Earth work together so life in the biosphere thrives?
How does the sun activate the water cycle?
Why are average temperatures cooler in places like Quito and Tibet?
What factors impact India’s climate?
Scientists theorize that Earth’s largest physical features are created by what?
According to scientists, in what climate do more than half of all plant and animal
species exist?
What religious groups influence life in nations bordering India?
Why does most of the agriculture of Southern Europe occur along the coastal plain
region?
What are the two most densely populated continents today?