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AP WORLD HISTORY
Chapter 21 Review
OVERVIEW
This chapter presents the evolution of complex societies in the Americas and the Pacific Islands up through the
sixteenth century. Isolation and varied resources led to a wide range of social structures from simple hunting and
gathering to settled agricultural villages to the highly complex urban societies like those of the Aztecs and the Incas.
Common aspects of these societies include:

Isolation from one another and from the cultures of the Eastern Hemisphere.

Absence of metallurgy, although the peoples of Mesoamerica and South America mined gold and silver.

Few domesticated animals–the llama and alpaca of the Andes Mountains being the notable exceptions–and,
as a result, no wheeled transport.

Lack of a written language. The Aztec had mathematics, precise calendars, and a symbolic system of record
keeping, but no formal written literature. The Inca kept accounts with quipu, a system of knotted cord.
Study of these societies is limited by the lack of written sources. The earliest accounts of the Aztec and Inca come from
the Spanish conquerors and missionaries and are distorted by their prejudices. Nevertheless, those accounts plus
oral traditions and archaeological evidence make it possible to describe those societies in some detail.
ASSIGNMENT 1: Note Taking
Directions: Complete the outline below by reading the sections in the book and noting the most important points.
I. States and empires in Mesoamerica and North America
A. The Toltec and the Mexica
1. Toltecs emerge in the ninth and tenth centuries after the collapse of Teotihuacan
a.
b. Tula was the Toltec capital city and center of trade
c.
2. Toltec decline after twelfth century
a. (1st cause)
b. (2nd cause)
3. Arrival of the Mexica (or Aztecs) in central Mexico mid-thirteenth century
a. Warriors and raiders
b. Built capital city, Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), about 1345
c. Chinampas:______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Fifteenth century, Aztecs launched military campaigns against _______________________________________________
a.
b.
c. Built an empire of twelve million people, most of Mesoamerica
5. Controlled subject peoples with oppressive tribute obligations
a.
b.
B. Mexica society
1. Most information comes from Spanish sources, recorded after the conquest
2. Mexica warriors were the elite at the top of a rigid social hierarchy
a.
b.
3. Mexica women had no public role, but were honored as mothers of warriors
a.
b.
4. Priests also among the Mexica elite
a.
b.
5. Most of the Mexica were either cultivators or slaves
a. Cultivators worked on chinampas (small plots of reclaimed land) or on aristocrats' land
b.
6. Artisans and merchants enjoyed prestige
a.
b.
C. Mexica religion
1. Mexica deities adopted from prior Mesoamerican cultures
a.
b.
2. Ritual bloodletting common to all Mesoamericans
a.
b.
D. Peoples and societies of the north
1. Pueblo and Navajo: large settled societies in American southwest
a.
b.
2. Iroquois peoples: an agricultural society in the eastern woodlands
a.
b.
3. Mound-building peoples in eastern North America
a.
b.
II. States and empires in Andean South America
A. The coming of the Incas
1. Kingdom of Chucuito dominated Andean South America after the twelfth century
a.
b.
2. Chimu, powerful kingdom in the lowlands of Peru before the mid-fifteenth century
a. Irrigation networks; cultivation of maize and sweet potatoes
b.
3. The Inca settled first around Lake Titicaca in the Andean highlands
a.
b.
4. Inca ruled as a military and administrative elite
a. Use of quipu for record keeping
b.
c.
B. Inca society and religion
1. Trade limited
a.
b.
2. Inca society was also a hereditary aristocracy
a.
b.
3. Peasants worked the land and gave over a portion of their produce to the state
a.
b.
4. Inca priests served the gods
a.
b.
c. Inca religion had a strong moral dimension: rewards and punishments
III. The societies of Oceania
A. The nomadic foragers of Australia
1. Nomadic, foraging societies; did not take up agriculture
a.
b. Peoples on north coast had limited trade with mariners of New Guinea
2. Aboriginal culture and religious traditions
1.
2.
B. The development of Pacific Island society
1. Trade between island groups such as Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji
2. Distant islands more isolated, especially eastern Pacific
3. Polynesian mariners took long voyages
1.
2.
3.
4. Settled Hawaiian Islands early centuries C.E.; also twelfth- and thirteenth-century voyages
4. Population growth on all larger Pacific islands
1.
2. Hawai’i: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Easter Island: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. More complex social and political structures
1.
2.
3. Social classes: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Powerful chiefs created centralized states in Tonga and Hawai`i
1. Ali'i nui: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
7. In Polynesian religion, priests were intermediaries between gods and humans
1.
2. The marae Mahaiatea on Tahiti was a huge step pyramid for religious rituals
ASSIGNMENT 2: Discussion Questions
Directions: Prepare for class discussion by creating notes on the following questions. This can be done on this sheet or in
Cornell format.
1.
How did the Mexica people establish their authority over the peoples of central Mexico? How did the Mexica
treat conquered peoples?
2.
What are some of the distinctive features of Mexica agriculture? Why was it so productive?
3.
What are some of the typical trade goods within the Aztec empire? Which items particularly impressed the
Spanish?
4.
What are the distinctive features of the Mexica social structure?
5.
What are the expectations for men and women in Mexica society? What does the midwife's speech on page
535 indicate about gender roles?
6.
What are the distinctive aspects of Mexica religion? What is the purpose of human sacrifice?
7.
Which of the societies of North America had developed settled agriculture by the fifteenth century? What kind
of agriculture was typical?
8.
What are some of the distinctive features of the agriculture and animal husbandry to emerge in the Andes
Mountains?
9.
What are some of the distinctive features of Inca society and religion?
10. What are some of the notable achievements of Inca society?
11. What are the distinctive features of the agricultural societies to emerge in the Pacific Islands before western
contact?
ASSIGNMENT 3: Short Answer Essays
Directions: Answer TWO the following questions to the best of your ability in a well developed paragraph for each. Use
additional pages if needed.
1. Why did the peoples of North America not achieve the population density of the societies of Mesoamerica?
2. What aspects of Mexico society made them vulnerable to attack with the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth
century?
3.Compare the Aztec and Inca societies with those of the Pacific Islands. What were the similarities? What were the
significant differences?
ASSIGNMENT 4: Key Concepts and Terms
Directions: Create note cards for the following topics. Explain their contribution to world history.
Cahokia
Chimu
Chinampas
Huitzilopochtli
Iroquois
Marae
Oceania
Quetzalcoatl
Quipu
Tenochtitlan
Toltecs
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
Tula
Bloodletting
Pueblo
Cuzco
Map A: Toltec and Aztec Empires
Directions: Shade in the Mayan States and the Toltec and Mexica empires. Highlight key points in the reading.
The Toltec Empire dominated
central Mexico and part of
Central America from the 10th
to the 12th century CE. They
were originally nomads, who
became settled after their
conquest of Teotihuacán. While
the Toltec empire did not last
for more than a few centuries,
they left a lasting mark on
Mesoamerica. The remnants of
their pyramids and pottery can
be found throughout the region,
and their civilization influenced
not only the later society of the
Aztecs, but also the Maya, who
flourished on the Yucatan
Peninsula.
The Aztecs considered
themselves to be the
descendants of the Toltecs, and
were greatly influenced by the
remains of the Toltec empire.
The center of government was
found in Tenochtitlan, or
modern day Mexico City. The
Aztecs flourished from the late
fourteenth century to the early
sixteenth, but were defeated by
Hernan Cortes of Spain, shortly
after his arrival on the
continent. Those that were not killed in the wars following the Spanish arrival fell to disease. This interactive map details the expansion of both
empires, and shows the arrival of Cortes in Mesoamerica.
Map B: Andean South America
The Incan Empire in Andean
South America flourished from
1200 until 1533, when the last
Incan emperor was defeated
and killed by Francisco Pizarro.
From its earliest period, the
empire was always expanding.
The height of the empire's
expansion was reached under
the emperor Pachacuti, who
often gave those he conquered
two options: societies could
either join the empire, or they
would be completely
destroyed. A large part of the
success of the massive
territorial gains was due to the
substantial Incan army.
Military service was
mandatory for the majority of
the male population, including
nobles. Thus, the armies were
ever-expanding, and this
enabled the emperors to send
out the warriors further and
further into new territory. The
Incas also had a large system of
highways that aided expansion,
trade, and travel throughout
the empire.
The fall of the empire came in the sixteenth century, when Spanish explorers arrived in the region. Many Incan warriors were killed either in battle
with the new arrivals or from the diseases that they became exposed to for the first time. At this crucial time, the Incan heirs to the empire were
fighting amongst themselves in a civil war, which also weakened the civilization. Into this situation Francisco Pizarro arrived, and immediately he
set out to negotiate with Atahualpa, the emperor. The Incans were given the chance to convert to Christianity; Atahualpa rejected the offer, and was
promptly captured and executed by Pizarro in August of 1533. After this incident the empire fell into a decline; disease and famine swept
throughout the region, decimating what was left of the Incan Empire and people.