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Egypt G.R.A.P.E.S. TCAP Review GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT • Northern Africa • Nile River flows south to north into a • delta (fertile soil) River spreads out and drains • and then to the Mediterranean Sea • Lower and Upper Egypt • Red Sea to the East of the Nile • Africa is mostly deserts keeping Egypt isolated • Nile has predictable flooding, cataracts (cliffs and boulders) RELIGION OF EGYPT • Polytheistic=many gods and goddesses • pharaoh (king) are gods in human form, gods can also take animal form • Believed in an afterlife- needed to preserve body for the afterlife= mummies • Gods/Goddesses: Re- sun god; Hapiriver god; Osiris- god of farming/laws/dead; Isis-goddess (wife and mother)- world of dead; Thoth-god of learning • Book of the Dead- prepares Egyptians for the challenges of the afterlife ACHIEVEMENTS OF EGYPT • Built pyramids-burial place • sphinx, mummies • irrigation- shadoof, basins • papyrus- used to make boats, sandals, paper • hieroglyphics- written language (pictures/ sound symbols) • granaries- store grain • embalming- to preserve bodies for afterlife • 1st medical books • Math- fractions POLITICS OF EGYPT • Monarchy/Theocracy- king (pharaoh); political and religious leader • Dynasty- same family rules for many generations • Upper and Lower Egypt were once divided until Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) conquered lower Egypt, married a princess, and united them into 1 empire. Wore the double crown (red/white). Starts 1st Dynasty in Egypt; capital is Memphis. POLITICS OF EGYPT • Time Periods • Old Kingdom: Menes; King Khufu builds great pyramids of Giza; mummies • Middle Kingdom: Capital-Thebes; added Nubia as territory; Valley of the Kings= tombs cut into limestone cliffs; Hyksos invade and conquer Egypt • New Kingdom: Ahmose overthrows Hyksos; Queen Hatshepsut- dressed as a man, temples, monuments, built trade); Thutmose III conquers Nubia (again) and up to Mesopotamia; Amenhotep IV- monotheistic (1 god), people disliked this!!; His son King Tutankhamen- polytheistic, died young, tomb undisturbed; Ramses II- temple of Karnak • Fall: empire becomes weak, many wars POLITICS OF EGYPT • Nubia= Kush Empire • South of the Egyptian Empire in the savannah (grasslands) • Kingdom of Kerma- agriculture and gold • Trade with Egypt and S. Africa (cattle, gold, ivory, giraffes, leopards, slaves); as far as Arabia, India, China • Built tombs for kings- not as big as pyramids in Egypt • Conquered by Egypt a few times, then overthrew Egypt • Capital Napata; shared many gods and culture with Egypt • Capital move to Meroe after Assyrians invade ECONOMICS OF EGYPT • Trade Routes: Nile River, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea • Trade with: Arabia, E. Africa; beads, ivory, gold, ebony wood, incense; needed wood-traded with Phoenicians (1st sound symbol relationship alphabet!)- had purple dye, furniture. • Barter= trade • Slaves could earn freedom SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF EGYPT • Kids did not go to school much; learned parents jobs • Women could own property • Social hierarchy: • Pharaoh (king) • Priests (gov't officials), nobles • Traders, artisans, scribes • Farmers/ herders • Unskilled workers/slaves • *Ambitious people could improve their social class status with hard work