Download 3 Carbon Compounds

Biology
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds
that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are
formed by a process
known as polymerization.
Monomers—
individual molecules,
building blocks of
polymers
Polymers– large
molecules made up of
many monomers.
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Macromolecules
Four groups of organic compounds found
in living things are:
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Source of Energy
Structure
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a
ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides—Single sugar molecule, it is
the monomer that builds carbohydrates
Disaccharides- 2 sugar molecules
Polysaccharides-many sugar molecules bonded
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to form a carbohydrate chain
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of
carbohydrates that are used by living things
as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Starch
Glucose
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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some
lipids are important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins
Amino acids
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a
side chain called an R-group.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many
different proteins are stored in DNA.
Protein
Molecule
Amino
Acids
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Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
–Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
–Used to form bones and muscles
–Transport substances into or out of
cells
–Help to fight disease - antibodies
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