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A. Left ventricular scar as late enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance. Increasing LV scar is correlated with an increased risk of ventricular
arrhythmias. (Reproduced with permission from Kwong RY, Chan AK, Brown KA, et al. Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac
magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2006 Jun
13;113(23):2733-2743.) B. Four stages of left atrial tissue fibrosis based on 3D delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. Increasing
percentages of LA fibrosis are correlated with progressively increasing risk of AF recurrence after AF ablation. Normal left atrial wall is displayed in blue;
fibrotic changes are in green and white. (Reproduced with permission from Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, et al. Association of atrial tissue fibrosis
Source: APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, Hurst's The Heart, 14e
identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF stud, JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):498-506.) C. Integration of
Citation:
Fuster
V, Harrington
Narula J, in
Eapen
ZJ. Hurst's
The Heart,
14e; 2017 Available
at: http://mhmedical.com/
May image
04,
coronary artery
anatomy
from
computed RA,
tomography
commercially
available
electroanatomic
map during
epicardial ablation.Accessed:
Multimodality
2017
integration is routinely used in electrophysiological studies and ablation, providing the advantages of structural/functional characterization of tissue,
Copyright
2017 McGraw-Hill
Education.
rights reserved
increasing safety
during© navigation
of catheters
within All
or external
to the patient’s heart, and decreasing use of traditional fluoroscopy. (Reproduced with
permission from Zeppenfeld K, Tops LF, Bax JJ, et al: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular