Download File

8/24/14 Anatomical Posi9on •  Standard anatomical body posi9on: –  Body erect –  Feet slightly ________ –  Palms facing ___________ 1 The Human Body: An Orienta9on: Part B Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Mammary
Sternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic
(genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Figure 1.7a
Table 1.1
Table 1.1
Table 1.1
1 8/24/14 Table 1.1
Table 1.1
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Mammary
Sternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic
(genital)
Regional Terms •  Two major divisions of body: –  ___________ •  Head, neck, and trunk –  _______________ •  Limbs •  Regional terms designate specific areas Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Figure 1.7a
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Body Planes •  _____________: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.7b
2 8/24/14 Body Planes Body Planes •  ____________ (coronal) plane •  ____________ plane –  Divides body ver9cally into anterior and posterior parts –  Divides body ver9cally into right and leO parts –  Produces a sagiPal sec9on •  ______________ (horizontal) plane •  _______________ (median) plane –  Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts –  Produces a cross sec9on –  Lies on midline •  ________________ plane •  ___________ sec9on –  Not on midline –  Cuts made diagonally Anatomical Variability Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
•  Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descrip9ons, but: Transverse plane
–  Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place –  Small muscles may be missing (a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Pancreas
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
Liver Heart Spleen
right lungs
Stomach
Arm
Liver
Spinal cord
Body wall
Subcutaneous fat layer
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Figure 1.8
Body Cavi9es •  __________ cavity –  Protects nervous system •  Two subdivisions: –  _________ cavity •  Encases brain Body Cavi9es •  ___________ cavity –  Houses internal organs (viscera) –  Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): •  Thoracic cavity •  Abdominopelvic cavity –  __________ cavity •  Encases spinal cord 3 8/24/14 Ventral Body Cavi9es Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
•  ___________ cavity subdivisions: –  Two pleural cavi9es Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
•  Each houses a lung –  Medias9num (a) Lateral view
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
•  Contains pericardial cavity •  Surrounds thoracic organs Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
–  Pericardial cavity •  Encloses heart (b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Ventral Body Cavi9es •  _____________________ cavity subdivisions: –  Abdominal cavity •  Contains stomach, intes9nes, spleen, and liver –  Pelvic cavity •  Contains urinary bladder, reproduc9ve organs, and rectum Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
(a) Lateral view
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Serous Membrane (Serosa) Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
•  Thin, double-­‐layered membrane separated by _________ fluid –  Parietal serosa lines internal body walls –  Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
Figure 1.10a-b
4 8/24/14 Abdominopelvic Regions •  _______ divisions used primarily by anatomists Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.11
Abdominopelvic Quadrants •  Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Right
Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac
hypochondriac
region
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12
Other Body Cavi9es • 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Oral and ______________ cavi9es __________ cavity __________ cavi9es ___________ ______ cavi9es ____________ cavi9es 5