Download 2-1 Structure of Matter

Atomic Theory
The Structure of Matter
The Structure of Matter
The Structure of Matter
• Everything in the universe is made of only
about 100 different building blocks called...
The Structure of Matter
• Everything in the universe is made of only
about 100 different building blocks called...
Elements
The Structure of Matter
• Everything in the universe is made of only
about 100 different building blocks called..
Elements
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be
broken down into something smaller by
chemical means.
The Structure of Matter
• Everything in the universe is made of only
about 100 different building blocks called...
Elements
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be
broken down into something smaller by
chemical means.
• Oxygen, gold, and hydrogen are examples of
elements.
The Structure of Matter
• The smallest piece of an element is an...
The Structure of Matter
• The smallest piece of an element is an...
ATOM
Q: What is an atom made of?
Q: What is an atom made of?
A: Atoms are made of just three things:
Q: What is an atom made of?
A: Atoms are made of just three things:
1. Protons
Q: What is an atom made of?
A: Atoms are made of just three things:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
Q: What is an atom made of?
A: Atoms are made of just three things:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons
Atomic Structure
• Protons, neutrons and electrons are
called Subatomic Particles because they
are even smaller that atoms.
Atomic Structure
• Protons, neutrons and electrons are
called Subatomic Particles because they
are even smaller that atoms.
• All the protons and neutrons are
squeezed tightly together in the centre of
the atom. This area of the atom
containing the protons and neutrons is
called the _______.
Atomic Structure
• Protons, neutrons and electrons are
called Subatomic Particles because they
are even smaller that atoms.
• All the protons and neutrons are
squeezed tightly together in the centre of
the atom. This area of the atom
containing the protons and neutrons is
called the Nucleus.
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Name
Symbol
Relative Mass
Electric Charge
Location
Proton
p
1836
+
Nucleus
Neutron
n
1836
0
Nucleus
-
Surrounding
the nucleus
Electron
e
1
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups
Horizontally Into Periods
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Atomic
Number
Symbol
Atomic
Mass
Periodic Table
Atomic
Number
The number of protons
in each nucleus of that
element
Symbol
Always 2 letters,
the first is
always a capital
Atomic
Mass
The average mass of all the different
isotopes of this element
Ion Formation
Ion Formation
• When an atom gains or loses electrons it
becomes electrically charged – it is called an
ion.
• An ion can be positive (the atom lost electrons)
• Or negative (the atom gained electrons)
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Ion Formation
Element
Calcium
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
2+
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Calcium
20
2+
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Calcium
20
2+
20
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
Number of
Neutrons
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
7
0
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
36
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
2-
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
11
10
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
11
10
Sodium
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
Sodium
11
11
10
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
Sodium
11
1+
11
10
Ion Formation
Element
Atomic
Number
Ion Charge
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
Calcium
20
2+
20
18
20
Nitrogen
7
0
7
7
7
Krypton
36
0
36
36
48
Oxygen
8
2-
8
10
8
Sodium
11
1+
11
10
12
Bohr Diagrams
Bohr Diagrams
• Niels Bohr
• His contribution to the atomic theory was to
show how the electrons are arranged.
Bohr Diagrams
• Niels Bohr
• His contribution to the atomic theory was to
show how the electrons are arranged.
Electrons are located in
“shells” around the
nucleus.
Bohr Diagrams
Each shell holds a specific number of electrons
Bohr Diagrams
Each shell holds a specific number of electrons
• The first shell can hold a maximum of 2
electrons.
Bohr Diagrams
Each shell holds a specific number of electrons
• The first shell can hold a maximum of 2
electrons.
• The second can hold a maximum of 8
electrons.
Bohr Diagrams
Each shell holds a specific number of electrons
• The first shell can hold a maximum of 2
electrons.
• The second can hold a maximum of 8
electrons.
• The third also holds a maximum of 8 electrons
Bohr Diagrams
Each shell holds a specific number of electrons
• The first shell can hold a maximum of 2
electrons.
• The second can hold a maximum of 8
electrons.
• The third also holds a maximum of 8 electrons
• The fourth can hold a maximum of 18
electrons
Bohr Diagrams
• The outermost shell containing electrons is
called the valence shell.
Bohr Diagrams
• The outermost shell containing electrons is
called the valence shell.
• The electrons in this shell are called valence
electrons.
Bohr Diagrams
• The outermost shell containing electrons is
called the valence shell.
• The electrons in this shell are called valence
electrons.
• Having 8 electrons in the valence shell is called
a stable octet.
Bohr Diagrams
• The outermost shell containing electrons is
called the valence shell.
• The electrons in this shell are called valence
electrons.
• Having 8 electrons in the valence shell is called
a stable octet.
• Valence electrons determine what kinds of
chemical bonding will occur.
Bohr Diagrams
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
3
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
3
• How many valence electrons does chlorine
have?
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
3
• How many valence electrons does chlorine
have?
7
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
3
• How many valence electrons does chlorine
have?
7
• How many valence electrons does boron
have?
Bohr Diagrams
• How many electron shells does chlorine have?
3
• How many valence electrons does chlorine
have?
7
• How many valence electrons does boron
have?
3
Bohr Diagrams
Bohr Diagrams
• The End