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Introduction to the
Human Body
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Anatomical position and Surface
anatomy
Anatomical Position
Standing upright with palms facing
forward
Surface Anatomy
Axial
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular
Limbs and their attachment to the axis
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Nasal (nose)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Sternal
(breastbone)
Thoracic
(chest)
Mammary
(breast)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Regional
Terms:
Anterior
View
Umbilical
(navel)
Carpal (wrist)
Pollex
(thumb)
Palmar
(palm)
Coxal
(hip)
Digital
(fingers)
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic (genital region)
Femoral
(thigh)
Patellar
(anterior knee)
Fibular, or
peroneal
(side of leg)
Crural (leg)
Pedal
(foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital (toes)
Hallux (great toe)
(a) Anterior
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Figure 1.7a
Otic (ear)
Cephalic
(head)
Occipital (back of
head or base of skull)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Scapular
(shoulder blade)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum or dorsal
(back)
Olecranal
(back of elbow)
Lumbar (loin)
Sacral
(between hips)
Upper
extremity
Manus
(hand)
Gluteal (buttock)
Perineal
(region between
the anus and
external genitalia)
Femoral (thigh)
Lower
extremity
Popliteal
(back of knee)
Regional
Terms:
Posterior View
Sural (calf)
Calcaneal (heel)
Plantar (sole)
(b) Posterior
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Figure 1.7b
Body Orientation and Direction
Superior/inferior
Anterior/posterior
Medial/lateral
Cranial/caudal
Dorsal/ventral
Proximal/distal
Superficial (external)/deep (internal)
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6
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Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane divides the body into
superior and inferior
Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane divides the body into left and
right
Midsagittal divides the body exactly down
the middle
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Body Cavities
Body cavities are internal chambers holding
vital organs
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial
cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic
cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
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Ventral body cavities
• The ventral body cavities are lined by a
double-layered membrane called serosa
or serous membrane.
– Visceral layer covers the organs
– Parietal layer lines the body wall
– A cavity is found between the two layers
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Serous Membrane Relationship
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Figure 1.10a
Thoracic Cavities
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and
lungs.
It is subdivided into the left and right pleural
cavities and the mediastinum
Each pleural cavity contains one lung
Visceral and parietal pleura lines the cavity
The mediastinum contain the pericardial
cavity for the heart
Visceral and parietal pericardium lines the
cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the
peritoneum
Visceral
Parietal
Peritoneal cavity between the two
layers
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominal
Regions
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Other Body Cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavity
Synovial cavities
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