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Chapter 26
I.
Surface Anatomy
Introduction (p. 734, Figs. 26.1–26.3).
A. Surface anatomy is the study of the external features of the body and of those internal features that
can be observed or palpated through the body surface (p. 734).
B. Surface anatomy forms the basis for physical examination of the human body (p. 734).
II.
The Head (pp. 734–737, Figs. 26.4–26.5).
A. The head is divided into the cranium and the face (pp. 734–737,
Figs. 26.4–26.5).
B. The cranium has many palpable bony and muscular structures; a few are the superciliary arches,
external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, and temporalis muscles (p. 734, Fig. 26.4).
C. The face is divided into many regions, including the orbital, nasal, oral, and auricular areas; a few
of the many palpable features are the zygomatic arch, the nasal bridge, and temporomandibular
joint (pp. 734–737,
III.
Fig. 26.5).
The Neck (pp. 737–740, Figs. 26.7–26.8).
A. Skeletal landmarks of the neck include the hyoid bone, the spine of C7 vertebra, and the jugular
notch (p. 737, Fig. 26.6).
B. Muscles of the neck include the prominent sternocleidomastoid muscles (pp. 737–740, Figs. 26.6–
26.8).
C. Triangles of the neck are located anteriorly and posteriorly; the triangles are defined by the
sternocleidomastoid, the trapezius, and the clavicle
IV.
(p. 740, Fig. 26.8).
The Trunk (pp.740–744, Figs. 26.9–26.13).
A. The trunk consists of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum (pp. 740–744, Figs. 26.9–26.13).
B. The back includes parts of all these regions (pp. 740–744, Figs. 26.9–26.13).
1. Bones of the back that are easily palpable are the vertebral spinous processes, scapular
spines, and iliac crests (p. 740,
Fig. 26.9).
2. Muscles of the back that are palpable are the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and erector
spinae (p. 740, Figs. 26.2 and 26.9).
C. The thorax provides many landmarks for locating bones, muscles, and internal organs (pp. 740–
743, Fig. 26.10).
1. Bones of the thorax include the sternum and ribs (pp. 740–742, Figs. 26.10–26.11).
2. Muscles of the thorax include the pectoralis major and serratus anterior (pp. 742–743,
Fig. 26.10).
D. The abdomen is the body region located inferior to the diaphragm
(pp. 743–744, Figs. 26.10–
26.12).
1. Bony landmarks include the iliac crest, anterior iliac spine, and pubic crest (p. 743, Fig.
26.10).
2. Muscles and other abdominal surface features include the following examples: linea alba,
rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament, and umbilicus (pp. 743–744, Figs. 26.10–26.12).
E. The pelvis and perineum include many bony and surface features such as ischial tuberosities, the
coccyx, and external genitalia (p. 744, Fig. 26.13).
V.
Upper Limb and Shoulder (pp. 745–750, Figs. 26.10 and 26.14–26.21).
A. The axilla is the armpit (p. 745, Fig. 26.10).
B. Shoulder palpation reveals the location of the acromion and clavicle
(pp. 745–746, Figs. 26.14–
26.15).
C. The arm is the upper portion of the upper limb and the humerus is the arm bone (p. 746, Figs.
26.14 and 26.16).
D. The elbow region is characterized by the cubital fossa (p. 747, Figs. 26.14 and 26.17).
E. The forearm and hand, along with the arm, complete the upper limb or extremity and many bones
are palpable (pp. 747–750, Figs. 26.16 and 26.18–26.21).
VI.
Lower Limb and Gluteal Region (pp. 750–754, Figs. 26.22–26.25).
A. The gluteal region is dominated by two prominent “cheeks” of the buttocks (p. 750, Fig. 26.22).
B. The thigh has only a few palpable bony landmarks: patella and condyles of the femur (pp. 750–
753, Figs. 26.23–26.25).
C. The leg and foot have several palpable bony landmarks; some examples are the tibial tuberosity,
the medial malleolus, and the lateral malleolus (pp. 753–754, Figs. 26.23–26.26).