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AP Psychology 12
AP EXAM REVIEW Part 1
Ms Carey
Unit 1- Psychology’s History and Approaches
* What is psychology? And how did psychological
science develop?
- Wilhelm Wundt!
- Empiricism
- Structuralism & functionalism
- experimental psych and behaviourism
 Contemporary Psychology
 Nature vs. Nurture
 Natural Selection /evolutionary psych
 7 main perspectives
o Biological
o Evolutionary
o Psychodynamic
o Behavioural
o Cognitive
o Humanistic
o Social-Cultural
Unit 2- Research Methods: Thinking Critically with
Psychological Science
- The Need for psychological science
o Hindsight bias/critical thinking
- How do Psychologists Ask and Answer
Questions?
o SCIENTIFIC METHOD!!!
Theories/Hypothesis/Operational
Definitions
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o Three main types of research:
 Descriptive Studies
o Naturalistic
Observations
o Case Studies
o Surveys
 Correlational Studies
 Test if there is a
relationship b/w two
variables
 Scatterplots! (+ - or no)
 Experiments
o Groups/variables
o Random
samples/assignment
- Statistical Reasoning
o Mode, Mean, Median, Range,
standard deviation (normal curve)
o Normal Curve & statistical
significance
Unit 3A- Biological Bases of Behavour
(Neural Processing & Endocrine System)
- Neural Communication
o Neurons (sensory, motor and
interneuron’s)
o Dendrites, Axons, Myelin Sheath,
Threshold, Action Potential,
Synapse, reuptake
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- The Nervous System
o CNS and PNS, nerves
o Autonomic Nervous System
o Somatic Nervous System
o Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Endocrine System
o Hormones, Adrenal Glands,
Pituitary Glands
Unit 3B- Biological Bases of Behaviour (The Brain)
- Tools for examining the brain:
o Lesions
o EEG, CT, PET, MRI, fMRI scans
- Older Brain Structures
o Brainstem
o Medulla
o Reticular formation
o Thalamus
o Cerebellum
o Limbic system
o Amygdala
o Hypothalamus
- The Cerebral Cortex
o Glial cells
o 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal)
o Motor and Sensory Cortex
o Association Areas/Aphasia/Broca’s
Area
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o Wernike’s Area
o Plasticity
o Our divided Brain – corpus
callosum & split brain
o Dual processing
Unit 3C- Biological Bases of Behaviour
(Genetics, Evolution & Psychology)
- Behaviour Genetics- DNA, genes,
genome, twin studies, heritability,
molecular genetics
- Evolutionary Psych
o Natural selection, mutations,
evolutionary psych
Unit 4- Sensation & Perception
- Sensation & Perception
o Bottom up processing
o Top down processing
o Selective attention (aka: The
Cocktail Party Effect)
o Absolute threshold
o Signal detection theory
o Priming
o Difference threshold
o Weber’s Law
o Sensory Adaptation
- Vision
- Hearing
- Other senses (Kinesthesis)
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o
o
o
Gate control theory (lady falling
off cliff)
Sensory interaction
ESP? Premonitions & Pretensions
Unit 5- States of Consciousness
- Sleep & Dreams
o Circadian rhythms/Sleep Cycle
o REM Sleep
o Sleep Waves
o Hallucinations
o Sleep Disorders
 Narcolepsy
 Sleep Walking/Talking
 Sleep Apnea
 Night Terrors
 Insomnia
- Dream Theories
o Freud- The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
Manifest & Latent Content
- Hypnosis
o Posthypnotic suggestion- connect
to the power of the situation
(Social Psych- Conformity and
Obedience)
o ANTON MESMER!
o Dissociation
- Drugs & Consciousness
o Psychoactive drugs
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Stimulants
 Depressants
 Hallucinogens
Tolerance & withdrawal
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- Near Death Experiences
- NDE’s
o Dualists and Monists
Unit 6- Learning
- Classical Conditioning
o Pavlov- UR, US, CR, UCR
o Acquisition
o Extinction
o Spontaneous Recovery
o Generalization
o Discrimination
o Learned helplessness
- Operant Conditioning
o Skinner & Law of Effect based on
works of THORNDIKE
o Shaping/Reinforcers
o Schedules for Reinforcers
 Positive
 Negative
 Primary
 Conditioned
 Partial
 Fixed-ratio
 Variable-ratio
 Fixed-interval
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Variable-interval
 Punishment
 Latent learning
 Intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation
- Learning by Observation
o Albert Bandura
o Little Albert
o Bobo Doll

Unit 7A- Memory
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
- Long vs. Short Term Memory
- Flashbulb Memories
- Amnesia
- Recall, Recognition, relearning,
priming, déjà vu
- Mood Congruent Theory
- Forgetting (repression)
- Memory Construction
o Source amnesia
Unit 7B- Thinking, Language and Problem Solving
- Thinking
o Cognition, concepts, prototypes,
algorithms, heuristics, insight,
creativity
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o
o
o
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Confirmation Bias, Fixation, Mental
Set, Functional Fixedness
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance
Intuition & framing
- Language
o Phonemes, morphemes
o Grammar, semantics, syntax
o Babbling stage
o One word stage
o Two word stage
o Telegraphic speech
o Linguistic Determinism
 Chomsky, Whorf,
Skinner, Kohler, Lambert,
Sternberg, Peter Watson
Unit 8A- Motivation
- Motivational Concepts
o Instinct
o Drive Reduction theory
o Homeostasis
o Incentive
o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Abraham Maslow
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- Hunger
o Glucose/set point
o Anorexia and bulimia
o Binge eating
o Pika
- Sexual Motivation
o Sexual Response Cycle
o Refractory Period
o Estrogen and testosterone
o Sexual orientation
Unit 8B- Motivation & Emotion & Stress
- Theories of Emotion
o James-Lange
o Cannon-Bard
o Schachter’s Two Factor
- Expressed & Experienced Emotion
o Facial feedback
o Feel good-do good phenomenon
o Adaptation-level phenomenon
o Relative deprivation
- Stress & Health
o Stress
o GAS- General Adaptation
Syndrome (Selye)
 Bard, Cannon, James,
Lange, Shachter, Selye,
Tyalor Ekman
o Stress and the Heart
 Coronary heart disease
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 Type A and Type B
personalities
o Stress and links to other illnesses
 Stress and aids
 Stress and cancer
 The general immune system
when stressed
o Coping with Stress
 Aerobic Exercise
 Biofeedback
 Yoga, Relaxation
 Social Support
 Faith/Spirituality
 Nutrition
Unit 9- Developmental Psychology
- Social, Physical and Cognitive Changes
for:
o Prenatal and Newborn
o Infancy and Childhood
o Adolescence
o Adulthood (young and later)
- Jean Piaget
- Erik Erikson
- Albert Bandura
- Carol Gilligan
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Lev Vygotsky
- G. Stanley Hall
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o Prenatal Development: zygote,
embryo, fetus, teratogens, FAS,
 Newborns and brain development
o Infancy and Childhood: Physical,
Cognitive, and Social Development
o Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development (p.144)
o Harry Harlow (Monkey Experiment)
Social Development (p.151)
 Attachment, Stranger Anxiety,
Critical Period, Imprinting
 Child-Rearing Practices
o Adolescence
 Physical Development- Puberty
 Cognitive DevelopmentDeveloping Reasoning –
Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder (p.165)
 Social Development: Erikson’s
stages of Psychosocial
Development (p.166)
 Forming an identity
o Adulthood: Physical Developmentmenopause, midlife crisis, Life
expectancy, etc
 Cognitive Development: Aging
and memory- cross-sectional
study, longitudinal study,
crystallized intelligence, fluid
intelligence,
 Social Development: life events
and changes, social clock, Well
being and mental health
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Unit 10- Personality
i. The Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud)
a. Free Association, Unconscious
b. Id, Ego, Superego (personality
structure –iceberg)
c. Freud’s Psycho-Sexual Stages
(p.578)
d. Oedipus Complex and Electra
Complex
e. Defence Mechanisms :
i. Repression
ii. Regression
iii. Reaction Formation
iv. Projection
v. Rationalization
vi. Displacement
Assessing the Unconscious :
f. Projective Tests
g. TAT (Thematic Apperception
Test)
 Humanistic Perspective of Personality :
i. Abraham Maslow- self-actualization
ii. Carl Rogers- agreed with Maslow and
discussed the Unconditional Positive
Regard (p.588) and the Self-Concept
 The Trait Perspective of Personality
i. Fundamental traits- the big FIVE TRAIT
THEORY (canoe or ocean)
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ii. Hans and Sybil Eysenck – factor analysis
theory (p.593)
iii. Personality inventory
iv. MMPI
v. Empirically derived tests
 Social-Cognitive Perspective of Personality:
i. Albert Bandura
ii. Reciprocal Determinism
iii. Personal Control, learned helplessness,
optimism
Unit 11- Intelligence
(Testing & Individual Differences)
 The Origins of Intelligence Testing
i. Alfred Binet- why, where?
ii. Lewis Terman- the Innate IQ, Stanford-Binet
Test
iii. William Stern- Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
 What is Intelligence? How is it measured?
i. Factor Analysis
ii. General Intelligence (g)
iii. Savant Syndrome
iv. Multiple Intelligences (Gardner-8 kinds of
intelligences)
v. Emotional Intelligence
vi. Creativity
 Assessing Intelligence
i. Aptitude vs. Achievement Tests
ii. WAIS test (p.433)
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iii. Principles of Test Construction
1. Standardization – normal curve
(see page 434)
2. Reliability
3. Valid- content validity, criterion,
predictive ability
 Dynamics of Intelligence
i. Stability or change?
ii. Extremes of Intelligence Low= mental
retardation/downs syndrome
High= gifted children
Unit 12- Abnormal Psychology
(Psychological Disorders)
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The Medical Model
The Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Classifying Disorders: DSM-IV
Neurotic Disorders and Psychotic Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
i. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
ii. Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Schizophrenia: Five Types (p.647)
i. Disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions
ii. Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic,
Undifferentiated, Residual
Explaining Disorders:
i. The Learning Perspective (Fear Conditioning)
ii. Biological Perspective
Mood Disorders:
i. Major Depressive Disorder
ii. Bipolar Disorder
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iii. Manic Episodes
 Dissociation and Multiple Personalities
Unit 13- Therapy and Treatment of Disorders
 Types of Therapy:
i. Psychoanalysis- electic approach,
interpretation, transference
ii. Humanistic- client-centered approach (Carl
Rogers) + active listening
iii. Behaviour Therapies: Classical Conditioning
Techniques (Counter-conditioning, systematic
desensitization, exposure therapies, aversive
conditioning) and Operant Conditioning
(Skinner)
iv. Cognitive Therapies: Change how you think
about your thinking (p.669)
v. Group and Family Therapy
Unit 14- Social Psychology
 Social Thinking:
i. Attribution Theory
ii. Fundamental Attribution Error
 Attitudes and Actions
i. Attitudes (Cultures, peer groups, etc)
ii. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
iii. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (p.701)
 Social Influence
i. Conformity and Obedience
1. Asch- 3 line experiment
a. Normative social influence
b. Informational social influence
2. Milgram – electric shock experiment
3. Zimbardo- Stanford Prison Experiment
 Group Influence
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i. Social facilitation
ii. Social loafing
iii. Deindividuation
iv. Group polarization
v. Groupthink
 Social Relations
i. Prejudice/stereotypes
ii. Ingroup/outgroup
iii. Ingroup bias
iv. Scapegoat theory
v. Aggression – just world phenomenon
vi. Frustration aggression principle
vii. Social Traps (Conflict)
viii. Laws of Attraction
1. mere-exposure effect
2. Romantic Love
a. Companion vs. Passionate love
3. Peacemaking, Altruism, Conflict
Resolution