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Download Chapter 12: Romantic Orchestral Music
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Chapter 21: Romantic Music: Program Music, Ballet, and Musical Nationalism Program Music • Program Music • On the other end of the spectrum • Absolute Music: • • • • Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) and the Program Symphony Born near Grenoble, France Composer and music critic Skilled in orchestration Influenced by literature, especially Shakespeare Symphonie fantastique (1830) • The first complete program symphony • Berlioz wrote the program based on his love affair with Harriet Smithson • Five movements: I. Reveries, Passion II. A Ball III. Scene in the Country IV. March to the Scaffold V. Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath • Unifying theme: idée fixe (fixed idea) IV. March to the Scaffold • Re-creates the sounds of the French military bands he heard as a child • Rousing march tempo • Exceptionally heavy low brass • Use of the ophicleide (tuba) V. Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath • Berlioz creates his personal vision of hell • Parody of the idée fixe • Dies Irae chant – burial hymn of the medieval church Tchaikovsky’s Ballets • Ballet • Swan Lake (1876), Sleeping Beauty (1889), The Nutcracker (1892) • “Dance of the Reed Pipes” from The Nutcracker – Ternary form – Evokes the sound of shepherds playing pan-pipes – Clear meter Music and Nationalism • Arose from the political upheaval of the 19th-century • National anthems, native dances, protest songs, victory symphonies • Use of indigenous musical elements – Folksongs, Scales, Dance rhythms, Local instrumental sounds, Programs based on national subjects Russian Nationalism: • Russia was one of the first countries to develop its own national style of art music, distinct and separate from the traditions of German orchestral music and Italian opera • Modest Mussorgsky, “Pictures at an Exhibition” • Rimsky Korsakov, “Night on Bald Mountain” Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) • Originally for piano; orchestrated by Maurice Ravel in 1922 • Each movement depicts a different drawing or painting by Victor Hartmann (1833-1873) • Promenade: Opens the work and serves as transition between movements • Polish Ox-cart: Creates a sense of time and movement – Two-note ostinato – Crescendo and decrescendo as the cart approaches and slowly disappears – Begins and ends with the lowest sounds; orchestrated with tuba and double basses • The Great Gate of Kiev: Impression of a parade passing through a great arch – Rondo form: ABABCA – Use of different musical styles in each section
