Download WHAT IS ANATOMY?

CHAPTER
WHAT IS
ANATOMY?
3
ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES
Application
Communication
Knowledge and Understanding
Thinking
Activities in this chapter:
1
2
The Language of Anatomy 20
Review Your Key Terms
Plane Movements, Plain and Simple
What’s in a Name?
Joint Movements
The Musculoskeletal System 23
Review Your Key Terms
The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy
The Human Musculature Revealed
Synovial Joints
3
Check Your Understanding 27
4
Chapter Culminating Assignment 29
CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
3.1
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY (Textbook pages 40-43)
1
3.1.1 Review Your Key Terms
abduction
adduction
anatomical position
anterior (ventral)
circumduction
deep
distal
dorsiflexion
eversion
extension
flexion
pronation
prone
proximal
sagittal plane
superficial
superior
supination
supine
transverse (horizontal) plane
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frontal (coronal) plane
human anatomy
inferior
inversion
lateral
lateral (external) rotation
medial
medial (internal) rotation
median (midsagittal) plane
plantar flexion
posterior (dorsal)
ER
3.1.2 Plane Movements, Plain and Simple
The human body can be described using three basic planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. These planes can be
used to describe movements or actions occurring in the plane parallel to one of these planes. For example, a forward
roll is considered a sagittal plane movement because the forward motion occurs parallel to the sagittal plane.
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Identify the three major planes of the body in the figure below, and give two examples of movements that occur
in each plane.
Plane 1: Frontal plane
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1
Movement examples:Cartwheel
Jumping jacks
Plane 2: Transverse plane
Movement examples:Log roll
Pirouette
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Plane 3: Sagittal plane
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Movement examples:Forward roll
Another name for plane 1 is the coronal plane.
Another name for plane 2 is the horizontal plane.
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Kinesiology Student Workbook
Walking/running, cycling
CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
3.1.3 What’s in a Name?
Of particular importance to studying anatomy is understanding the terminology that describes the location of
specific body parts relative to other body parts. Label the directional terms on the figure below, and think of at
least one example of how you would use each term in a sentence.
Medial
S
Lateral
SW
Superior
Inferior
AN
Distal
ER
Proximal
Posterior
Lateral
Medial
Anterior
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CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
3.1.4 Joint Movements
Most movements occur in antagonistic pairs, so for every movement, there is generally a movement opposite
to it. Identify the major joint movements below, and provide at least one movement example for each set of
movements. Then demonstrate some of these actions with a partner.
B
Movement examples:
A Flexion
B Extension
A
B
A Abduction
A
B
A Pronation
A
B
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B Supination
A
B
• Jumping jacks (shoulders or hips)
• Spreading fingers apart
• Making a “snow angel”
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B Adduction
• Biceps curl
• Triceps extension
• Soccer kick (knee or hip)
S
A
• Topspin in tennis
• Flipping a pancake
• Emptying a can (from the elbow)
A Inversion
• Flicking a soccer pass to either side
• Maintaining ankle stability while
B Eversion
running
A Dorsiflexion
• Standing on the toes
• Using pedals of car while driving
• Pushing off at the start of a race
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B Plantar flexion
Circumduction
• Shoulder rotations (arm circles)
• Leg rotations (from the hip)
• Biceps
• Turning a door knob with a straight arm
Rotation
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Kinesiology Student Workbook
(at the shoulder)
• Emptying a can without pronating the
forearm
CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (Textbook pages 44-51)
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3.2.1 Review Your Key Terms
plane (gliding) joint
saddle joint
sesamoid bone
short bone
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
spongy (cancellous) bone
synovial fluid
synovial joint
synovial membrane
tendon
ER
fibrous joint
flat bone
hinge (ginglymus) joint
insertion
irregular bone
joint
joint capsule
joint cavity
ligament
long bone
origin
periosteum
pivot joint
S
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
ball and socket joint
cardiac muscle
cartilage
cartilaginous joint
compact (cortical) bone
condyloid (knuckle) joint
diaphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
epiphyseal line
epiphysis
fascia
3.2.2 The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy
(A) Approximately how many bones make up the human skeleton?
 206  345
 155  300
 456
SW
 102
How many bones can you name without consulting your textbook? Compare your list
with a partner and see how many you can come up with.
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AN
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What Is Anatomy?
(B) Bone Shapes and Classifications
Bones can be classified by shape and belong to either the axial or appendicular sections of the skeleton. Fill in the
blanks in the table below describing the various bone classifications.
Examples
Skeleton
Long
Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna
Appendicular
Short
Carpals, tarsals
Appendicular
Scapula
Appendicular
Clavicle
Appendicular
Ribs, sternum
Axial
Frontal, parietal, occipital, mandible
Axial
Patella
Appendicular
Flat
Sesamoid
S
Shape
Axial
Pelvis
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Vertebrae, facial bones of skull
Irregular
Appendicular
(C) Bone Structure and Composition
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Fill in the appropriate labels below illustrating the structure of a typical long bone. Then highlight where growth
in length occurs in the bone until we reach a mature height.
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Articular cartilage
1Proximal epiphysis 6 Cancellous (spongy) bone
1
Proximal
epiphysis
5
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3
Epiphyseal
line
2Diaphysis 7 Compact (cortical) bone
3Distal epiphysis 8 Periosteum
6
red (hematopoietic)
Cancellous bone with
bone marrow
7
Compact bone
(cortical bone)
8
4Articular cartilage 9 Medullary cavity
5Epiphyseal line 10 Articular cartilage
Growth in length occurs at the ends of long bones at the epiphyseal growth plate, which
ossifies and becomes an epiphyseal line when growth ceases.
Periosteum
2
Diaphysis
Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight. What gives bone this important
characteristic?
9
Medullary cavity
with yellow (fatty)
bone marrow
3
Distal
epiphysis
The major components of bone are calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen,
and water. The two calcium compounds make up approximately 60 to 70 percent of
bone weight, providing much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or
squeezing forces. The collagen component (a protein) gives bone its characteristic
flexibility and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces. Although
the human body as a whole is composed of about 60 percent water, bone only contains
approximately 20 percent water (20 to 25 percent of total bone weight). Consequently,
bones are stronger and more durable than many other structures, such as skin.
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Articular cartilage
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CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
3.2.3 The Human Musculature Revealed
How many muscles are present in the human body?
 Fewer than 300
 Between 400 and 500
 Between 300 and 400
 Between 500 and 600
 More than 600
How many muscles can you name without consulting your textbook? Compare
your list with a partner and see how many you can come up with.
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3.2.4 Synovial Joints
(A) Characteristics of Synovial Joints
Complete the diagram of a typical synovial joint below using the following labels.
AN
1 articular (hyaline) cartilage
6
5
3
2 articulating bone
3 joint cavity
4 joint capsule
5 ligament
6 periosteum
7 synovial membrane
4
1
7
Where is the synovial fluid found, and what role does it play?
Each synovial joint has a joint cavity (the space between and around the
articulating bones) filled with synovial fluid. The synovial fluid cushions
and lubricates the joint, thereby reducing friction.
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CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
(B) Types of Synovial Joints
Synovial joints vary widely in structure and movement capabilities. Complete the table below summarizing the
classification of synovial joints based on shape.
Movement
Examples
Hinge (ginglymus)
Movement in one plane only
Interphalangeal joints of the fingers
Pivot
One bone rotates around one axis
Atlantoaxial joint of the neck
Plane
Gliding action is the only movement
allowed: forward–backward, side to side
Acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder,
facet joints of the vertebrae, wrist
Condyloid
Flexion–extension, abduction–
adduction, circumduction all possible
Metacarpophalangeal joints (except
thumb)
Saddle
Bones are set together as in sitting on
a horse
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Ball and socket
Movement in all planes: greatest range
of movement
Shoulder, hip
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Joint Type
On the figure below, circle and label at least one example of each of the types of synovial joints described above.
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Plane (Gliding)
Found in bones of the wrist
and the acromioclavicular
joint of the shoulder.
Pivot
Found in the atlantoaxial
joint of the neck and in the
forearm during pronation–
supination.
Ball and Socket
Found in the hip and
shoulder.
Hinge (Ginglymus)
Found in the elbow.
Condyloid (Knuckle)
Found in the joints
between metacarpals and
phalanges – except at the
thumb.
Saddle
Found in the carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb.
Kinesiology Student Workbook
CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
Name: ______________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
3
Date: _______________________________________
Multiple Choice
Fill in the Blanks
1. Which of the following is not a feature of the anatomical
position:
A) The body stands erect.
B) The body is facing forward.
C) The arms are hanging at the sides.
D) The heels and feet are together.
E) None of the above.
Fill in the blanks for the following statements using words
from the word bank below. Place the corresponding letter
from the word bank in the blank spaces provided.
Answer: E
4. The epiphyseal growth plate eventually ossifies and
becomes the epiphyseal line.
5. A muscle’s origin is also known as its proximal
attachment.
Word Bank
a. abduction
e. distal
i. lateral
b. adduction
f. epiphyseal line
j. medial
c. anatomical position
g. extension
k. periosteum
d. centre of gravity
h. flexion
l. proximal
SW
3. To perform a biceps curl, you must _________ the palm
and _________ the elbow.
A) pronate; flex
B) supinate; flex
C) pronate; extend
D) abduct; extend
E) supinate; invert
Answer: B
3. Lifting the arm away from the side of the body is an
example of abduction, and returning it is an example of
adduction.
ER
2. Which of the following planes bisects the body into
right and left halves:
A) transverse
B) median
C) coronal
D) midsagittal
E) both B and D
2. The point at which the median, frontal, and transverse
planes intersect represents the body’s centre of gravity
(or centre of mass).
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Answer: E
1. Your nose is medial to your ears.
AN
4. Bone marrow is:
A) located inside the bone cavity
B) yellow in children
C) red in adults
D) typically found in short bones
E) all of the above
True or False
Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). If
the statement is false, provide the correct answer.
Answer: A
1.Your abdomen in inferior to your thorax.
5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal
muscle:
A) very fatigue resistant
B) under voluntary control
C) attached to bone
D) can benefit from fitness training
E) none of the above
Answer: true
Answer: A
2.Movements that are lateral occur in the frontal plane.
Answer: true
3.Spongy bone is also known as cortical bone.
Answer: false (Correct: cancellous)
4.The gastrointestinal tract is made up of smooth muscle.
Answer: true
5.In a condyloid joint, the joint surfaces are usually oval.
Answer: true
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CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
Think and Link
1.Describe the anatomical position, and discuss its relationship to the directional terms used to describe the human body.
The basic anatomical position is used in all anatomical description, specifying the locations of specific parts of the body relative to
other body parts. It describes the following position: standing erect, facing forward, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing
forward, legs straight, and heels and feet together and parallel to each other. The anatomical position is universally accepted as
the starting reference point for describing the human body.
2.Explain the effect of exercise on bone.
3.What are the main characteristics of synovial joints?
ER
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Similar to muscles, bone also responds to the presence or absence of different forces with changes in size, shape,
and density. When bones are subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, bones tend to become
denser and more mineralized than the bones in people who are less active. This is revealed by the right-handed
tennis player whose right forearm bones are denser than the left, as a result of using them more frequently.
But just as forces acting on bone can increase bone density, inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a
decrease in weight and strength. Loss of bone mass as a result of reduced mechanical stress has been noted in
bed-ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts.
W
Each synovial joint has a joint cavity (the space between and around the articulating bones) filled with synovial fluid. The synovial
fluid cushions and lubricates the joint. A joint capsule surrounds the joint space and helps provide support. The capsule is lined
with a synovial membrane that secretes the lubrication fluid. The joint capsule may or may not have thickenings called intrinsic
ligaments that add support. Outside the capsule and not connected to it are extrinsic ligaments that support the joint and
connect the articulating bones. Some joints have special features such as articular discs, fibrocartilaginous labra and menisci, and
intracapsular tendons.
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Name: __________________________________________________________
CHAPTER
What Is Anatomy?
Date: _______________________________
CHAPTER CULMINATING ASSIGNMENT
4
Analyzing Body Position and Joint Movements
For any two of the images (A to K) on the next page, answer the following questions.
(1) In two sentences, briefly describe the image and why you selected it.
(2) Identify the predominant plane movement(s) and four specific joint movements observed in the image.
(3) Select a segment of the body in the image and identify two bones (name and type), four primary muscles, and
two synovial joints that are involved in the action being performed.
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Answers will vary.
Selected image 1: A
ER
(1) I chose this image of Blake Griffin because he is one of the most athletic and dynamic dunkers in basketball.
SW
(2) The frontal and transverse (horizontal) planes are the predominant plane movements and there are several joint
movements present, including flexion of the right elbow and knees, abduction of the legs, extension of the left arm,
slight plantar flexion of the ankles.
AN
(3) The segment of the body chosen was the lower body. Bones in the lower body are the femur, tibia, and fibula, which
are long bones, and the patella, which is a sesamoid bone. Muscles surrounding those bones are the quadriceps
(vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris), the hamstrings (semitendinosis,
semimembranosus, and biceps femoris), the gastrocnemius, and the tibialis anterior, among others. Two synovial
joints are the hinge joint of the knee and the ball and socket joint of the hip.
Selected image 2: ________
(1) __________________________________________________________________________________________
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(2) __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(3) __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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B
G
E
D
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C
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A
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F
H
Your own image here.
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