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Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 1: Biodiversity
Section 2: Threats to Biodiversity
Section 3: Conserving Biodiversity
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Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
What is biodiversity?
 Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area
that is determined by the number of different
species in that area.
 Biodiversity increases the stability of an
ecosystem and contributes to the health of
the biosphere.
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
 The variety of genes or inheritable
characteristics that are present in a population
comprises its genetic diversity.
 Genetic diversity increases the chances that
some species will survive during changing
environmental conditions or during the
outbreak of disease.
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
 The number of
different species
and the relative
abundance of each
species in a
biological
community is called
species diversity.
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
 The variety of ecosystems that are present
in the biosphere is called ecosystem
diversity.
 An ecosystem is made up of interacting
populations and the abiotic factors that
support them.
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
The Importance of Biodiversity
 Most of the world’s food crops come from just a few
species.
 Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic
traits that might be needed to improve commercial crop
species.
 Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants
and other organisms that help in the treatment of
human diseases.
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity
 A healthy biosphere
provides many
services to humans
and other organisms
that live on Earth.
 Green plants provide
oxygen to the
atmosphere and remove
carbon dioxide
 Natural processes provide drinking water that is
safe for human use.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction Rates
 The gradual process of species becoming
extinct is known as background extinction.
 Mass extinction is an event in which a large
percentage of all living species become
extinct in a relatively short period of time.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Factors that Threaten Biodiversity
 The current high rate of extinction is due to the
activities of a single species—Homo sapiens.
 Humans are changing conditions on Earth
faster than new traits can evolve to cope with
the new conditions.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Overexploitation
 Overexploitation, or excessive use, of species that
have economic value is a factor increasing the
current rate of extinction.
 Bison
 Passenger pigeons
 Ocelot
 Rhinoceros
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Loss
 If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native
species might have to relocate or they will die.
Destruction of Habitat
 The destruction of habitat, such as the clearing
of tropical rain forests, has a direct impact on
global biodiversity.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Disruption of Habitat
 The declining
population of
one species
can affect an
entire
ecosystem.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Fragmentation of Habitat
 The separation of an ecosystem into small pieces
of land is called habitat fragmentation.
 The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer species it
can support.
 Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for
individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals
from another area.
 Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels
increases the number of edges—creating edge
effects.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Pollution
 Pollution and atmospheric
changes threaten biodiversity
and global stability.
 Biological magnification is the
increasing concentration of
toxic substances in organisms
as trophic levels increase in a
food chain or food web.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Acid Precipitation
 Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with
water and other substances in the air to form
sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
 Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium,
and other nutrients from the soil, depriving
plants of these nutrients.
Assessing Water Quality
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Eutrophication
 Eutrophication occurs when substances rich
in nitrogen and phosphorus flow into
waterways, causing extensive algae growth.
 The algae use up the oxygen supply during
their rapid growth and after their deaths
during the decaying process.
 Other organisms in the water suffocate.
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Threats to Biodiversity
Introduced Species
 Nonnative species that are either intentionally or
unintentionally
transported to a
new habitat are
known as
introduced
species.
 Introduced species often reproduce in large numbers
because of a lack of predators, and become invasive
species in their new habitat.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Natural Resources
 The consumption
rate of natural
resources is not
evenly distributed.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
 Resources that are replaced by natural
processes faster than they are consumed
are called renewable resources.
 Resources that are found on Earth in limited
amounts or those that are replaced by natural
processes over extremely long periods of time
are called nonrenewable resources.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
 Sustainable use means using resources at a
rate in which they can be replaced or recycled
while preserving the long-term environmental
health of the biosphere.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Protecting Biodiversity
 Currently, about seven percent of the world’s
land is set aside as some type of reserve.
 The United Nations supports a system of
Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Biodiversity Hotspots
 At least 1500 species of vascular plants are
endemic.
 The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its
original habitat.
 These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of
Earth’s surface, however, only about a tenth of that
habitat remains.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Corridors Between Habitat Fragments
 Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing
corridors, or passageways, between habitat
fragments
 Creates a larger piece of land that can sustain
a wider variety of species and a wider variety of
genetic variation
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Restoring Ecosystems
 The larger the
affected area, the
longer it takes for the
biological community
to recover.
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes,
fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area is
called bioremediation
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Biological Augmentation
 Adding natural predators to a degraded
ecosystem is called biological augmentation.
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which factor is most responsible for the
lack of plants in polar regions?
A. heavy grazing by herbivores
B. little precipitation
C. no soil for plants to take root
D. not enough sunlight
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What form of pollution is caused by
extensive algae growth in waterways?
A. acid precipitation
B. eutrophication
C. biological magnification
D. edge effects
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a renewable resource?
A. solar energy
B. fossil fuels
C. agricultural plants
D. clean water
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 1 Formative
Questions
Which has indirect economic value?
A. ecosystems that decompose wastes
B. organisms that provide food and shelter
C. plants that contain medicinal substances
D. species that havedesirable genetic traits
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 1 Formative
Questions
It is likely that some of
the world’s unidentified
species will have
economic value.
A. true
B. false
1.
2.
A
B
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 1 Formative
Questions
When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem
become most apparent?
A. when scientists begin to study the ecosystem
B. when the ecosystem has been destroyed
C. when the ecosystem is given economic value
1.
2.
3.
A
B
C
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Which describes the current rate of species
disappearance?
A. background extinction
B. mass extinction
C. natural extinction
D. progressive extinction
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2 Formative
Questions
Where are most extinctions likely to occur
in the near future?
A. deserts
B. grasslands
C. tropical forests
D. temperate forests
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2 Formative
Questions
What is the primary factor that has endangered
the North American bison and the white
rhinoceros?
A. habitat loss
B. eutrophication
C. overexploitation
D. nonnative predators
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 2 Formative
Questions
What is the number one cause of species
extinction today?
A. habitat loss
B. human predators
C. transported diseases
D. background extermination
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which resource is nonrenewable?
A. agricultural plants
B. clean water
C. forest timber
D. mineral deposits
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 3 Formative
Questions
For which human activity is sustainable
use not possible?
A. farming
B. logging
C. oil drilling
D. commercial fishing
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Section 3 Formative
Questions
Which is an example of bioremediation?
A. replanting trees in an area affected by acid rain
B. using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill
C. enacting a law that protects endangered
amphibians
D. introducing natural predators to control a crop
pest
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the figure. Name the
process that is occurring with the
increasing concentration of DDT.
A. pollution
B. extinction
C. biological magnification
D. habitat fragmentation
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Use the graph to determine
the approximate recovery
time for a volcanic eruption.
A. 1–10 years
B. 10–100 years
C. 100–1000 years
D. 1000 years or more
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Explain how killer whales adapted to their
environment when their primary food source
began to disappear.
Answer: Killer whales started to prey on
sea otters instead of sea lions
and harbor seals.
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
Which type of biodiversity increases as you
move geographically from the polar regions
to the equator?
A. ecosystem diversity
B. genetic diversity
C. social diversity
D. species diversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
How does genetic diversity increase a species’
chance of survival?
A. It increases the number of organisms that have
useful genes.
B. It increases the ability of a species to adapt to
environmental changes.
C. It produces a variety of species within a biological
community.
1.
A
B
D. It randomly distributes members of a species2.3.
C
4.
D
throughout an ecosystem.
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
If a toxic substance enters
this food web, which animals
will have the highest
concentration of the toxic
substance in their tissues?
A. fishes
B. killer whales
C. sea otters
D. sea urchins
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
What type of substances causes
eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems?
A. acid rain
B. fertilizers
C. PCBs
D. pesticides
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
Which factor has the
greatest impact on a
country’s rate of natural
resource consumption?
A. land area
B. population
C. industrialization
D. availability of resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
Which event has the greatest
potential to cause irreversible
damage to biodiversity?
A. oil spill
B. urbanization
C. industrial pollution
D. modern agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Image Bank
Section 1
Biodiversity and Conservation
Vocabulary
Section 1
extinction
biodiversity
genetic diversity
species diversity
ecosystem diversity
Section 2
Biodiversity and Conservation
Vocabulary
Section 2
background
extinction
mass extinction
edge effect
biological
magnification
natural resource
eutrophication
overexploitation
introduced species
habitat
fragmentation
Section 3
Biodiversity and Conservation
Vocabulary
Section 3
renewable resource
nonrenewable resource
sustainable use
endemic
bioremediation
biological augmentation
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation
Animation
 Visualizing Biodiversity Hot Spots
Chapter
Biodiversity and Conservation