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Final Exam Review
Part 1
9th Grade
Global History and Geography
Ms. Marten
1
Culture
• Culture—a way of life
• Cultural diffusion—sharing and spread
of ideas, goods and inventions between
groups
• Result of people having contact with
each other
♦trade, warfare, diaspora
2
Geography
• Geography effects culture
• Rivers = highways for contact (trade)
• Barriers = mountains, oceans,
rainforest, deserts
♦prevents cultural diffusion and causes
isolation
♦protection from invasion
3
Geography of Japan
• Geography of Japan:
1. Archipelago—chain of islands
2. Mountainous—farmers rely
on terrace farming
4
Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.10,000 B.C)
• Nomads—men and women were
hunters and gathers with no
permanent settlements
• Population was small
♦Usually 2-3 dozen
5
Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)
•
•
•
•
Discovery of agriculture
Domestication of animals
Permanent settlements
Start of civilizations and more complex
societies
6
Early River Valley Civilizations
4000 BC - 500
Ancient River Valleys
Contributions
Nile/Egypt
Tigris & Euphrates
Mesopotamia
aka Sumerians
Indus
India
Huang He
China
aka Yellow
7
Ancient River Valleys
Contributions
Nile/Egypt
I.
Tigris & Euphrates
Mesopotamia
Indus
India
Huang He
China
All of theses civilizations were:
1. Located in river valleys
2. Dependent of fertile soil (silt)
3. Irrigated water from river (s)
4. Transportation and Trade
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Tigris & Euphrates
Mesopotamia/Sumerians
I. Contributions:
• Code of Hammurabi—first
written laws (eye for an eye)
• Cuneiform—first writing
• Invented wheel, sail and plow
• Ziggurats
• Irrigation
9
Egyptians/Nile
I. Contributions:
• Irrigation System
• Pyramids
• Pharaoh—Theocracy
• Hieroglyphics
• Polytheistic religion
10
Indus
India
I. Contributions:
• Planned cities
• Hinduism-caste system
• Sanskrit writing
●
Indoor plumbing
11
Huang He/Yellow
China
I. Contributions:
•
•
•
•
Walled cities
Calligraphy – writing
Rice cultivation
Dynasties—ruling families
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Geography of Greece
A. Skilled sailors used
the seas as highways
B. Trade was important to Greece
because region lacked many
resources
ex., wood and precious metals
13
2. Rugged landmountains make
up ¾ of the land
A. Mountains
separated
people
politically
—no unity
14
Greek Contributions
• Philosophy— “Fathers of Philosophy”
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
• Government—DEMOCRACY—Athens
●
Science and math
15
Greek Contributions
• Architecture—columns
1. Doric
2. Ionic
3. Corinthian
* Parthenon—temple to goddess
Athena
• Art—realistic sculpture
which valued balance,
order and proportion
16
Alexander the Great
• Hellenistic Culture: Greek culture
mixed with Egyptian, Persian and
Indian influences
17
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Roman Contributions
• Pax Romana—Golden Age
• Law—Twelve Tables—written set of
laws to unify them throughout the
empire
• Centralized government
19
Roman Contributions
• Christianity—became official
religion of Roman Empire
• Latin—official language of the Empire
• Architecture—arches and domes
• Engineering—roads,
bridges and aqueducts
20
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
• The empire was TOO BIG!
• Political—corruption and instability of
government
• Economic—inflation, employment, cost of
empire
• Social—Loss of morale
• Military—mercenaries
and barbarian invasions
♦Huns
21
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
● Military—mercenaries and barbarian
invasions, including the Huns
22