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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-2 Which microscope would work best for looking at macromolecules? 10 m Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0.1 m Chicken egg 1 cm Unaided eye 1m Frog egg Most plant and animal cells 10 µm Nucleus Most bacteria 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes Proteins Lipids 1 nm Small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms Electron microscope 100 µm Light microscope 1 mm Fig. 6-7 Describe the components of a phospholipid (see figure 5.13) that allow it to function as the major element in the plasma membrane. Outside of cell (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Inside of cell 0.1 µm Carbohydrate side chain Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Fig. 6-8 Why is a high surface to volume ratio important for a cell? Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height width) of all boxes sides number of boxes] Total volume [height width length number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] 6 150 750 1 125 125 6 1.2 6 Fig. 6-9a Circle the items found in animals but not plant cells. Nuclear envelope ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum Rough ER NUCLEUS Nucleolus Smooth ER Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome Fig. 6-9b Circle the items found in plant cells but not animal cells. NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell CYTOSKELETON Fig. 6-11 What is the role of ribosomes? Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit 0.5 µm TEM showing ER and ribosomes Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome Fig. 6-12 How is the role of smooth ER different than rough ER? Smooth ER Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Ribosomes Transport vesicle Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Transitional ER Rough ER 200 nm Fig. 6-13 True or False. ER products can be processed from the trans face first. cis face (“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) 0.1 µm Cisternae trans face (“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus Fig. 6-14a Break down the word phagocytosis using Greek components. Nucleus 1 µm Lysosome Lysosome Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Digestion Food vacuole (a) Phagocytosis Fig. 6-14b Research the term autophagy. What do the components mean? Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome Peroxisome Vesicle (b) Autophagy Mitochondrion Digestion Fig. 6-15 What does the vacuole absorb when the plant cell grows? Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm Fig. 6-16-3 Number the migration pathways for membranes of the endomembrane system. Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi trans Golgi Plasma membrane Fig. 6-17 Fill in the missing information. Intermembrane space Outer membrane ____________ ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane ______ ______ 0.1 µm Fig. 6-18 Fill in the missing information. Ribosomes _______ Inner and outer membranes _______ _________ 1 µm Fig. 6-21 What do vesicles use to get from point A to point B in a cell? ATP Vesicle Receptor for motor protein Motor protein Microtubule (ATP powered) of cytoskeleton (a) Microtubule (b) Vesicles 0.25 µm Table 6-1a Highlight/underline the main functions of microtubules. 10 µm Column of tubulin dimers 25 nm Tubulin dimer Table 6-1b Highlight/underline the main functions of microfilaments. 10 µm Actin subunit 7 nm Table 6-1c Highlight/underline the main functions of intermediate filaments. 5 µm Keratin proteins Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together) 8–12 nm Fig. 6-22 How many microtubules are in a centrosome? In the drawing, circle and label one microtubule and describe its structure. Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 µm Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section of one centriole of the other centriole Fig. 6-23 How are flagella and cilia similar? Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 µm Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm Fig. 6-24 What happens to the basal body of the sperm’s flagellum? Outer microtubule doublet 0.1 µm Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Protein crosslinking outer doublets Microtubules Plasma membrane (b) Cross section of cilium Basal body 0.5 µm (a) Longitudinal section of cilium 0.1 µm Triplet (c) Cross section of basal body Plasma membrane Fig. 6-25b What energy molecule must be utilized to move flagella? ATP Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Anchorage in cell (b) Effect of cross-linking proteins 1 3 2 (c) Wavelike motion Fig. 6-26 Why increase the surface area of a nutrient absorbing cell? Microvillus Plasma membrane Microfilaments (actin filaments) Intermediate filaments 0.25 µm Fig, 6-27a True or False. The length of the actin and myosin filaments remain the same during muscle contraction. Muscle cell Actin filament Myosin filament Myosin arm (a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction Fig. 6-27bc True or False. Actin subunits are arranged in a permanent structure during amoeboid movement. Cortex (outer cytoplasm): gel with actin network Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits Extending pseudopodium (b) Amoeboid movement Nonmoving cortical cytoplasm (gel) Chloroplast Streaming cytoplasm (sol) Vacuole Parallel actin filaments (c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells Cell wall Fig. 6-30 The ECM is the animal equivalent to the _______________________ in a plant cell. Collagen Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Polysaccharide molecule Carbohydrates Fibronectin Core protein Integrins Proteoglycan molecule Plasma membrane Proteoglycan complex Microfilaments CYTOPLASM Fig. 6-32a Watertight skin is due to what junction? Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome Gap junctions Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix Fig. 6-33 What components of a cell function in phagocytosis?
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