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Stars and Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ qÁ|| gÀWÀÄ J. ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀPÁðj PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ªÀÄAqÀå-571401 Email:[email protected] PÉ®ªÀÅ ¥Àæ±ÉßUÀ¼ÀÄ 1. ºÀUÀ®Ä gÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉÃUÉ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ? 2. ««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉÃUÉ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ? 3. £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉãÀÄ? 2 Our Family : Solar System ºÀUÀ®Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛgÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄÄ vÀ£Àß CPÀëzÀ ¸ÀÄvÀÛ ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀÅzÀjAzÀ ºÀUÀ®Ä gÁwæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð£À ¸ÀÄvÀÛ ¥Àj¨sÀæªÀÄuÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ««zsÀ IÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. 4 ««zsÀIÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð£À UÀÄgÀÄvÁéPÀµÀðuÉ §®ªÀÅ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ JgÀqÀÆ jÃwAiÀÄ ¥Àj¨sÀæªÀÄuÉUÉ PÁgÀtªÁVzÉ. Earth’s axis of rotation is inclined to its orbital plane by 23.5°, which causes the seasons. 5 ««zsÀIÄvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ The Seasons are only caused by a varying angle of incidence of the sun’s rays. Steep incidence → Summer Shallow incidence → Winter Light from the sun They are not related to Earth’s distance from the sun. In fact, Earth is slightly closer to the sun in (northern-hemisphere) winter 6 than in summer. zÀQëuÁAiÀÄt GvÀÛgÁAiÀÄt 7 1. DPÁ±À AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀjAzÀ ªÀiÁqÀ®ànÖzÉ? DPÁ±ÀPÁAiÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ ªÉÄïÁÒªÀt vÀ¯É ªÉÄðgÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ UÀĪÀÄäl ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀgÉ¢gÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ UÉÆüÀ C£ÀAvÀ UÉÆüÀ 8 9 £ÀPÀëvÀæUÀ¼À F avÀæzÀ°è AiÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß / K£À£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¸ÀÄ«j? 10 The Celestial Sphere (R UÉÆà ¼À) • Geographic latitude l (northern hemisphere), you see the celestial north pole l degrees above the horizon. • If l = 90⁰, then north pole will coincide the zenith. l 11 India is in the northern hemisphere Mysore Latitude 12.3024° N Longitude 76.6386° E 12 The Celestial north pole Mysore: l ≈ 12.3024º N Celestial North Pole 12.300 Horizon North Horizon South The Celestial South Pole is not visible from the northern hemisphere. 13 The Circling Sky Earth rotates from west to east. The celestial sphere appears to rotate east to west. Apparent path of a particular star In the Northern Hemisphere, stars near the North Celestial Pole are always above the horizon. Therefore, they are visible all time and they are called Circumpolar Stars 14 Different sets of constellations are visible in northern and southern skies. The Altitude of the celestial pole (Polaris) = your latitude 15 Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ In ancient times, constellations only referred to the brightest stars that appeared to form groups, representing mythological figures. 16 Constellations £ÀPÀëvÀæ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ Today, constellations are well-defined regions on the sky, irrespective of the presence or absence of bright stars in those regions. A constellation is any one of the 88 areas into which the sky is divided 17 How can we identify constellations in the night sky? The use of a star chart can help us! A STAR CHART is a map of the stars in the night sky. 18 Big Dipper Big dipper is a constellation which is a part of Ursa Major, the Great Bear. This is visible in the Northern Hemisphere all year long. Pointer Stars 19 The Dome of the Sky MANDYA Latitude 12.52° N Longitude 76.9 ° E To Polaris Angular size of moon ~ ½o Angular distance between the “pointer stars” ~ 5o Ursa Minor 22 Modern names 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Atri Bharadvaja Gautama Jamadagni Kashyapa Vashista Vishvamitra Saptarishi Mandala Brighu Arundhathi= Vasishta Kratu Counter-Clockwise Rotation Northern Hemisphere Clockwise Rotation Southern Hemisphere The Altitude of the celestial pole (Polaris) = your latitude Apparent Motion of The Celestial Sphere 26 27 Orion Not a circumpolar constellation, but a seasonal constellation Betelgeuse, the right arm of Orion, glows with a dull red. Rigel, in the opposite corner of the constellation, is blue and much brighter. ªÀĺÁªÁåzsÀ ªÀÄÈUÀ ²gÀ DjzÀæ gÁd£Àå 28 Views of Orion from Orion from India Tasmania (Australia) and Iran (Asia) Southern hemisphere Northern hemisphere 29 Ecliptic Constellations & Zodiac Signs A band of 12 constellations around the sky entered on the ecliptic (apparent path of the sun on the earth as the earth revolves around it). Born under the sign of… 30 Ecliptic Constellations & Zodiac Signs gÁ² (ªÀiÁ¸À) ªÉÄõÀ (ZÉÊvÀæ) Aries Aries ªÀȵÀ¨sÀ (ªÉʱÁR) Taurus Taurus Gemini «ÄxÀÄ£À (eÉõÀ×) Gemini Cancer PÀPÀðl (DµÁqsÀ) Cancer ¹AºÀ (±ÁæªÀt) Leo Leo PÀ£Àå (¨sÁzÀæ¥ÀzÀ) Virgo gÁ² (ªÀiÁ¸À) vÀįÁ (D±ÀéAiÀÄÄd) Libra Libra ªÀȲÑPÁ (PÁwÃðPÀ) Scorpio Scorpio Sagittarius zsÀ£ÀÄ (ªÀiÁUÀð²gÀ) Sagittarius ªÀÄPÀgÀ (¥ÀĵÀå) Capricorn Capricorn PÀÄA¨sÀ (ªÀiÁWÀ) Aquarius Aquarius «ÄãÀ (¥Á®ÄÎt) Pisces Virgo Pisces Hindu Calendar Rashi 32 Ecliptic Constellations 33 34 gÉÆût GvÀÛgÁµÁqÀ ¥ÀƪÁðµÁqÀ gÉêÀw ¸Áéw «±ÁR avÁÛ «ÄvÀ æ ¥ÀÄ£ÀªÀð¸À Ä ¥ÀĵÀå ±ÀæªÀt ¥Àħ⠪ÀÄR GvÀÛgÀ Constellations 1. What is changing at the same (annual) timescale that we are observing the changing zodiac? Earth’s revolving. 2. Do the constellations appear to change positions in the night sky as Earth travels around our Sun throughout the year? YES 3. Are the constellations themselves moving? NO 4. What causes this apparent change in positions? As Earth orbits the Sun, our perspective changes 5. Do all stars appear in different positions at different times of the year? All except Polaris 6. Why is Polaris the only star that appears “fixed”? Earth’s axis points to Polaris 55 Milky way Galaxy. We are Nothing?...! 57
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