Download Durban Metropolitan Open Space System Plan

REVIEW OF URBAN CONSERVATION STRATEGY UNDERTAKEN
IN DURBAN METROPOLE AREA AND GAUTENG PROVINCE
Submitted by
Biodiversity & Conservation Biology Department,
University of the Western Cape
Marlene Laros & Associates – Sustainability Matters
Settlement Planning Services
And
GISCOE (Pty) Ltd
April 2004
MARLENE LAROS & ASSOCIATES
S U S TA I NA B I L I T Y M A T T E R S
Sustainable environmental policy, planning
and management solutions
P O BOX 22750
SCARBOROUGH 7975
SOUTH AFRICA
PH: 27 21 7801120 / 0833259964
FAX: 27 21 7801327
Email: m t l a r o s @ m w e b . c o . z a
Table of Contents
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………...3
Section 1: Introduction and Background………………………………………..….......4
1.1 Durban…………………………………………………………………………4
1.1 Gauteng………………………………………………………………………..4
Section 2: Location and characteristics of Study Area…………...……………………..5
2.1 Location…………………………………………………………..…………………….5
2.1.1 Durban……………………….………………………………………………5
2.1.2 Gauteng…………………………………………………………………….....5
2.2 Climate……………………………………....………………………………………….5
2.2.1 Durban……………………………………………………………………….5
2.2.2 Gauteng…………………………………………….....………………………6
2.3 Biodiversity…………..……………………………………………………………….6
2.3.1 Durban…………………………………………….…………………………6
2.3.2 Gauteng…………………………...………………......………………………7
Section 3: Methods Used in Prioritization of Conservation Network….…..………….9
3.1 The Open Space plan in Durban………………………………....……………………..9
3.1.1 The D’MOSS framework plan…………………...………….………………...9
3.1.2 The design of the Open Space plan..........................................................................10
3.1.3 Methods used in the prioritization of the DMA Conservation Network.…......10
3.2 Gauteng Biodiversity GAP Analysis Project……………………….................…………11
3.2.1 Summary of study process……………………………………...……………11
3.2.2 Methodology used in Conservation Planning Analysis……...……………..…12
Section 4: Results………….…………………………………………………………….13
4.1 Durban………………………………………………………………………………..13
4.2 Gauteng……………………………………………………………………………….13
Section 5: discussion………….…………………………………………………………14
5.1 Durban………………………………………………………………………………..14
4.2 Gauteng………………………………………………………………………………14
Section 6 Implementation and Management………………………………………….16
6.1 Durban………………………………………………………………………………..16
6.1.1 Implementation of D’MOSS………………..……………………………….16
6.1.2 Management Strategy…………………………….......………………………16
6.2 Gauteng……………………………………………..…………………….…………..16
6.2.1 Implementation of BGAP……………………………...……………………16
6.2.2 Management Strategy…………………………………....…………………...16
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………17
References……………………………………………………………………………….18
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Executive Summary
Cape Town is one of three cities worldwide, which ranks as an urban biodiversity hotspot.
Conservation of this unique urban biodiversity requires long term planning and commitment
and requires a model on which to base such a strategy.
The cities of Durban and Port Elizabeth as well the province of Gauteng has already
incorporated urban conservation initiatives that contribute significantly to the protection of
biodiversity. These initiatives also enhance the stature of these cities and add to their
attractiveness as a lifestyle attraction as well as enhancing their tourist potential1.
How these cities developed and implemented their conservation strategies can be used as a
template on which to incorporate the vision of a biodiversity Network within the city of Cape
Town. In this review, Durban and the province of Gauteng are discussed in detail with respect
to the methodologies used in creating a conservation network.
1
The Gauteng province and city of Durban are reviewed in this document. The Port
Elizabeth Nelson Mandela Metropole has also implemented an open space project however
the project is still in its infancy and relevant information is as yet unavailable.
3
Section 1: Introduction and Background
1.1 Durban
The Durban Metropolitan Open Space System Plan focused on the design of an open space
plan to protect and guide the management of the city’s natural resource base (Roberts and
Diederichs 2002). Despite the loss of many biodiversity features, the City still has a remarkable
array of biodiversity to conserve.
The impact of urbanization and a growing population has lead to an increase in the demand
for goods and services, which equates to an increased use of the environment for housing and
recreational needs.
Durban’s open spaces contain valuable natural resources. The city supports a third of the
Province’s population as well as 60 % of its economic activity (Ethekwini Municipality 2003).
This coupled with high levels of poverty, unemployment and a large housing backlog, has
placed high demands on local ecosystems while at the same time, impacting negatively on
biodiversity (Ethekwini Municipality 2003).
Open space planning began in Durban 20 year’s ago and as a result has developed into a 5phase framework plan, which had its conclusion in 2002. Consequently all Nature Reserves
and green areas are linked via a system which is unique to Durban, known as D’MOSS
(Durban Metropolitan Open Space System).
The Durban Metropolitan Council created green corridors, which meander through Durban,
joining vital core areas of conservation significance and allowing fauna, and flora a corridor
along which they can travel, ensuring diversity and eliminating genetic isolation.
1.2 Gauteng
Gauteng, the smallest province within South Africa, is located within both the savanna and
highly threatened grassland biomes that together constitute six vegetation types (Pfab March
2003).
Gauteng is also the most highly populated province as well as the most urbanized. This has
consequences on the biodiversity of the province as industrialization, mining and agriculture all
contribute towards a loss in biodiversity. A Biodiversity GAP Analysis Project (BGAP) was
undertaken to identify and map areas that are of biodiversity importance in Gauteng, through
a systematic and empirical conservation-planning program (Pfab May 2003).
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Section 2: Location and characteristics of study area
2.1 Location
2.1.1 Durban
Durban is situated on the eastern seaboard of South Africa within the province of Kwazulu
Natal and covers and area of approximately 2297 km2. Steep escarpments in the west and
coastal plains in the east characterize the Durban municipal area. Added to this, the area has 98
km of coastline with 18 river catchments which greatly increases the biodiversity features of
this City.
The Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA) contains a number of habitats, most are seriously
threatened by urbanization as the city expands in order to accommodate the increasing
population.
Due to its geographic location, the Kwazulu-Natal area also brings together three distinct
elements: a tropical influence entering from the north, a warm temperate influence from the
southwest and a transition area, which is the Durban area itself.
2.1.2 Gauteng
Gauteng is situated in the northern part of South Africa on the central highveld plateau at an
average altitude of 1500 meters above sea level and covers approximately 17 000 km2 which
totals about 1.4 % of the total land surface of South Africa.
It is the smallest province in the Country but has the most dense population (8 million) who
strain the natural environment. The greater Johannesburg Metropolitan area forms the largest
urban complex in South Africa. Gauteng falls within both the savanna and highly threatened
grassland biomes.
2.2 Climate
2.2.1 Durban
Durban has a humid subtropical climate with a high rainfall (Generally 1000 mm/annum),
which occurs predominantly in summer. The area has a warm summer and a mild winter
owing to its subtropical climate. Daytime temperatures within the area extend from 18 °C to
24 °C with summer maximum temperatures reaching the lower thirties. Humidity often falls
between 50% and 70%. Prevailing winds are mainly parallel towards the coast with southwesterly and north-easterly winds roughly balanced in frequency. This generally makes for high
wind variability.
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2.2.2 Gauteng
Gauteng has an average annual rainfall of 850 millimeters (Rainfall is to be expected only in
summer from October to March) , and a mean daily sunshine factor of 8.7 hours per day, one
of the highest in the world. Gauteng lies in the summer rainfall area of South Africa, often
resulting in spectacular afternoon thunderstorms sweeping across the highveld. Daily
temperatures range between an average midsummer (January) maximum of 26ºC and an
average winter (June) maximum of 16ºC.In winter, the nights can be quite cold; even below
zero, but during the day the sun shines and lets the temperatures rise up to 25 degrees.
2.3 Biodiversity
2.3.1 Durban
The DMA has been drastically affected by urbanization within the last 150 years as seen by the
virtual decimation and disappearance of the subtropical lagoons and mangrove swamps from
the bay area and adjacent rivers (e.g. Mgeni and Umlazi). There has been a significant
degradation of the DMA’s terrestrial resource base mainly attributed to the expansion of the
city. All of the larger mammal species, which occurred within the DMA, are locally extinct.
The area however is historically biologically rich as it occurs within a biological transition zone
(Figure 1).
The biological transition zone
brings together two
biogeographic regions which
results in transitional zone
situated wihin the DMA as
seen in figure 1.
Picture adapted from
Anon 1 (2003)
Figure 1: Durban transition zone
The DMA is situated within two biogeographic regions commonly referred to as a transition
zone (Fig 1). This transition zone brings together two neighbouring regions. The two
neighbouring regions bring together not only different species but also certain endemic
species, which are specifically, adapted to the transition area/region.
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Being situated within a biogeographic transition zone, the DMA is a region of high diversity
situated between the Cape Temperate habitat and the tropical Mozambique habitat (Anon 1).
Four of the seven S.A biomes occur in the region and 34 Red Data species occur locally.
Terrestrial resources include approximately 3000 plant species, over 350 bird species, 67
mammal species, 36 snake species and 21 lizard and skink species.
Table 1: DMA habitats and current status
Habitat type
Grassland
Land Cover
Grasslands
Mangrove Swamps
Floodplains and Estuaries
Dune and Coastal forests
Forest
Valley Bushveld
Forests
Wetlands (Fresh water and
estuarine)
Cliff and Scarp vegetation
Water bodies/ Floodplains/
Estuaries
Riverine Forests
Current Status
Largely transformed in
Durban with few areas
remaining, Areas still
remaining are highly
fragmented
Mostly destroyed with few
remnants left
One prevalent along the
coast now largely destroyed
Occurs in dry inland rivers
but has been poorly studied
hence not a lot of
information is available
Only small areas remain.
Most impacted habitat
Largely protected due to
inaccessibility but as yet also
poorly studied
Table adapted from Anon 1 (2002).
The DMA also hosts an impressive marine diversity. The 83 km coastline is home to
numerous tropical and subtropical plants and animals, many of which are endemic (Ethekwini
Municipality 2003). Thirteen estuaries, most of which support high biodiversity, also punctuate
the coastline.
2.3.2 Gauteng
The province has an estimated 3303 plant species, 125 mammal species, 326 bird species, 25
amphibian and 53 reptile species of which 25 plant species are endemic or “near endemic”
(Pfab March 2003). All of these endemics however are threatened with extinction and 56% of
them are critically endangered.
The province is characterized by rolling hills, Fold Mountains and flat savannahs with sporadic
scrub brush. Most of the original woody plant species have disappeared due to the high
concentrations of aluminium in the soil as a result of mining, but foreign species of trees
include Acacias, Jacaranda trees with their purple flowers in October and Eucalyptus trees in
woody clusters. There are a few rivers and the Vaal River to the south and the impressive
7
Magaliesberg Mountains to the north form natural boundaries while at the same time
supporting a vast array of biodiversity.
8
Section 3: Methods Used in Prioritization of Conservation
Network
3.1 The Open Space plan in Durban
The D’MOSS project was an initiative undertaken 20 years ago in order to conserve open
spaces and as such has resulted in a 5 phase framework plan:
3.1.1 The D’MOSS framework plan
Phase 1
1979 Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS)
Undertaken by the Wildlife Society, a Metropolitan Open Space plan was produced which
aimed to protect conservation worthy areas within and around the city of Durban (Ethekwini
Municipality 2002).
Phase 2
1989 Durban Metropolitan Open Space System (D’MOSS)
Durban municipality in conjunction with the University of Natal produced a detailed
ecological evaluation of the open spaces within the municipal area resulting in the Durban
Metropolitan Open Space System (D’MOSS).
Phase 3
1999 D’MOSS Framework Plan
Open space regarded as having social, ecological and economic value and for these reasons, it
needs protection. Environmental goods and services were quantified in order to calculate value
of open spaces. Change in local government shifted the project away from conservation and
ecological viability resulting in the need for the implementation of a socially, economically and
environmentally sustainable open space system which was supported by the cities commitment
to the international Local Agenda 21 Programme (Ethekwini Municipality 2003).
The open space was therefore re-conceptualised in such a manner that conservation was not
the primary driving force. Data collection was facilitated and involved the digital mapping of
the system using Geographic Information System (GIS). The spatial footprint of the system
was also calculated.
Phase 4
2001 Ethekwini Environmental Services Plan (EESMP)
An increase in the boundaries of the Durban municipal area lead to an extension of the 1999
Open Space system (phase 3) culminating in the Ethekwini Environmental Services Plan
(EESMP). Groups of environmental, planning and legal professionals were also appointed to
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recommend tools for the successful implementation as well as management of the open space
system.
Open spaces were mapped using aerial photography and land cover was estimated.
Development issues within the city however placed constraints on the size of the open spaces
and land cover percentage for open spaces was refined in order to take into consideration
social and economic issues.
Phase 5
2002 EESMP – Programme to secure the open space asset
Open spaces were remapped as a result of improved quality and coverage of available aerial
photography in order to supply up to date information. Priority areas deemed most threatened
by development were recognized so as to provide adequate protection and conservation.
3.1.2 The design of the open Space System
Open spaces were designed in such a manner that they would be well connected in order to
supply the long-term supply of environmental goods and services within the DMA. Key open
spaces identified included:
1. wide range open space types (e.g. grasslands, forests, etc),
2. corridors between open spaces to allow for flow of genetic material and links to
other sources of biodiversity (e.g Maputo land and Eastern Cape)
3. physical links along the coast linking marine sources of biodiversity.
These key open spaces were linked to pre-existing nature reserves, catchment areas, river
corridors, land adjacent to riverine zones and coastal areas including estuaries and the seashore
(Ethekwini Municipality 2003)
3.1.3 Methods Used in Prioritization of Conservation Network
The results obtained from the 1999 open space project proved inadequate as the DMA
underwent a 67% increase in size culminating in the eThekwini Environmental Services
Management Plan (EESMP). The same sampling approach employed in 1999 was used in the
2001 project:
1. A set of ecosystem/habitat/land-use types relevant to the city of Durban was
drawn. The land-use types were consistent in that they could be recognized on recent
1:5 000 aerial photography.
2. The city of Durban was then printed on black and white aerial pictures at a
1:5000 scale. From the aerial photography, areas that were recognized as having
conservation priority were encircled.
3. Aerial photography resulted in the delineation of an open space covering 123
000 ha. Agricultural land and rural settlements were however excluded from this open
space plan as it was felt that these areas could be adequately protected through means
10
other than the open space system. This resulted in a reduced area of 76 000 ha which
proved ideal in order to ensure long term support for the plan.
4. Areas selected were digitized and incorporated into a GIS database. The
attribute files included fields for ecosystem/habitat/land-use types, area, priority or
not, developability, etc.
As a result of the D’MOSS Plan, a network of open space conservation and recreation areas,
linked by open space corridors was created.
3.2 Gauteng Biodiversity Gap Analysis Project (BGAP)
3.2.1 Summary of Study Process
The study was planned around set project objectives which were outlined in key stakeholder
meetings in order to contribute towards effective land use planning at the provincial as well as
local government level. These project objectives were outlined in order to guide the
development of provincial policies for the conservation and management of biodiversity in
Gauteng (Pfab May 2003).
Box 1: Project objectives for the BGAP project as outlined by Pfab (May 2003)









Identify and determine the distribution of sensitive habitats in Gauteng.
Identify and determine the distribution of areas that are of importance to plant,
invertebrate, bird, reptile, amphibian, mammal and fish diversity in Gauteng.
Capture all biodiversity data into a central database and consolidate the resulting GIS
layers of all elements of biodiversity.
Identify and map the major factors threatening biodiversity in Gauteng.
Update the GIS-linked database on conservation areas in Gauteng.
Set explicit representation goals for the conservation of biodiversity in Gauteng.
Conduct a conservation planning exercise through the production and analysis of a site
irreplaceability map within the C-plan software.
Ensure that ecological processes are considered/targeted in the conservation planning
exercise.
Develop management and policy strategies for the conservation of all areas that is of
importance to biodiversity in Gauteng.
11
3.2.2 Methodology used in Conservation Planning Analysis
The BGAP project followed the conservation planning protocol developed by Margules and
Pressey (2000).
1. Biodiversity surrogates were selected in the province. These surrogates included
all red data, rare plants, invertebrates, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Where
species data was absent, a suitable habitat model was constructed which characterized a
species habitat (Pfab May 2003).
2. Biodiversity data was collected and captured in a Biodiversity Information
Management System (BIMS). This is a central database into which biodiversity data
(specimen records) collected within the field, is assembled.
3. Quantitive, operational Targets were set for the conservation of biodiversity
features in consultation with conservation and planning professionals. All
conservation targets were based on conservation biology principles.
4. C-Plan, a GIS-linked decision support system, was used to determine the
extent to which targets are met within existing protected areas. C-Plan was also
used to locate additional areas to complement existing protected areas in achieving
targets not met (Pfab May 2003).
5. Data input into C-Plan. Data from the BIMS was used to generate shape files
which were then used as an input into the C-Plan Decision Support System (DSS). In
general, two shape files were used per species, a shape file showing the confirmed
distribution of the species and a shape file showing the distribution of a suitable
habitat for a species. The biodiversity shape files were processed in such a manner that
a species reference is attached to each site/land cover unit. A site database then
generated units labeled with tags identifying the biodiversity features.
6. A Bio-Hotspot map was generated. A summed irreplaceability index was used
for the analysis to discriminate between sites with an irreplaceability index of 1. The
index was then weighted for vulnerability to give features with high irreplaceability
ratings (Pfab March 2003).
7. Iterations of the conservation planning analysis were undertaken. At each
iteration, all sites within the top 1% were selected and incorporated in to the biohotspot map. Iterations were terminated once bio-hotspots representing 10% of the
land coverage of the province had been selected.
8. Conservation Plan. A site irreplaceability index was applied to all confirmed
biodiversity features. All irreplaceable sites were selected and designated irreplaceable
within the conservation map. A “minset” algorithm was then applied in order to meet
conservation targets for the vegetation. The final analysis included the manual selection
from all remaining sites but only those, which could be realistically achieved.
12
Section 4: Results
4.1 Gauteng
The results from the study done in the Gauteng project are preliminary as this was a pilot
study done.
Results from C-Plan analysis indicate that 31.6 % of the provinces total land cover is contained
within the conservation plan. The conservation plan includes 34 % of the land within the rural
areas and 22 % of the land within the urban edge. Between 6 and 7 % of the land within the
rural and urban centers were deemed as irreplaceable (Pfab March 2003).
Existing protected areas are inadequate for the protection of biodiversity as they provide
protection for only 15.8 % of the biodiversity of Gauteng while over 20 % of biodiversity is
not protected at all (Pfab 2003). The rest of the biodiversity although conserved in some
regard, is done in such a poor manner as to be inadequate. Habitats such as Dry Sandy
Highveld grassland and Moist Clay Highveld grassland were found to be poorly conserved.
Other important habitats such as wetlands, ridges and rivers were found to be inadequately
conserved as well.
With the addition of important sites to the conservation plan, targets were achieved for 90 %
of targets set (Pfab May 2003). Of the targets not reached, habitats for birds were the only
example, as they require large areas for survival.
4.2 Durban
The open space system that was mapped in 1999 was found to be inadequate. Many of the
areas which were considered to be important for conservation had been lost to development.
During the exercise, 44 priority areas were also identified i.e. upper catchments, dams,
estuaries and the coastal zone, in order to focus later efforts aimed at securing the system2.
An audit of the formal protection status of the 36 nature reserves located within the Ethekwini
Municipal Area (EMA) found that only 6 nature reserves were afforded formal protection. The
other 30 nature reserves were found to be inadequate in conserving biodiversity or did not
have the necessary resources in order to promote an effective conservation strategy.
Results from the D’MOSS plan are still forth-coming as the project is still in the infant stages of
implementation. The effectiveness of the D’MOSS plan can only be evaluated as time passes.
2
13
Section5: Discussion
5.1 Gauteng
The study set out to identify sites that were deemed important in reaching conservation targets
in order to outline conservation goals. However, habitats for many Red Data species and larger
level biodiversity units such as vegetation types and important habitat features are still
inadequately protected (Pfab 2003). Top priority should also be given to irreplaceable sites in
the management and policy strategies of the Gauteng Metropolitan Region.
Problems encountered during the study included targets not satisfied for habitat and
ecosystem functioning. A biodiversity network therefore needs to be planned an implemented
in order to promote connectivity within the province. Corridor analysis and implementation is
therefore essential.
The Gauteng BGAP project was a pilot study and any important sites to be treated as sensitive
should undergo thorough ground-truthing by specialists before any change in land-use should
be allowed. Continual data collection and input into BIMS as well as continual updating and
revision of conservation with stakeholder consultation will also be required in order to meet
conservation targets. An analysis of major threats to overall biodiversity should also be
compiled as well as the spatial distribution of threats in relation to the conservation plan.
5.2 Durban
This study was done at landscape level with the purpose of creating a robust system likely to
be able to provide a sustained supply of environmental goods in the face of certain demands
(Richard Boon personal communication). Biodiversity largely supplies the goods and services
but the system was not planned around specific biodiversity components. By capturing key
environmental areas biodiversity was expected to be conserved simultaneously along with
open space systems.
Although the D’MOSS project does not place specific emphasis on the conservation of
biodiversity within the DMA, biodiversity is seen as having both economic and social value
and therefore should be conserved. The project however worked within a framework of
providing best practice and a strategy to incorporate all social, environmental and economic
aspects. The D’MOSS project also incorporated a designer system that could be used to supply
the best management practice thereby providing adequate protection of biodiversity within the
region.
The D’MOSS project was largely a desktop study and although environmental professionals
were appointed, limited ground-truthing was undertaken within the relevant study sites.
Ground-truthing however is important in developing criteria which make open spaces
available for conservation while at the same time providing information about current land use
changes as well as a support mechanism for the implementation of a biodiversity strategy.
The use of aerial photography in delineating biodiversity features and hotspots however
should be used in conjunction with other methodology such as C-Plan which has proved
14
effective in outlining and achieving conservation targets. Aerial photography is limited in that
is does not provide adequate information on specific biodiversity features. Also, Aerial
photography does not give an overall view of where the priority areas are for conservation of
biodiversity within the DMA. Therefore in using aerial photography, ground-truthing is
essential in establishing accuracies with respect to data collection as well as to calibrate
quantitive information from aerial information.
15
Section 6: Implementation and Management
6.1 Durban
6.1.1 Implementation of D’MOSS
The EESMP plan was approved by the Ethekwini Municipal Council in 2003 and has paved
the way for the active implementation of the open space plan. Capacity building has begun at
all levels of staff in order to build understanding of what an open space system is and why it is
important. The DMA has also made funds available for the acquisition of land which is
environmentally sensitive and under threat from development. However, implementation of
the D’MOSS plan is still at the grass-roots level with respect to conservation.
6.1.2 Management Strategy
Management of the open space system will depend extensively on the participation of the
community and stakeholders. A set of incentives and regulations will need to be implemented
in order to regulate and influence stakeholder use of their land and associated environmental
assets. A legal framework will also provide support for the open space plan in order to ensure
the protection of biodiversity areas worthy of conservation.
Management action will also include the maintenance of functional ecosystems with the aim
that the environment is monitored during the period that the open space has been
implemented and executed. However it should be said that the region does not have an
intergrated biodiversity strategy and there is little detail and information for species and
habitats which makes it hard to work out a management plan.
Lastly, new developments have a significant impact on open space. Therefore new
developments should take into account the carrying capacity of the area they are developing. A
singular development is not such a big problem but when evaluated together may compound
the problem.
6.2 Gauteng
6.2.1 Gauteng: Implementation of BGAP
The Gauteng Biodiversity GAP Analysis project will only be finalized at the end of January
2007 and as yet is still in its infancy with respect to implementation. The process conservation
plan will generated each year in order to formulate a new dated and revised conservation plan
6.2.2 Management Strategy
Policy and management strategies are still being formulated for the conservation of
biodiversity within the Gauteng region
16
Conclusion
The D’MOSS plan and Gauteng GAP Analysis Project aims to protect and enhance the value
of life by promoting a network of open spaces and biodiversity throughout the city precincts
which will ensure the continued supply of environmental goods and services.
Although the D’MOSS plan does not specifically look to conserve biodiversity, it ensures that
there is a continuous supply of environmental goods from open spaces which will at the same
time maintain biodiversity. The open space plan however needs careful monitoring so that
improvements can be made in conjunction partnerships concerning individuals, private
corporates, non-governmental institutions, etc…, in maintaining the open space assets within
the EMA and consequently the conservation of biodiversity within the region.
With respect to the Gauteng Biodiversity Gap Analysis project, the project is still in its infancy
and conservation Plan Version 2 is due in December 2004 which will include revised
conservation targets, new biodiversity data, threat analysis and a corridor analysis which is
essential in planning any biodiversity network. Coupled with this new conservation plan and
management strategy, priorities for protected areas will also be included.
17
References:
Adie H. and Goodman 2000. Grasslands. In: Goodman P.S. (ed). Determining the
conservation value of land in Kwazulu-Natal – Final Report. Biodiversity Division KwazuluNatal Nature Conservation Service.
Anon 1 2002. Terestial Resources: State. Durban Metropole Ceroi report.
URL: http://www.ceroi.net/reports/durban/issues/Terrestri/index.htm
Anon 2, 2002. South African cities: Meeting the challenge of biodiversity conservation
Ethekwini Municipality 2003. Durban Environmental Services Management Plan June 2002
Roberts D. and Diediechs N. 2002. Durban’s local Agenda 21 programme: tackling sustainable
development in a post-apartheid city. Environment and Urbanisation 14:1, 189 – 201
Margules C.R. & Pressey R.L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405, 243-253.
Pfab M. March 2003. A conservation plan for Gauteng - Gauteng biodiversity gap analysis
project. Unpublished, Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Land Affairs,
Johannesburg, Gauteng.
Pfab M. May 2003. Biodiversity Gap Analysis – Strategy document and executive summary for
discussion. Unpublished, Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Land Affairs,
Johannesburg, Gauteng.
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