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Bentley & Ziegler, TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS, 2/e Chapter Thirty-Five: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Nationalist Aspirations Self-Determination Nationalism, fueled by the French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars, spread the idea that each ethnic group should have its own independent state Old multi-national dynastic empires—Russia, Austria, the Ottomans—were threatened by this trend Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Nationalist Aspirations Self-Determination Balkan Nationalism The Balkan peninsula, north of Greece, is home to many smaller Slavic peoples: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bulgars Most are Orthodox Christian, dating to the Byzantine Empire—this faith as well as pan-Slavic nationalism gave them strong links to Russia, who saw itself as their protector Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War German Dreadnought National Rivalries The Naval Race Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, half-British, suffered from “battleship envy” and began building a mighty navy hoping to rival Britain Britain (predictably) felt Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. threatened Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War National Rivalries The Naval Race Colonial Disputes There was a “colony race” among the great European powers Germany, the latecomer to the race due to its 1871 unification, had something to prove War almost broke out between France & Germany in 1905 over Morocco Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War National Rivalries The Naval Race Colonial Disputes Public Opinion As nationalism reached a high point, public pressure mounted in each European power not to back down in the face of challenges by a rival Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Understandings and Alliances The Central Powers Began with an alliance between Germany and Austria Later Italy joined as well, making it the Triple Alliance The Ottomans also had informal ties to Germany After war began, Italy switched to the Allied side Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Understandings and Alliances The Central Powers The Allies Britain, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente, aka the Allies Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Understandings and Alliances The Central Powers The Allies Assassination Provides the Spark Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie make a state visit to Sarajevo, capitol of Bosnia, their newly annexed province A terrorist who wanted Bosnia to be Serbian shoots them both Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The Drift Toward War Understandings and Alliances The Central Powers The Allies War Plans Retired German general von Schlieffen creates a plan for the “doomsday scenario:” a two-front war: 1. Defeat France in 40 days by going through Belgium 2. Move all troops to the east to fight Russia Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery The Western Front Instead of the quick victory they hoped for, Germany’s invasion bogs down and both sides dig 300 miles of trenches across northern France, from the Channel to Switzerland Grim reality of trench warfare sinks in: filth, stench Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery Stalemate and New Weapons Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery No-Man’s-Land Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery The Eastern Front More movement than on the Western Front Poorly equipped Russians slaughtered by Germans Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery Bloodletting After the opening round of slaughter settled into a stalemate in the West, both sides launched battles that led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands: • Verdun: Germans attack fortified French town at the heart of the Western front—one million casualties, next to no change of position after a year • The Somme—British launch an all-out attack—worst day in British military history, 20,000 die in 20 minutes Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Mutual Butchery New Rules of Engagement All the new modern weapons transformed the nature of war Civilians became targets Soldiers were exposed to horrific conditions Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Sources From The Past: Dulce Et Decorum Est “Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of gas-shells dropping softly behind...” - The Poems of Wilfred Owen Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Total War: The Home Front The Home Front Civilians became targets for the first time: • German U-Boat attacks on Allied shipping often killed civilians • British naval blockade of Germany caused widespread hunger • Zeppelins bombed London Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Total War: The Home Front The Home Front Women at War Women were mobilized to an unprecedented degree by most combatant nations. Their tasks: • Nurses • Clerical support (secretaries, etc.) • Munitions manufacturing • Soldiers (Women’s Battalion of Death) Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Total War: The Home Front The Home Front Women at War Results: After the war, women in many participating countries won the right to vote • Britain (1918) • Germany & Austria (1919) • U.S. (1920) Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Total War: The Home Front Propaganda The need to motivate support for the war effort on a massive scale led to an unprecedented, government-supported propaganda campaign by all combatant nations Appeals could either demonize the enemy (“The bloodthirsty Hun”) or appeal to patriotism Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Colonial Troops See Action French West African troops "...It was disgusting... In the white man's war... you fight and fight and fight until your heart tells you you're afraid. It was terrible and hard... We were black and we were nothing. Because of the color of our skins, the Germans called us boots. This hurt every black man, because they actually underestimated us, and disgraced and dishonored us." -- Kande Kamara, Interview, 1976 Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ANZAC troops at Gallipoli An Indian gun crew in the Somme area, 1916 Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Conflict in East Asia and the Pacific Japan’s Entry into the War Japan joined the Allies, hoping to be on the winning side and advance its territorial ambitions in East Asia Japan took advantage of Europe’s preoccupation with the war in Europe to seize German territories in the Pacific Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Conflict in East Asia and the Pacific Japan’s Entry into the War The Twenty-One Demands VERY IMPORTANT! List of concessions Japan secretly demanded from China during the war If agreed to, the 21 Demands would have basically put Japan in control of China Revoked after the war—significant because they served as justification for Japan’s later demands and invasion of China (Hey, we’re just loyal allies who want what’s coming to us!) Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia Gallipoli The plan: attack the Ottomans, capture the sea lanes to Constantinople, and resupply Russia Nice idea, but the British were pinned down by stubborn Turkish resistance ANZAC troops (from Australia and New Zealand) suffered horrific losses Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Global War Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia Gallipoli The Ottoman Empire After victory at Gallipoli, hard times: Armenian Genocide—Turkish government rounds up around a million Armenian Christians and starves them in the desert Arab revolt—led by Brit T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia,” captures key Ottoman towns and railways Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of the War Revolution in Russia The February Revolution Losses at the front and simmering discontent are exacerbated by the rising influence of bogus holy man Rasputin A bread riot in Petrograd in 1917 turns into a revolution when Tsarist troops shoot their own officers Nicholas II is forced to abdicate Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of the War Revolution in Russia The February Revolution The Struggle for Power A provisional democratic government led by Alexander Kerensky is set up Kerensky gambles on winning the war, which has become increasingly unpopular, to cement loyalty to his regime Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of the War Revolution in Russia Lenin Into this fluid situation steps radical revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, whose train ticket home to Russia from exile in Switzerland was paid for by the Germans Lenin and his dedicated group of revolutionary Bolsheviks immediately begin agitating against the Kerensky government Their slogan “Peace, Land, Bread” resonates with long-suffering Russians Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Sources From The Past: State and Revolution “Only in the Communist society, when the resistance of the capitalists has been completely crushed… when there are no classes... only then ‘the state… ceases to exist,’ and it ‘becomes possible to speak of freedom.’” - V.I. Lenin, The State and Revolution Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of the War Revolution in Russia The October Revolution aka “Red October,” 1917—the Bolsheviks seize power by taking over the Winter Palace, seat of the provisional government Lenin’s government makes peace with Germany, signs Treaty of BrestLitovsk, ceding millions of people and square miles Reds challenged by Whites—civil war ensues Reds win, declare Soviet Union, 1922 Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1917 The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of the War Revolution in Russia The February Revolution The Struggle for Power Lenin The October Revolution Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers Economic Considerations Though technically neutral, the U.S. sold far more supplies and made huge loans to the Allies—in part thanks to Britain’s naval blockade of Germany Allied victory would ensure repayment of U.S. loans Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers Economic Considerations Submarine Warfare After sinking the Lusitania in 1915, Germany backed off for a while In 1917, betting they could win the war before U.S. involvement, the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers America Declares War Stating “the world must be made safe for democracy,” President Wilson requests a declaration of war For the first time, Americans go “over there” to fight in Europe—over a million men serve in the Allied Expeditionary Force Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. General John Pershing Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers Collapsing Fronts By late in the war, all the original combatants are suffering war fatigue: • Irish nationalists revolt against British rule, 1916 • 50,000 French troops mutiny in 1917, refusing to attack • The Central Powers suffer riots and shortages • Then there’s that revolution in Russia . . . After a final all-out assault in 1918, the German Army surrenders, 11/11/18 Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement Peace talks held in Paris in 1919 to transform the November 1918 armistice into a permanent peace Dominated by the “Big 3:” • David Lloyd George of Britain • Georges Clemenceau of France • Woodrow Wilson of the United States Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson brought with him a grand vision for a lasting peace, based on his 14 Points: There would be “peace without victory”—fair to both sides A League of Nations would be established to prevent future wars Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement Wilson’s Fourteen Points The Peace Treaties Instead, the Versailles Treaty (named for the famous palace at which it was signed) stuck Germany with both the blame and the bill–a huge reparations tab they only finished paying a few years ago! The redrawn map of Europe made some happy, but led to lasting grievances, especially for Germans Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement Atatürk Mustafa Kemal, “father of the Turks”—Ataturk Drove out occupying Allies, proclaimed Republic of Turkey, 1923 Dramatic reforms: secular state, equality for women, modernization Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement The League of Nations Wilson’s dream to establish permanent world peace Ideal of collective security to combat threats to peace No enforcement mechanism, especially without the United States, which never joined Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement Self-Determination Wilson succeeds to some extent in the redrawing of the map of Europe: • Poland and Hungary gain independence • Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia created But drawing the boundaries inevitably creates “losers” with grievances Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Settlement The Mandate System Britain and France awarded “trusteeship” of former German and Ottoman possessions—sort of “colonialism lite” Arabs who had supported Britain feel outraged and betrayed— beginnings of modern Middle East troubles as the Allies carve new states out of Ottoman lands Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War Challenges to European Preeminence Weakened Europe World’s great powers from before the war (Britain, France, Germany, Russia) now seriously shaken—even the “winners” didn’t have much to celebrate Europe left in shock: millions dead and wounded, economy shattered—disillusionment and loss of prestige (what the #% did we “civilized” people just do to each other?) Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Great War: The World in Upheaval The End of War Challenges to European Preeminence Weakened Europe Revolutionary Ideas Idea of self-determination from Wilson’s 14 Points encourages colonial and other subject peoples to rebel Soviet Union also provides an alternative role model Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
