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The Subjunctive
The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is
“unreality” and potentiality.
i.e., the “coulda, shoulda, woulda” of Latin.
The Subjunctive exists in only 4 tenses:
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
For now, we’ll review the
subjunctives in the present
system, i.e., just the present
and imperfect tenses!
The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential or unreal
actions are, by nature, in the future. Therefore, no future
tenses are necessary.
Forming the Subjunctive
In English, we form the subjunctive by using a number of
auxiliary helping verbs, like: were, would, may, might, should,
may have, could have, etc.
The Subjunctive in Latin can be identified by a change in the
formation of verbs, usually a change to the verb stem.
In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in
the stem vowel of the verb.
Some really good news: The same personal endings are used
when conjugating the subjunctive!
• (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) for active
• (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) for passive
Forming the Present Subjunctive
The changes in the stem vowels of the present
subjunctive are the following:
 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea
 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia
 3rd conjugation: e --> a
 1st conjugation: ā --> e
A helpful way to remember how the vowels shift is
with the mnemonic:
We Fear a Liar OR We eat all Friars
The Subjunctive, Conjugated—
Present Active
Laudo [1]
Moneo, -ēre
Ago, -ere
Audio, -ire
Capio, -ere
Laudem
Laudēs
Laudet
Laudēmus
Laudētis
Laudent
Moneam
Moneās
Moneat
Moneāmus
Agam
Agās
Agat
Agāmus
Agātis
Agant
Audiam
Audiās
Audiat
Audiāmus
Audiātis
Audiant
Capiam
Capiās
Capiat
Capiāmus
Capiātis
Capiant
Moneātis
Moneant
Remember: We Fear all Liars!
The Subjunctive, Conjugated—
Present Passive
Laudo [1]
Moneo, -ēre
Lauder
Laudēris
Laudetur
Laudēmur
Laudēminī
Laudentur
Monear
Moneāris
Moneatur
Moneāmur
Ago, -ere
Agar
Agāris
Agatur
Agāmur
Moneāminī Agāminī
Moneantur Agantur
Audio, -ire
Audiar
Audiāris
Audiatur
Audiāmur
Capio, -ere
Capiar
Capiāris
Capiatur
Capiāmur
Audiāminī Capiāminī
Audiantur Capiantur
Remember: We Fear all Liars!
The Imperfect Subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive is even easier to form than the present
subjunctive.
It combines the second principal part (pres. Act. inf.) and the
present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) or (-r, -ris, tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)
Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
Ago, agere  3rd person sing. impf. act. subj.
Agere + t = Ageret
Imperfect Active Subjunctive
Laudo [1]
Moneo, -ēre
Ago, -ere
Audio, -ire
Capio, -ere
Laudārem
Laudārēs
Laudāret
Laudārēmus
Laudārētis
Laudārent
Monērem
Monērēs
Monēret
Monērēmus
Monērētis
Monērent
Agerem
Agerēs
Ageret
Agerēmus
Agerētis
Agerent
Audīrem
Audīrēs
Audīret
Audīrēmus
Audīrētis
Audīrent
Caperem
Caperēs
Caperet
Caperēmus
Caperētis
Caperent
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect Passive Subjunctive
Laudo [1]
Moneo, -ēre
Ago, -ere
Audio, -ire
Capio, -ere
Laudārer
Laudārēris
Laudārētur
Laudārēmur
Laudārēmini
Laudārentur
Monērer
Monērēris
Monērētur
Monērēmur
Monērēmini
Monērentur
Agerer
Agerēris
Agerētur
Agerēmur
Agerēmini
Agerentur
Audīrer
Audīrēris
Audīrētur
Audīrēmur
Audīrēmini
Audīrentur
Caperer
Caperēris
Caperētur
Caperēmur
Caperēmini
Caperentur
Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive
And the Subjunctive of sum, esse
The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives,
changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: siThe imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected: inf. + ending
PRESENT
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus
sītis
sint
IMPERFECT
essem
essēs
esset
essēmus
essētis
essent
Pres. And Impf. Subj. of possum, posse
As always, just add the prefix pot- to the corresponding forms of sum,
esse to conjugate possum, posse (And allow for assimilation of the t,
where necessary).
PRESENT
possim
possīs
possit
possīmus
possītis
possint
IMPERFECT
possem
possēs
posset
possēmus
possētis
possent
Basic Participle Info
Participles are, by definition, verbal ADJECTIVES, so they are part
verb and part adjective.
They have the tense and voice of verbs (but not person or mood!) and
the gender, number, and case of adjectives.
The tense of a participle always conveys time relative to the time of
the main verb. Participles exist in the present, perfect, and
future tenses only.
As a verbal thing, participles can take direct objects (if they are
active), agents (if they are passive), or other constructions as
needed (such as an indirect objects, etc.)
As an adjective, participles will agree with the noun they modify in
case, number, and gender; they can also function as substantives,
if needed.
The Participle Box
To help you remember participles, consider the following “participle
box” – allowing you to learn the form for each tense and voice of the
participle.
Active
Passive
Present
1
xxxxxx
Perfect
xxxxxx
2
Future
3
4
The Present Active Participle
To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem
(root + theme vowel) of a verb and add “-ns, -ntis”.
A good way to remember this is the word “present”
Two quick notes, however:
(1) As we have seen before, the 3rd-io conjugation will present an “i”
at the ends of verbs in the present system.
(2) Since Latin hates the “int” sound, the Romans inserted an “e”
between the “i” stem vowel and the participial endings in the 3rdio and 4th conjugations: “-iens, -ientis”
The present active participle declines like a (1-Termination) 3rd
Declension adjective! (see potens, potentis, for example)
Present Active Participle
Pres. Act. Ppl. = Present Stem + -ns, -ntis
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amāns, -ntis
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habēns, -ntis
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducēns, -ntis
faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciēns, -ntis
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiēns, -ntis
All present active participles are translated:
“__(verb)__ing”
The Perfect Passive Participle
Probably the most common Participle in Latin is the
Perfect Passive Participle.
The Fourth Principle Part of each verb is also called
the “participial stem” because it simply is the
perfect passive participle.
To form the Perfect Passive Participle, then, simply use
the Fourth Principle Part and add 2-1-2 adjective
endings to it, i.e., decline it like a 1st/2nd declension
adjective.
The Perfect Passive Participle
Pf. Pass. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th princ. part) + 2/1/2 endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum = amātus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =
faciō, facere, fecī, factum =
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =
habitus, -a, -um
ductus, -a, -um
factus, -a, -um
audītus, -a, -um
All perfect passive participles are translated:
“having been _(verb)_ed”
The Future Active Participle
To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the
Participial Stem (Fourth Principle Part) from a
verb, insert “-ur-” as a future marker, and add
2/1/2 adj. endings.
Or you can simply think of it as adding “-urus, -ura, urum” onto the ppl. stem.
A good way to remember this is the word “future”.
The Future Active Participle
Fut. Act. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th pp.) + “-ur-” + 2/1/2 endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum = amāturus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habiturus, -a, -um
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducturus, -a, -um
faciō, facere, fecī, factum = facturus, -a, -um
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum = audīturus, -a, -um
All future active participles are translated:
“about to _(verb)_”
The Future Passive Participle
The last participle to learn (the future passive participle)
is not often used in Latin as a participle in the strictest
sense.
It is also called the Gerundive and is often used as a
method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin.
To form the future passive ppl., simply take the present
stem from a verb and insert the infix “-nd-” before
adding 2/1/2 adj. endings; or you can just think of it as
adding: “ndus, a, um” onto the present stem.
Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the
3rd-io and 4th conjugations have an ‘i’ at the end of the
stem, so insert an “e”, yielding: “iendus, a, um”
A good way to remember the ending is from the word
gerundive or the words: Amanda, Miranda, and agenda.
Future Passive Participle
Fut. Pass. Ppl. = Present Stem + “-nd-” + 2/1/2 adj. endings
amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amandus, -a, -um
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habendus, -a, -um
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducendus, -a, -um
faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciendus, -a, -u,m
audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiendus, -a, -um
Future passive participles can be translated:
“about to be _(verb)_ed” or “ought to be _(verb)_ed”
The Participle Box
Now you can fill in each square of the participle box for
a given verb: e.g., amō, amāre, amavī, amātus
Active
Passive
Present
amāns, ntis
XXXXXX
Past
(Perfect)
XXXXXX
amātus, a, um
Future
amāturus, -ura, urum
amandus, a, um