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Respiration vs. Cellular Respiration Ch 5 – Cellular Respiration pages 104-110 Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide Breathing provides for the exchange of O2 and CO2 Between an organism and its environment Biology Mrs. Stolipher • Respiration refers to the process of breathing, while Cellular Energy cellular respiration refers to the production of ATP •The O2 needed to burn food is outside the bodies of organisms - ATP is needed in cells in order to perform work - mitochondria use O2 in the process of cellular respiration - the muscular, respiratory, & circulatory systems combine forces to bring reactants (food & O2 to cells & remove wastes (CO2 & H2O) from cells STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages 1. 2. 3. Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain Cellular respiration is the process cells use to harvest the energy in organic compounds, particularly glucose. The breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration can be summarized by the following equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen gas carbon dioxide water ATP Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP 2 ATPs used, 4 ATPs made, 2 ATPs NET 2 2 NAD+ NADH + 2 H+ Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 ADP +2 P 2 ATP 1 Breakdown of Pyruvate Net Energy Production for Glycolysis: 2 ATP (immediately usable for cellular work) Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the Krebs cycle 2 NADH Prior to the Krebs cycle 2 pyruvic acids (for each glucose entering the process) Enzymes process pyruvate, releasing CO2 and producing NADH and acetyl CoA + + H+ NADH NAD 2 CoA Pyruvate 1 3 CO2 Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) Coenzyme A Krebs Cycle • occurs in mitochondrial matrix (fluid contained w/in inner membrane) • pyruvic acid is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH • Net Energy Production completes the breakdown of glucose, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules 2 NADH (for each glucose) is a series of 8 steps (reactions) in which enzymes strip away electrons and H+ from each acetyl CoA to make CO2 Produces e- carriers (NADH & FADH2) that temporarily store chemical energy 2 acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA CoA CoA • Coenzyme A is released at the first step; it goes back to get more pyruvic acid 2 CO2 KREBS CYCLE 3 FADH2 3 FAD NAD NADH + 3 H+ ATP ADP + P + • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix (fluid portion of mitochondria • Reactants: acetyl CoA, ADP, phosphate, NAD+, FAD (also an electron carrier) • NET ENERGY PRODUCTION for each glucose entering the process (Krebs Cycle must happen 2x – 1 for each pyruvic acid) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 2 Most ATP production occurs during ETC • • • • ETC is on the cristae (inner mitochondrial membrane) NADH (from conversion of pyruvic acid & Krebs) & FADH2 (from Krebs) “drop off” their e- , which travel down the ETC to oxygen Energy released by the e- is used to pump H+ from the matrix into the space between the mitochondrial membranes In chemiosmosis, the H+ ions diffuse back through the inner membrane to the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, which capture the energy to make ATP Electron Transport Chain of Aerobic Respiration • NET ENERGY PRODUCTION for ETC NADH High-energy electrons carried by NADH 32-34 ATPs for each glucose entering the whole cellular respiration process THESE ATPs ARE ONLY PRODUCED IF O2 IS AVAILABLE AS A FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR NADH FADH2 and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) GLYCOLYSIS Glucose CITRIC ACID CYCLE Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytoplasm CO2 CO2 ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen When oxygen is not present, NAD+ is recycled in another way. Under anaerobic conditions, electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis. Lactic Acid Fermentation This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ATP through glycolysis. Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue producing ATP in muscles as long as the glucose supply lasts. In some organisms, a three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate through lactic acid fermentation. The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor is called fermentation. 3 Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation When oxygen is not present, cells recycle NAD+ through fermentation. Alcoholic Fermentation In some organisms, the three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation. As in lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ is recycled, and glycolysis can continue to produce ATP. Production of ATP When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP. When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs instead. The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis All organisms Can harvest energy from organic molecules Plants, but not animals Can also make these molecules from inorganic sources by the process of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Function Produces & stores food (energy) Releases energy Location Chloroplast Mitochondria Reactants Light,H2O, CO2 C6H12O6, O2 Products C6H12O6, O2 ATP, CO2, H2O 4