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1 Case Study: Diagnosis of ‘Aeromonashydrophila’ Infection Offishes in Shatt 2 Carassiuegibeloal-Arab Region, North of Iraq 3 Majid A. A. Bannai 4 Aquaculture and marine fisheries, marine science center, Basrah University, Iraq 5 [email protected] 6 Abstract In this case study diagnosis Aeromonashydrophila infected wild fish carpCarassiuegibelo, in Shut 7 Al-Arab riversouth of Iraq,revealed that A. hydrophila infection, cause of the motile Aeromonas septicemia 8 (MAS).The total number of fish showing clinical abnormalities from which Aeromonashydrophila was 9 isolated and identified was 20 fish by using electrical fish net . Samples were collected during summer 10 season. 11 Keywords Diagnosis; Aeromonashydrophila; Shatt Al-Arab river; Carassiuegibelo 12 Introduction 13 All populations of organisms, including, aquatic animals are limited partially or completely by diseases in their 14 ecosystem (Real, 1996). Disease prevalence in the ecosystem is influenced by numerous environmental factors 15 including infectious organisms and stressors (Nilskautsky et. al, 2000). 16 Aeromonas hydrophila and other motile aeromonads are among the most common bacteria in freshwater 17 habitats throughout the world, and these bacteria frequently cause disease among cultured and feral fishes. 18 From descriptions of fish diseases in the early scientific literature, Otte (1963). 19 Aeromonas hydrophila and other aeromonads are among the most common bacteria in freshwater habitats 20 throughout the world. Genus Aeromonas includes prominantmicrobiota in freshwater reservoirs where they 21 together with other microorganisms act as natural bio-filters and promote self purification of the water body. 22 The course of the disease usually runs in an acute manner. Clinical conditions associated with systemic 23 infection result in mortality within 24–48 hours. In more chronic types of clinical conditions, eroded fins occur 24 as well as skin lesions and sluggish swimming (Roberts and Sommerville, 1982. The mortality was between 25 10% and 70% among cultured fish. 26 There are some potential risk factors associated with the main diseases of fish such as season and water 27 temperature (Ortega et. al; 1995). Mortality among high thermal stressed fish was 80% due to Aeromonas. 28 (Noga, 1996). In intensive fish culture, mortality due to A. hydrophila infection was highest in late spring and 29 early summer (Faisal et al., 1989). 30 Diseases caused by Aeromonas species or other microorganisms lead to considerable economic losses in 31 aquaculture. McPhearson et al., (1991) and Smith et al., (1994) reported that the prevalence of antibiotic 32 resistant bacteria is a worldwide problem in aquaculture. Aeromonas hydrophila causes disease in fish known 33 as “Motile Aeromonas Septicemia” (MAS), “Hemorrhagic Septicemia,” “Ulcer Disease,” or “Red-Sore 34 Disease.” The many synonyms of this disease relate to the lesions caused by this bacterium which include 35 septicemia where the bacteria or bacterial toxins are present within numerous organs of the fish, and ulcers of 36 the fish’s skin. A wide variety of opportunistic, pathogenic bacteria enter into the body of fish and cause 37 diseases when fish are subjected to bad treatment (Anderson, 1995; Schmidt et al., 2000). Toranzo et al. 38 (2005) suggested that fish pathogenic bacteria in infected fish forms are saprophytic. 39 In natural situations, infections of fish with Aeromonas hydrophila are probably a minor problem. However, 40 with intensive fish-fanning systems, whether these systems are outdoor ponds or indoor aquaria or tanks, other 41 factors must be considered. The common occurrence of this disease relates to stress conditions or factors of the 42 fish. Fish experts agree that fish are easily stressed when mishandled, overcrowded, transported under poor 43 conditions, are on a poor level of nutrition, have poor water quality. Experimental demonstration shows that 44 fish which are in poor environments due to unsatisfactory water quality such as high nitrite levels, low levels 45 of dissolved oxygen (DO), or high levels of carbon dioxide (CO) are more susceptible to infection by 46 Aeromonas hydrophila. Additionally, 2a seasonal incidence of a higher number of rep-tedfish deaths in the 47 spring is associated with decreased water temperatures. 48 Motile aeromonads cause diseases wherever bait fishes or warm water or ornamental fishes arepropagated. To 49 a lesser extent, these bacteria also initiate disease in cold-water species. Although diseases associated with 50 motile aeromonads are most severe among fish that are propagated under conditions of intensive culture, these 51 bacteria may also affect feral fish and arecommon in the intestinal flora of apparently healthy fish (Trust et al. 52 1974). The bacterium is ubiquitous and occurs in most fresh water environments. It can be found both in the 53 water column and in the top centimeter of sediment (Hazen 1979). Motile aeromonads are adapted to 54 environments that have a wide range of conductivity, turbidity, pH, salinity, and temperature (Hazen et al. 55 1978). Temperature optimums may depend upon the particular strain under investigation, but generally range 56 from 25oC to 35°C. Consequently, most epizootics amongwarm water fishes in the southeastern United States 57 are generally reported in spring and early summer (Meyer 1970). 58 1 Fish Collecting 59 20 Wild populations specimens weighing 50-80 g and measuring 12-25 cm were collected alive from Shautt 60 Al-Arab river, north of Iraq by using electrical fish net 61 measured at the time of collection using a digital thermometer, Samples were immediately kept in containers 62 supplied with aerated river water and transported to the laboratory, Dept. of Aquaculture and marine fisheries, 63 marine science center University. Fish were subjected to clinical and post mortem examination according to 64 Austin and Austin (1999). And the copy of clinical photo send to Dr Austin Brain for identification. 65 2 Results 66 Presumptive diagnosis of A. hydrophila may be based on the species of fish affected, the past disease status of 67 those fish, and the presence of clinical signs of disease. However, bacteria mustbe isolated and identified 68 biochemically to provide a definitive diagnosis. 69 Clinical finding, the presented study revealed that A. hydrophila infection, the cause of the motile Aeromonas 70 septicemia (MAS).The total number of fish showing clinical abnormalities from which Aeromonashydrophila 71 was isolated and identified 72 Some of the collected fish showed one or more from the following signs according to the stage of disease; 73 darkness in the color of the skin, detachment of the scales, large irregular hemorrhages on the body surface, 74 ulcers on the skin varied from shallow to deep necrotizing ulcers, fin erosions, inflamed vent, exophthalmia, 75 abdominal distension with sero-hemorrhagic fluids exuded from the vent as shown in Figure 1. during summer season . Water temperature was 76 77 Figure 1 Fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Registered under charity number SC000278 Heriot-Watt 78 University is a Scottish charity UK. 79 3 Discussion 80 The percent of infection in the wild stock during summer .These results are in agreement with those of Eissa et 81 al., (1994) and Company et al., (1999) who reported that, the majority of the infection occurred during the 82 change of water temperature, spawning season, As a result, the increase in the production of corticosteroids 83 increases the susceptibility of the fish to A. hydrophila infection. Osborne et al. (1989) found high densities of 84 motile aeromonads within the environment during the mid summer when sedimentary chlorophyll and water 85 temperature were highest. Meyer (1970) stated that most epizootics among warm water fishes in southeastern 86 United States are generally reported in late spring and early summer as the water temperature ranged from 25 87 ℃-35℃. 88 4 Recommended Treatment 89 Oxytetracycline (Terramycin) has been the drug of choice for treating motile aeromonads epticemias in fishes. 90 The drug is approved for use with pond fishes, channel catfish, and salmonids. It is administered in feed at a 91 daily rate of 50 to 75 mg/kg of fish for 10 days. Fish must be withdrawn from treatment for 21 days before 92 they are stocked or eaten. This treatment sometimes produces dramatic results when it is administered for even 93 2 or 3 days, and is particularly effective when fish become infected after they have been handled, crowded, or 94 held under stress for short periods of time (Meyer 1964; Meyer and Collar 1964). 95 Acknowledgements 96 I am grateful to DrBrian Austin B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.H.E.A., F.R.S.A.Heriot-Watt University is a Scottish 97 charity Uk ,for identification of species of bacteria and registered under charity number SC000278 Heriot- 98 Watt University and also to MisAmalAlsheraa to help for collected fish . 99 Reference 100 101 Austin, B and D. A. Austin. 1999. Bacterial fish pathogens; disease of farmed and wild fish. Springer and praxis publishing ltd., Chichster, UK. 102 Company, R., A. Sitja-Bobadilla, M. J.Pujalte, E. Garay, P. Alverez- Pellitero, J. Perez-Sanchez. 1999. 103 Bacterial and parasitic pathogens in cultured common dentex, Dentexdentex L. 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