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Rapporteur’s Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Third National Conference on Extreme Weather and Climate Change was successfully held from October 8–9, 2012 at the Auditorium of the Malaysian Meteorological Department in Petaling Jaya, Selangor focusing on Understanding Science and R&D Capacity Needs. The two-day event was attended by 122 participants from various government and private institutions. Participants included invited speakers, representatives from hydrological services, research institutions, academicians and students. The conference aimed to understand the science of climate change and extreme weather, identify the weakness and adjustment reaction (adaptation) and reduction (mitigation) in different sectors on the extreme weather and climate change and at the same time to explore the gaps in the R&D capacity in order to reduce its risk. It brought together some of the leading national experts in climate change to exchange information and share experiences to better understand the science of climate change and identify the vulnerability and adaptation responses of different sectors to extreme weather and climate change. Science of Climate Change Climate change has been recognized as the most pressing environmental problems that the world is currently faced in this century. In its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007, the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Observed data showed increase in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level during the 20th century. The 100-year linear increase of surface temperature (1905-2005) is 0.74°C, while the global average sea level has risen since 1961 at a rate of 1.8 mm/yr. The IPCC has also concluded that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely caused by the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. i As in Malaysia, the study related to climate change is still very limited. There are only a handful of published papers by our researchers in this area compared to other Asian countries, such as Taiwan, Japan, India and China. Therefore, there is a need to encourage Malaysian scientists to further explore the issue. It can be done by providing more funding, doing more observation to gain data and setting a better platform for the scientists to share their works. Vulnerability and Adaptation It is important to conduct a study on the risk assessment of climate vulnerability impacts against the predicted climate variations from the national and international climate models for various aspects in Malaysia, such as the agriculture, human health, economy, energy and human settlement. Such study requires the establishment of the assessment tools in order to identify the right decision on how to adapt to the risk of climate change, mainly during the extreme weather. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effects of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. There are many options and opportunities to adapt. In Malaysia, all the adaptation steps have been in place in a form of policy through the implementation of the National Policy on Climate Change, which was established in 2010 and coordinated and facilitated by the National Green Technology and Climate Change Council, chaired by the Prime Minister of Malaysia. The Council‟s Working Committee on Adaptation involves both the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the National Security Council. Synergies between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation can also be enhanced, taking into account recommendations of the Melaka Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction and the proposed establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Platform helmed by the National Security Council. The next step is to set up institutional arrangements with strong national coordination, which would seamlessly connect national, state and local levels. ii Stakeholder consultation can yield effective interventions that take into account multiple stressors, different prioritized values and competing policy goals. Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues Water is involved in all components of the climate system, i.e. atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface and biosphere. Climate change has changed our assumptions about water resources. Climate warming observed over the past several decades is consistently associated with changes in a number of components of the hydrological cycle and hydrological systems such as: changing precipitation patterns, intensity and extremes; widespread melting of snow and ice; increasing atmospheric water vapour; increasing evaporation; and changes in soil moisture and runoff. All these have lead to various disasters such as floods, droughts, famine, food shortage and forest fires. Therefore, it is crucial for every country, includes Malaysia to take further action in order to tackle this problem. One of the methods to study and determine the impact of climate change to the country water resources is through the use of climate model. As the climate scenario may alter differently from what the model has projected due to lots of uncertainties, the adaptation measure could become inappropriate. Therefore, it is important for local expertise to choose the best and most appropriate climate model that is suited well with Malaysia environment. In addition, effective communication between related international and national agencies could assist the country in mitigating and adapting to any extreme outcome due to climate change. iii Acknowledgements The National Conference on Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Understanding Science and R&D Capacity Needs was organised by the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) with collaboration from the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) and funding support from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). The Strategic Consultative Lab 3 (SCL3) on Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues was organised by the ASM with technical support from the Consultant for Malaysia Water and Climate Change – Issue-Based Information System (MywccIBIS). The Malaysian Meteorological Department would like to extend its sincere thanks to the funders and all participants for making the events both meaningful and successful. iv Contents Executive Summary i Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Day 1: Climate Change Science, Vulnerability and Adaptation Session 1: Science of Climate Change Keynote 1: Climate Change and Climate Variability in Malaysia: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps 2 Keynote 2: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in South China Sea 3 Q&A 4 Speaker 1: Observed Trend of Climate Extreme in Malaysia 5 Speaker 2: High Resolution Malaysia Rainfall Downscaling: An Empirical Bias Correction Approach 7 Speaker 3: Hydroclimate Projections to Engineering Practices for Water Resources Sector Adaptation Measures 8 Q&A 8 Session 2: Vulnerability and Adaptation Keynote 3: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Extreme Weather and Climate Change 9 Speaker 4: Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security 10 Speaker 5: Climate Change and Impact on Health 10 Speaker 6: Impact of Climate Change on Human Settlement in Urban Areas 11 Speaker 7: Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Resources 11 Q&A 12 Panel Discussion: Science and R&D Needs for Extreme Weather and Climate Change v 13 Day 2: Strategic Consultation Lab (SCL) on Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues Welcoming Remarks 16 Session 3: SCL on Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues “Climate Change Projections and R&D Capacity” Speaker 8: Challenges and Uncertainties in Climate Change Projections 16 Speaker 9: Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: An Assessment Framework 18 Keynote 4: Workshop Format, Expectations and Overview of Mywcc-IBIS and Workshop Focus Area 19 20 Q&A Appendix 1: Conference Programme 22 Appendix 2: List of Chairs, Keynote & Session Speakers and Panelists 25 Appendix 3: Participants List 29 Appendix 4: List of Rapporteurs 40 vi INTRODUCTION The Third National Conference on Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Understanding Science and R&D Capacity Needs was co-organised by the Malaysian Meteorological Department and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia with support from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. The conference was held on 8 to 9 October 2012 at the Auditorium of the Malaysian Meteorological Department. As many as 122 participants from the government agencies, research institutions, universities and non-governmental organisations had attended this conference. The list of participants can be viewed in Appendix 3. The main objective of the conference was to understand the science of climate change and extreme weather, identify the weakness and adjustment reaction (adaptation) and reduction (mitigation) in different sectors on the extreme weather and climate change and at the same time to explore the gap in the R&D capacity in effort to reduce its risk. This conference specifically held to enhance the Malaysian Meteorological Department cooperation with other government and private agencies, universities and research institutions in knowledge and expertise sharing to (i) handle extreme weather impact and climate change effectively; (ii) increase understanding on current and future climate scenario and its relationship with extreme weather and climate change and (iii) improve the predictability of extreme weather phenomenon and the understanding of climate change impact on socio-economic sectors in the country. It brought together leading national experts in climate change to exchange information and share experiences to better understand the science of climate change and identify the vulnerability and adaptation responses of different sectors to extreme weather and climate change. The two-day Conference was divided into three sessions. Day one covered two sessions with themes Science of Climate Change and Vulnerability and Adaptation whilst the thematic area in Day two was Strategic Consultation Lab (SCL) on Climate Change Impact on Water Related Issues. The official opening of the conference was 1 held on the first day by the Honorable Tuan Alui Bin Bahari, Deputy Director General of the Malaysian Meteorological Department at 9:30 a.m. on Monday, 8 October 2012 in the presence of Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj Mokhtar, representative of Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) and Datuk Dr. Abd Shukor Abd Rahman, Director General of Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI). Panel Discussion on “Science and R&D Needs for Extreme Weather and Climate Change” was held as last session for the first day. DAY 1: CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION SESSION 1: SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE This session was chaired by Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira which devoted to the impact of the climate change in Malaysia. After two keynote addresses, the session was followed by three short presentations. Keynote 1: Climate Change and Climate Variability in Malaysia: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps – Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang FASc., IKLIM-UKM, IPCC WG1 Vice Chair Prof. Dr. Fredolin, in his presentation, addressed several questions to bring the idea of achievement and current understanding on climate change in Malaysia. According to him, there are four main aspects that are relevant to the physical basis of regional climate, namely mean climate, regional phenomena/climate variability, climate and weather extremes and regional seas. He further described the importance of these aspects in the climate change point of view and also listed national key research areas with limited literatures and large knowledge gaps. The first area is on the monsoon system over Malaysia region. Precipitation and surface temperature are the main areas with limited publications under the first aspect 2 that need to be addressed. In the next IPCC Assessment Report (AR5 to be published in 2013), regional change topic is highlighted as one of the research priority area. This is followed by better understanding on the Malaysian climate, which depends much on the understanding of regional climate phenomena itself such as ENSO, IOD, MJO and synoptic-scale events such as cold surges and Borneo vortex. These phenomena influenced local climate variability and unfortunately, most climate models are still incapable of simulating these regional phenomena. On the extreme events part, focus should be on the long-term trend in extreme events, projections and large-scale forcing associated with extreme events in Malaysia. Our understanding on regional seas especially the South China Sea in term of climate and oceanography is also limited. Related issues are wave and storm surge, ocean circulation, thermal content, and sea level rise (SLR). Malaysia is lagging far behind other countries like Japan, Taiwan and China in terms of published papers. This current scenario reflects the lack of fundamental research programme in climate sciences in our country due to no relevant academic programme, lack of experts in climatology and related field and also limited funding resources. Lastly, he emphasized about the importance of publishing our research findings and sharing the outcome to scientific community particularly in the four aspects as mentioned above. Keynote 2: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in South China Sea – Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah FASc., UM. The second keynote was delivered by Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah from the Malaya University. In his presentation, he mentioned that the oceans connect everything, the climate signals are shared pole-to-pole and ocean-to-ocean. Sea level is projected to rise at 1.5 cm per year or maximum 1.4 m in 2100. This 1.4 m rise will have significant effect on coastal megacities and offshore platforms where estimated around 146 million people live within 1.0 m of sea level. The South China Sea (SCS) is a region not well monitored (no ARGO floats) yet it is high relevance to Asia as the region is a vital climatic, ecological, marine resources region. The lack of observations in the SCS 3 is a barrier to understanding of key phenomena. He further mentioned on the sea level risks in the Southeast Asia (SEA). Various analyses have been performed to study the sea level variation such as El Nino, Pacific Warm Pool and Cold Tongue Index which appear to be mirrored each other while the El Nino followed the fluctuation of sea level anomaly. Easterly wind anomaly at 925-hPa over the SCS also showed consistent fluctuation as mean sea level anomalies, meanwhile the easterlies over the Indonesian region showed an opposite mode or mirrored one another. Climatology of sea level over the SCS during winter showed spatial regional differences. On average, over the Malaysian region, sea level is estimated to rise 0.08 – 0.14 m for 2040. Apart of sea level, he also listed out other issues that need to be addressed in the SCS as Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) due to climate change, which include biological resources of SCS, river discharge and ocean acidification. There are several major on-going efforts to study the SCS such as Coral Triangle Initiative, Short-lived Halocarbon Emission (SHIVA project), joint project between UK-Malaysia on atmospheric monitoring capability for GHGs and ODSs at Bachok Marine Research Station and Japanese Initiative on Coastal Process associated with deep convection by JAMSTEC. He then concluded his presentation by giving some examples on the research opportunities that could be explored, such as developing baseline data on SEA, monitoring climate variability and its effects in the SCS. It is a need to call for intensive multiyears observational campaigns of SCS to look for permanent coastal and island stations, research cruises, floating buoys that are similar to ARGO and also satellite image analysis. Finally, the need to the establishment of a data center is a must to keep all the data from all of the suggested observation methods mentioned above. Questions/Comments: 1. Mr. Loganathan (ASM) to presenter: Can the five Malaysian Research Universities form one Association of Malaysian Research University (AMRU) get together and work with the National Scientific Climate Research Center (NSCRC) to develop climate research projects? 4 A: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan responded that the suggestion should be forwarded to the Vice Chancellors of each university for proper arrangements. 2. Mr. Loganathan (ASM) to Prof. Dr. Fredolin: Is it possible for the huge plastic bottles pile in the Pacific Ocean (the size of Australia) increase the temperature over the eastern/central Pacific Ocean, hence impact the ENSO? A: Prof. Dr. Fredolin answered that the exact impact is not known yet. 3. Comment by Prof. Dato‟ Nor Aieni (National Oceanography Directorate MOSTI): She encouraged local scientists and researchers to collaborate in research projects and publish their findings. She also mentioned that the National Data Center in e-science project to serve as central data depository. In 2013, allocation for e-science funding inclusive innovation will be increased. 4. Ms. Clarese Lim Hooi Sung (Department of Chemistry) to presenter: There is lack of engagement and involvement of chemist on Climate Change. There is a requirement to involve meteorologists and marine biologists, why not chemists? A: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan responded by saying that Malaysia lacks of geo-chemist. The statement was not supported by Prof. Joy. She emphasized that those physical and atmospheric chemists are the one need to be involved despite geochemist. Speaker 1: Observed Trend of Climate Extreme in Malaysia – Mr. Subramaniam Moten, Director, Research Section, Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) Mr. Subramaniam Moten, in his presentation described that Malaysia temperature trend for average and minimum temperature are most likely in an increasing trends, which is similar to the global trend. However, for rainfall parameter, it 5 is observed to be quite complex. He used various indices performed using RClimDex to identify the trends in extreme events at convective, seasonal and annual timescales. He then highlighted the findings from his research based on the timescales: (i) Convective timescale – Trends in 2-hour maximum rainfall showed an increasing trend where three quarters of the country show upward trend in both frequency and intensity of extreme convective rain. The total amount of convective rainfall has increased in both Peninsular Malaysia (PM) and East Malaysia (EM). The consecutive dry days (CDD) index in the PM is on the rise, while the consecutive wet days (CWD) index has decreased in most of the areas in Malaysia. Based on the same analysis also, more days are recording heavy and intense convective rain and the amount of convective rain on extreme rainfall days is showing upward trend. (ii) Seasonal timescale – Analyses on heavy rainfall are performed during Southwest Monsoon (SWM) and Northeast Monsoon (NEM) seasons. The SWM and NEM are getting wetter in both PM and EM regions. In the case of SWM, CWD has decreased in most of the areas while the CDD has increased. The intensity of rain has strengthened during SWM while during the NEM, the CDD (CWD) has decreased (increased) marginally in the EM. However, in PM, the opposite trends are observed. The occurrence of extreme precipitation events in Malaysia shows increasing trend for both monsoon seasons. (iii) Annual timescale – Most of the regionally averaged indices show increasing trends. The total amount of rainfall is showing marginally increasing trend in PM, while in the EM, the increasing trend is statistically significant with CWD (CDD) observed to be in decreasing (increasing) trend. The total rainfall on the extreme rainfall days is showing upward trends in Malaysia. He further explained that, spatial variation based on trends at individual station also shows that majority of the stations having increasing trends in intensity though not statistically significant. Hence, there is generally a consistency between indices suggesting that the regionally averaged rainfall intensity has increased along with the regionally averaged amount of rainfall on extreme rainfall days and the frequency. At the end of the presentation, he summarized that in general, the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in Malaysia are on the rise. The SWM season is becoming wetter, while 6 during the NEM season, the extreme rainfall events associated with monsoon surges and other synoptic features are also on the rise. Notable increasing trend in the annual precipitation observed in the EM with both of the monsoon seasons possibly contributing to the trend. Speaker 2: High Resolution Malaysia Rainfall Downscaling: An Empirical Bias Correction Approach – Dr. Liew Ju Neng, Senior Lecturer, IKLIM UKM Dr. Liew Ju Neng in his presentation described that empirical downscaling methods are alternatives to dynamical downscaling approaches in providing climate change information at local scale to support downstream local mitigation and adaptation activities. Unlike the dynamical approaches, the empirical methods are computationally less intensive and thus provide cheaper alternatives to assessing the uncertainties due to different error sources in the climate projection modelling chain. In this talk, he introduced an empirical method in downscaling Malaysia daily rainfall at resolution of 0.05°x0.05°, directly from the GCM scale. The developed method is based on bias correction design using the large-scale daily rainfall as predictor and depends on the high-resolution gridded Malaysian rainfall data set provided by the Malaysian Meteorological Department. The bias correction algorithm is based on empirical quantile mapping with mapping functions calibrated for each climatological month. Then the quality of the developed method is examine by downscaling the 19862007 NCEP Reanalysis daily precipitation flux using 1964-1985 as calibration period. For comparison, a commonly used simple local scaling (LOCI) bias correction is also applied in an identical setting and used as a benchmark. Three daily rainfall statistics namely i) rainfall frequency, ii) rainfall intensity and iii) 90 th of daily rainfall were used as validation measures. Results suggest that the quantile mapping bias correction method outperforms the LOCI in reproducing the three rainfall statistics, in particular the rainfall frequencies and intensity. The quantile mapping method performs better over the East Malaysia regions compare to the Peninsular Malaysia. Over the Peninsular Malaysia regions, the downscaled rainfall frequency is slightly higher than the observation during 7 the southwest monsoon months. Generally, the spatial variations of the rainfall statistics are well reproduced by the developed quantile mapping bias correction algorithm. Speaker 3: Hydroclimate Projections to Engineering Practices for Water Resources Sector Adaptation Measures – Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin, on behalf of Ir. Hj. Ahmad Jamalluddin Bin Shaaban, Director General, NAHRIM Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin, in his presentation focused on water sector related issues and problems. He also discussed methods to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge into engineering knowledge and solution in the context of water and climate change impacts in Malaysia. In addition, he also showed the methodology for mainstream climate change adaptation in water sector in order to cushion and minimize the impacts of climate change and variability and non-climatic forcing. Questions/Comments: 1. Mr. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee (SYABAS) to Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin: Is the hydroclimate projection accurate enough and is it for public? Do you share the information regarding the modelling/scenario concluded on climate change impact to the industries? A: Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin answered the climate projection model shows quite close result to the actual. For the public we need to integrate rainfall data from the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) and flood warning from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID). NAHRIM has developed manual and guideline in design and planning in order to share the information with the industries. 2. Prof. Dr. Fredolin (UKM) to Mr. Subramaniam: Is there any record/trend of strong thunderstorm and rainfall in Klang Valley? How about moisture excess? 8 A: Mr. Subramaniam mentioned that the MMD has long-term records from Subang to trace the event. SESSION 2: VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION The session was chaired by Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj Mokhtar. It covered the impact of climate change in several aspects and adaptation strategies especially on agriculture, food security, health, human settlement and coastal resources. After a keynote address, the session was followed by four short presentations. Keynote 3: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Extreme Weather and Climate Change – Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira FASc., Deputy Director, SEADPRI-UKM Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira shared the findings in the IPCC reports base on the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). There is evidence that parameters such as warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures; intensification of extreme precipitation; and increasing extreme coastal high water levels due to increase in mean sea level have changed as a result of anthropogenic influences, including increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. However the climate change is unequivocal where science has addressed the dispute on drivers of climate change. She also emphasized that the adaptation should be balanced with mitigation process. A critical factor to meet the challenges of extreme weather and climate change is national coordination comprising multiple actors from national agencies and state governments, local authorities, private sector, research institutions, and civil society including community-based organisations. In future, we need to set up institutional arrangements with strong national coordination, which would seamlessly connect national, state and local levels. Stakeholder consultation can yield effective 9 interventions that take into account multiple stressors, different prioritized values and competing policy goals. Speaker 4: Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security – Datuk Dr. Abd. Shukor bin Abd. Rahman, Director General, MARDI Datuk Dr. Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman presented on the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in Malaysia. He listed down several climatic factors which have a major influence on agricultural productivity, such as average temperature rise, change in rainfall amount and pattern, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, sea level rise, resulting in soil salinisation and cropland erosion, change in climatic variability and extreme event and pollution levels. He concluded by saying that climate change results in adverse effects to the agriculture sector; crop and livestock productivity are likely to reduce due to rise in temperature, drought and flood; appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and need aggressive embarkment in R&D. Speaker 5: Climate Change and Impact on Health – Dr. Muhammad Amir Kamaluddin, Head, Environmental Health Research Centre, IMR Dr. Muhammad Amir Kamaluddin mentioned in his presentation that from the public health perspective, the changes resulted from climate change will impact on disease pattern and distribution secondary to the changes projected on the ecoenvironmental health system. He highlighted few research projects conducted in Malaysia in relation to climatic factors and health as well as outlining adaptation strategies impacting on public health in particular within the confines of the drafted National Environmental Health Action Plan. 10 Speaker 6: Impact of Climate Change on Human Settlement in Urban Areas – Tuan Hj. Muhammad Ridzuan Bin Arshad, Deputy Director, R&D Division, Town and Country Planning Department Tuan Hj. Muhammad Ridzuan Arshad, in his presentation, highlights sustainable land use planning approaches and Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia‟s (FDTCP) effort in making human settlement in urban area more resilient to changes in climatic conditions by integrating climate change adaptation into the planning policies framework, specifically within the National Physical Plan and the National Urbanization Policy. He further described the planning relationship of the „green‟ and „blue‟ spaces through the context of the state structural plan and district local plan on top of other planning guidelines that was prepared by the FDTCP. Speaker 7: Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Resources – Ir. Zainal Akamar Bin Harun, on behalf of Datuk Ir. Hj. Ahmad Husaini Bin Sulaiman, Director General, DID Ir. Zainal Akamar, in his presentation, mentioned the importance of coastal zone in Malaysia, in which almost all of major towns and many of the 14 states capitals lies in this area. He also highlighted that 29% of shoreline are eroding and identified 3 categories of erosion i.e. critical, significant and acceptable. He listed some serious environmental problems related to global warming which include a rise in mean sea level, increases in sea surface temperatures, greater variability in the patterns of rainfall and runoff, possible changes to wave climate, changes to the frequency, intensity and duration of storms, and changes to ocean chemistry. Therefore, in order to adapt to sea level rise, he concluded that actions are required, such as coastal defense, allow mangroves to regenerate under natural processes, retreat, reclaiming land from the sea, and implementing an integrated coastal zone management or an integrated shoreline management plan (ISMP). 11 Questions/Comments: 1. Comment by YM Raja Bidin bin Raja Hassan (Department of Fisheries Malaysia): The impact of climate change is always looked on negative side. However there are few positive impacts, for instant the enhancement in fish breeding and increment in agriculture products. This comment was strongly supported by Prof. Dr. Joy and Datuk Dr. Abd Shukor bin Abd Rahman. 2. Prof. Dr. Fredolin (UKM) to Datuk Dr. Abd. Shukor bin Abd. Rahman: How should we move forward to cater the effect of climate change on food production? He also commented that Sabah has a lot of idle lands for agriculture purposes, which should be used for paddy plantation. A: Some food production need to be imported. There are six action plans taken by MARDI to increase food production in the country such as utilize idle land, irrigation facilities and produce higher production per hectare. On the issue of idle land, most of them are infertile and have no proper irrigation system. 3. Mr. Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza (SEADPRI-UKM) to Tuan Hj. Muhammad Ridzuan Arshad: What are the basis of delineation of ESA and Natural Barriers in the National Spatial Planning? Whether geological, lithological, vegetation, atmospheric & chemical, hydrological data were taken into account and how? A: Tuan Hj Muhammad Ridzuan Arshad mentioned that it is a sensitive issue and inappropriate to discuss it publicly. 4. Mr. Lian We Lin (RPM Engineer Sdn Bhd) to Datuk Dr Abd Shukor bin Abd Rahman: Is rice productivity of 4 ton/ha referring to per season or per year? If this is annual average productivity, it is too low. For example, Sekinchan productivity equal to 10 ton/ha/season, so the annual productivity equal to 20 ton/ha/year. 12 A: Datuk Dr Abd Shukor mentioned that the figure is for per hectare/season. For the case of Sekinchan, the Government subsidizes 50% of the total of fertilizers used by the farmers. They add extra booster in order to increase the paddy production. PANEL DISCUSSION: SCIENCE AND R&D NEEDS FOR EXTREME WEATHER AND CLIMATE CHANGE Chair: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah FASc, UM Panel members: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj Mokhtar, NOD Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Mr. Gurmit Singh, CETDEM The Chair informed the panel that the discussion topic was: ”Science and R&D Needs for Extreme Weather and Climate Change”, and he wanted the panel to discuss along the topic. Prof. Dr. Fredolin began the discussion by stressing the importance of knowledge, especially in science, to understand and explain the occurrence of climate change phenomena. He also mentioned that the knowledge of science of climate change is still growing and need to conduct more researches to explore new findings. Then, he mentioned that the first report of IPCC was published in the year 1990, but only in 2007 that IPCC was able to conclude that climate change is real in their reports. Then he again emphasized the importance of knowledge where we now actually still in low level of understanding about climate change phenomena. He then raised some questions that how are we going to increase our knowledge regarding climate change, and what need to be done then? He also stated that there is no champions in climate change study in Malaysia for now, which focusing on research in physical aspect of climate change. Towards this purpose, he strongly suggested that we need to conduct 13 courses of atmospheric science in local universities. This is to make sure that we do most of the research work in climate change for our country and not just asking for consultant to solve the problem for us. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni showed her support for Prof. Dr. Fredolin statements. She emphasized more on policies regarding the climate change impacts. She urged participants to come out with possible policies and then invite public to comment on it. She also emphasized the importance of sharing data and information among the agencies involved. The major problem in research community today is to collect and gather data in order to conduct research. It is important to allow the data to be accessed freely. There is also a requirement for active involvement of social science academician in this climate change impact discussion. Therefore she suggested for the establishment of academy of social science to fulfill this requirement. In addition, the information regarding climate change must be disseminated and shared by all society levels, especially those in poor region. Mr. Gurmit Singh has followed the climate change issues for about 20 years. During this period, he claimed that there are lacks of independent research in climate change study. He also listed some shortfalls that need to be addressed, such as not enough information available to the public, knowledge sharing, be more transparency as well as better research collaboration and partnership. The first day conference concluded at 6:00 p.m. with Session Chair Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah expressing his thanks for the active participation of the audience and the conference members. Questions/Comments: 1. Comment by Dr. Abdul Rahman Kassim (FRIM): He suggested that every scientist should register their research works at one appointed web-based centre and serve as a platform for information exchange for public to access. 14 2. Mr. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee (SYABAS) to panellists: Why the MMD data are not free to researchers? A: Prof. Dr. Fredolin mentioned that it is not a good policy to charge researchers for the data but on the other hand, MMD has to abide to the Fee-Act. Mr. Gurmit Singh suggested that the charge could be imposed on private sector but not to researchers. 3. Mr. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee (SYABAS) to panellists: Who is taking the lead in climate change research in Malaysia? A: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni mentioned that MOSTI has established MASTIC to gather all the information of the national researchers according to their expertises. However, Prof. Dr. Fredolin commented that there is no need to have a leader in this field and let everyone does research without any restriction. 4. Comment by Prof. Joy (SEADPRI-UKM): MOSTI should reactivate the working committee on climate change R&D, which was chaired by PM under the green technology and climate change council, with KETTHA and NRE the secretariat. This will allow them to facilitate and coordinate researches on climate change. 15 DAY 2: STRATEGIC CONSULTATION LAB (SCL) ON CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON WATER RELATED ISSUES SESSION 3: SCL ON CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON WATER RELATED ISSUES – CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS AND R&D CAPACITY This session was chaired by Dr. Salmah Zakaria, Chair of ASM Climate Change and Water Resources Task Force. In the welcoming remark, she shared information about the challenges face by the United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific on climate adaptation. She stressed that climate change will affects Asia Pacific region where 90% of the effects are water related. However, there are still lacks of research from our region to bring the issues related to climate change to the international highlight. Speaker 8: Challenges and Uncertainties in Climate Change Projections – Dr. Wan Azli Bin Wan Hassan, Director of Technical Development Division of Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) The presentation devoted largely to the production of climate change projections, challenges in dynamical modelling from weather to climate scale, implication of the projections to the adaptation strategy and finally the gaps identified in the Second National Communication Report (NC2). Steps involved in the productions of climate change projections as explained by Dr. Wan Azli begin with the inventory of data of green-house gases (GHG) emission and concentration scenarios that were injected as input into the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) projections. Then, the regionalization techniques are performed to refine the projections to get the impacts assessment in many sectors such as water, food, health and so on. Several downscaling methods are available such as statistical downscaling and nested regional climate model or dynamical downscaling. He also informed that mal-adaptation cost more than to facing the climate change itself. He insisted that the global warming is almost certainly happen but we do 16 not know to what extend since different climate models show different outcomes. To make reliable climate change scenario projection, we really need advance science. He also mentioned that the cost to run the Global Model can reach few hundred million dollars, which is too costly for the government to support. The cheaper option is by applying the regionalization technique or downscaling the model, as what is being done by MMD now. He further discussed the issues related to the dynamical downscaling method such as high resolution domain, initial data and also lateral boundary data. Apart from that, other challenges involved are predictability time-scale ranges from short to climatescale; as longer projection time will carry larger errors too. In the unstable atmospheric system (actual environment), any small errors in initial state will lead to large errors in forecasts. He then relates the consistency issue of AOGCMs projections by showing the projected rainfall and temperature using nine different models‟ simulations for Peninsular, Sarawak and Sabah using same scenario (SRES A1B). The projections of change in rainfall are subjected to larger uncertainty compared to temperature. Finally, he mentioned on the gaps identified in NC2 report on uncertainties and data where he suggested several ways to overcome the issues, such as downscale all reliable AOGCMs, obtain several available lateral boundary conditions from AOGCMS for regional downscaling, increase downscaling resolutions both spatially and temporally and generate ensemble climate projections. Lack of effective communication on uncertainties of climate projection to policy/decision makers and end-users might be addressed properly by providing more active consultation workshops and seminars to enhance collaboration between related agencies. The use of user-friendly tool to promote correct usage of climate data and projections as well as producing effective climate projections reports for dissemination might be helpful to bridge the gaps. At the end of presentation, he again emphasized that longer term adaptation implementation at local scale requires further improvement in climate change projections. 17 Speaker 9: Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: An Assessment Framework – Mr. Tan Ching Tiong of National University of Malaysia (UKM) Mr. Tan began his presentation by giving a brief introduction on the evolution of adaptive capacity in the IPCC. He mentioned that the assessment of the adaptive capacity only emerged as a critical focus of attention as observed in the Third IPCC Assessment Report (TAR). The previous approach in the adaptive capacity was the End-Point Approach which designed the implementation for adaptation strategy based on the future climate change and vulnerability in the bio-physical factors. Hence, this approach depends largely on the uncertainties of climate change scenarios, climatic effects on sectors, future socio-economic conditions, real-time adaptive capacity assets in the time of need. As the climate scenarios may alter differently from what the model has projected, the adaption measures become inappropriate. The new approach so-called Starting-Point Approach caters for the adaptation of the present system in both socio-economic and bio-physicals factors as well as enhancing the present ability to respond to stressors and secure livelihood. The advantages of this approach are that it is practical in coping with changes or uncertainties, it promotes the sustainable development, facilitate the cheaper adaptation strategies and target the poor and vulnerable groups efficiently. The presenter further explained the adaptive capacity in the water institutions in order to identify factors that influence the ability to adapt to climate change. He then listed previous research projects on the subject matter and quoted several main studies on Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of the Water Sector in Malaysia such as Asian Bank Development Study (ADB, 1994), Initial National Communication Report (INC, 2000), and Second National Communication (NC2, 2010). Before the INC, studies focused more on the impact assessment approach and very limited consideration on the sector‟s adaptive capacity to cope with future climate change. However, after the INC, studies deliberate more on climate change implications on existing and future water resources system on basin basis where biophysical sensitivity of the basins under the exposure of climate change is properly examined. The presentation then introduced the Assessment Framework of Adaptive Capacity 18 based on literature review, peer-review in project meeting and expert inputs. The assessment contained six criteria, namely information and knowledge, institutional and governance, human capital, economic resources, technology and infrastructure, and adaptability. He ended his presentation by showing one case study on Selangor River Basin which projected to experience less water by 2025 to 2050 or 30.6 % reduction. Using the framework as preparation solution, they are currently conducting a survey to compile solicitation input from various stakeholders including government, private institutions, academicians, NGOs and research institutions for in-depth studies. Keynote 4: Workshop Format, Expectations and Overview of Mywcc-IBIS and Workshop Focus Area – Dr. Lee Jin, Director, GLS Haidro Sdn Bhd (Consultant for Mywcc-IBIS) The last presentation of this session was a keynote lecture given by Dr. Lee Jin. He focused on the workshop format, expectations and overview of Mywcc-IBIS and workshop focus area. The inputs were then used as a guideline for the afternoon breakout session. According to him, the Malaysia Water and Climate Change – IssueBased Information System (Mywcc-IBIS) application is developed using MctIBIS, a Malaysian implementation of the Issue-Based Information System (IBIS) which allows the issues, facts, positions, ideas, solutions and argumentations to be arranged into an Issue Map. The issue map is similar to the mind map which help user make sense of the many inter-related issues that may be conflicting each other and at the same time competing for resources. As mentioned in the presentation, the MctIBIS allows users to explore the issue map from different perspectives at the same time provide flexibility to the users to customize the subject headings list which contains thematic, physical, biological, socio-economic and also management issues for further clustering the information. The consultative issue map is developed systematically over three-stage process; (i) First Stage: An Issue Map was developed based on a status report on 19 Water and Climate Change completed by ASM, (ii) Second Stage is the presenter‟s inputs: to study the issues in the focus areas to confirm, expand or add new information into the Issue Map based on their experiences and area of expertise, and (iii) Third Stage is the workshop group‟s dialogue and deliberation: to clarify on the presenters expanded version of the Issues Map and to evaluate the ideas and solutions through the argumentation processes. He mentioned that the ultimate objective of a MctIBIS supported workshop process is to provide comprehensive and integrated map of the related issues, facts, ideas and solutions so that strategic policies or plans can be formulated to address them properly. There are many problems and issues that may not be published or even verbalized yet. Hence, he encouraged all of the conference members to take this opportunity to express their ideas so that the policy makers can get more comprehensive picture of the issues. Questions/Comments: 1. Associate Professor Dr. Vellayan Subramaniam (ASM) to Dr. Wan Azli Wan Hassan (MMD): Based on my personal record on the daily weather information for one year at Zoo Negara, why the weather forecasts given by the MMD was not tally with my record? A: Dr. Wan Azli responded that weather forecasting before 2000 was very subjective. Later, weather forecasting has improved because MMD has increased the number of Automatic Weather Station and upgraded all its forecasting tools. Since then the weather forecasts have improved tremendously. 2. Raja Bidin bin Raja Hassan (Department of Fisheries Malaysia) to Dr. Wan Azli (MMD): In Kenyir Lake, at a certain depth level, the temperature rises and known as a thermal bar effect. Is there any opinion on how we can reduce or eliminate this problem? 20 A: The Malaysia Remote Sensing Agency is doing a nowcasting using satellite data for fish forecasting. 3. Mr. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee (SYABAS) to Dr. Wan (MMD): Why don‟t we choose only one model out of 9? Is there any study being done on the temperature variation in Cameron Highlands? A: Currently MMD is using PRECIS to run climate projection. In order to run all the models, we need resources such as expert, hardware and huge funding. Yes, MMD has analyzed and produced report regarding the temperature increase in Cameron Highlands. Climate change in Malaysia is usually caused by the effect from land use and urbanization that contribute to „heat island effect‟. 4. Mr. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee (SYABAS) to Mr. Tan Ching Tiong: What is the climate change impact on hydrological aspect in Malaysia? In term of water related issues, is there any model to forecast drought/rainfall? A: Mr. Tan Ching Tiong mentioned that lack of information when considering the assessment impact on agriculture, aquaculture and water resources. Global warming is impacting hydro-cycle. A number of studies is in progress to tackle this issue. Dr. Salmah added that there is a need to develop our own resilience and the best way in managing the water issues. Dr. Salmah thanked all the speakers and participants for their active contributions. She also wished the breakout session had enlightened us on water issues in climate change environment. 21 Appendix 1 Conference Programme Day 1 (Monday, 8 October 2012): Climate Change Science, Vulnerability and Adaptation Time Programme 08:30 – 09:00 Registration/Light Breakfast 09:00 – 09:05 Recital of Prayers 09:05 – 09:20 Official Opening: Director General of MMD Session 1: Science of Climate Change Chairman: Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira FASc., Deputy Director, SEADPRI-UKM 09:20 – 10:05 Keynote 1: Climate Change and Climate Variability in Malaysia: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps - Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang FASc., IKLIM UKM, IPCC WG1 Vice Chair 10:05 – 10:50 Keynote 2: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in South China Sea - Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah FASc., UM. 10:50 – 11:10 Tea / Coffee Break 11:10 – 11:30 Speaker 1: Observed Trend of Climate Extreme in Malaysia Mr. Subramaniam Moten, Director, Research Section, MMD 11:30 – 11:50 Speaker 2: High Resolution Malaysia Rainfall Downscaling: An Empirical Bias Correction Approach - Dr. Liew Ju Neng, Senior Lecturer, IKLIM UKM 11:50 – 12:10 Speaker 3: Hydroclimate Projections to Engineering Practices for Water Resources Sector Adaptation Measures – Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin, NAHRIM 12:10 – 12:25 Q&A 12:25 – 14:00 Lunch and Prayer Break Session 2: Vulnerability and Adaptation Chairman: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj. Mokhtar, NOD, MOSTI 14:00 – 14:45 Keynote 3: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Extreme Weather and Climate Change - Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira FASc., Deputy Director, SEADPRI-UKM 14:45 – 15:05 Speaker 4: Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security - Datuk Dr Abd Shukor bin Abd Rahman, Director General, MARDI 22 15:05 – 15:25 Speaker 5: Climate Change and Impact on Health - Dr. Muhammad Amir Kamaluddin, Head, Environmental Health Research Centre, IMR 15:25 – 15:45 Speaker 6: Impact of Climate Change on Human Settlement in Urban Areas – Tuan Haji Muhammad Ridzuan Bin Arshad, Deputy Director, Research & Dev. Div., JPBD 15:45 – 16:05 Speaker 7: Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Resources – Ir. Zainal Akamar bin Harun, DID 16:05 – 16:20 Q&A 16:20 – 16:40 Tea / Coffee Break Panel Discussion: Science and R&D Needs for Extreme Weather and Climate Change 16:40 – 17:40 Chairman: Panelists: Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah FASc., UM. i. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj. Mokhtar, NOD ii. Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang, UKM iii Mr. Gurmit Singh, CETDEM Day 2 (Tuesday, 9 October 2012): Strategic Consultation Lab (SCL) on Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues Time Programme 08:30 – 09:00 SCL Registration/Light Breakfast 09:00 – 09:15 Welcoming Remarks Dr. Salmah Zakaria FASc., Chair of ASM Climate Change and Water Resources Task Force Session 3: SCL on Climate Change Impact on Water-Related Issues - “Climate Change Projections and R&D Capacity” Chairman: Dr. Salmah Zakaria FASc., Chair of ASM Climate Change and Water Resources Task Force 09:15 – 10:00 Speaker 8: Challenges and Uncertainties in Climate Change Projections – Dr. Wan Azli Wan Hassan, MMD 10:00 – 10:30 Tea / Coffee Break 10:30 – 11:15 Speaker 9: Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: An Assessment Framework – Mr. Tan Ching Tiong, UKM 11:15 – 12:00 Keynote 4: Workshop Format, Expectations and Overview of Mywcc-IBIS and Workshop Focus Area – Dr. Lee Jin, Director, GLS Haidro Sdn Bhd (Consultant for Mywcc-IBIS) 12:00 – 12:15 Breakout Groups Session Briefing 12:15 – 12:45 Breakout Session (Group “Ice-breaking” and Preparation) 23 12:45 – 14:00 Lunch and Prayer Break Breakout Session 14:00 – 16:15 Group 1: Climate Change Projections Venue: Auditorium MMD Group 2: Climate Change R&D Capacity Needs (1) Venue: Auditorium MMD Group 3: Climate Change R&D Capacity Needs (2) Venue: Briefing Room, 6th Floor, MMD Main Building Group 4: Climate Change R&D Capacity Needs (3) Venue: Cumulus Meeting Room, 2nd Floor, MMD Main Building 16:15 – 17:15 Groups‟ Presentations Venue: Auditorium MMD 17:15 – 17:30 Wrap-up and Closing 17:30 – 18:00 Tea / Coffee Break and End 24 Appendix 2 List of Chairs, Keynote & Session Speakers and Panelists Session Chairs: 1. Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Chair S1) Deputy Director Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI) National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 2. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj Mokhtar Under Secretary/Director National Oceanography Directorate (NOD) Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Level 6, Block C4, Parcel C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62662 Putrajaya. (Chair S2) 3. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah Director National Antarctic Research Center (NARC) B303, IPS Building University of Malaya (UM) 50603 Kuala Lumpur. (Chair PD) 4. Dr. Salmah Zakaria Chair ASM Climate Change and Water Resources Task Force Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) 902-4 Jalan Tun Ismail 50480 Kuala Lumpur. (Chair S3) Keynote Speakers: 1. Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang Head Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 25 (Keynote 1) 2. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah Director National Antarctic Research Center (NARC) B303, IPS Building University of Malaya (UM) 50603 Kuala Lumpur. (Keynote 2) 3. Prof. Dr. Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Keynote 3) Deputy Director Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI) National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 4. Dr. Lee Jin Director GLS Haidro Sdn Bhd 32A-3A, Jalan PJU 1/3A Sunwaymas Commercial Centre 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. (Keynote 4) Session Speakers: 1. Mr. Subramaniam Moten Head of Research Section Malaysian Meteorological Department First Floor, Airport Management Centre (AMC) Building 64000, KLIA Sepang, Selangor. (Speaker 1) 2. Dr. Liew Juneng Senior Lecturer School of Environment and Natural Resource Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. (Speaker 2) 3. Ir. Zaki Mohd Amin Director of Research Centre for Water Resources National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor. (Speaker 3) 26 4. Datuk Dr. Abd. Shukor Abd. Rahman (Speaker 4) Director General Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) MARDI Headquarters Persiaran MARDI-UPM 43400 Serdang, Selangor. 5. Dr. Muhammad Amir Kamaluddin Head of Environmental Health Research Centre (EHRC) Institute for Medical Research (IMR) Jalan Pahang 50588, Kuala Lumpur. (Speaker 5) 6. Tn. Haji Muhammad Ridzuan Bin Arshad Deputy Director Research and Development Division Town and Country Planning Department Ministry of Housing and Local Government Unit No. 50-12 & 13-1 Level 13&13, Wisma UOA Damansara 50, Jalan Dungun Damansara Height 50490 Kuala Lumpur. (Speaker 6) 7. Ir. Zainal Akamar Bin Harun Senior Principal Assistant Director Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur. (Speaker 7) 8. Dr. Wan Azli Bin Wan Hassan Director of Technical Development Division Malaysian Meteorological Department Jalan Sultan 46667 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. (Speaker 8) 9. Mr. Tan Chin Tiong (Speaker 9) Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI) National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 27 Panel Discussion: 1. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Azizan Abu Samah Director National Antarctic Research Center (NARC) B303, IPS Building University of Malaya (UM) 50603 Kuala Lumpur. (Chairman) 2. Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Nor Aieni Hj Mokhtar Under Secretary/Director National Oceanography Directorate (NOD) Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Level 6, Block C4, Parcel C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62662 Putrajaya. (Panelist) 3. Prof. Dr. Fredolin Tangang Head Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Faculty of Science and Technology National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. (Panelist) 4. Mr. Gurmit Singh (Panelist) Centre for Environment, Technology & Development Malaysia (CETDEM) 17, Jalan SS2/53 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. 28 Appendix 3 Participants List No. Name Institutions 1. Ali Mirzaei Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 2. Ahamad Hadi Mohamed Rashidi Pegawai Penyelidik Bahagian Direktorat Oseanografi Kebangsaan Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi Aras 6, Blok C4, Parcel C Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan 62662 Putrajaya 3. Ir. Arman Mokhtar Penolong Pengarah Kanan Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, JPS Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur. 4. Aw Kong Koy Multicentric Technology Sdn Bhd 11A-3A, Jalan PJU 1/3C SunwayMas Commercial Centre Petaling Jaya 5. Dr. Mohamad Zabawi b. Abdul Ghani MARDI Ibu Pejabat MARDI, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor 6. Dr. Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (SEADPRI) National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 7. Dr. Zabedah Mahmood MARDI Ibu Pejabat MARDI, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor 29 8. Ester Salimun Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 9. Fatin Nurashikin Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 10. Halimatun Binti Muhamad Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 11. Jong Choong Shyr Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 12. Junadi Apandi Jemain Ketua Penolong Pengarah Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, JPS Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur. 13. Mohamed Zaini Bin Abdul Rahman Timbalan Setiausaha Bahagian Bahagian Direktorat Oseanografi Kebangsaan (NOD) Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi Aras 6, Blok C4, Parcel C Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan 62662 Putrajaya 14. Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Noor National Antarctic Research Centre (NARC) B303, IPS Building, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur 30 15. Mohd Najwan Taib Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 16. Nur Fashareena Bt Muhamad Institut Kajian Bencana Asia Tenggara (SEADPRI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor 17. Ooi See Hai National Antarctic Research Centre (NARC) B303, IPS Building, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur 18. Prof. John Turner National Antarctic Research Centre (NARC) B303, IPS Building, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur 19. Dr. Sheeba Nettukandy Cuenoli National Antarctic Research Centre (NARC) B303, IPS Building, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur 20. Siew Jing Huey Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor 21. Dr. Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad Lecturer/Head, Centre for Poverty and Development Studies (CPDS) University of Malaya 22. Rosita Hamdan PhD Student Faculty of Economics University of Malaya 23. Ir. Ong Eng Chuan Pengurus Jabatan Pengeluaran Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Sdn.Bhd. Aras 32, Menara KOMTAR Jalan Penang 10000 Pulau Pinang 24. Abdullah Sulaiman Principal Geologist Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah 31400 Ipoh, Perak. 31 25. Amanda Lee Sean Peik Post-Grad Student Fakulti Kejuruteraan University of Nottingham in Malaysia Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor 26. Amir Afiq Abdullah Pegawai Kawalan Alam Sekitar Jabatan Alam Sekitar Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Paras 1-4, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma Sumber Asli No.25, Persiaran Perdana, Precint 4 Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan 62574 Putrajaya 27. Arun Anand Sadanandan Staff Researcher MIMOS Berhad Taman Teknologi Malaysia, Bukit Jalil 57000 Kuala Lumpur 28. Ismail Hashim Seksyen Penyiasatan Tanah Aras 9, No. 30 Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62624, Putrajaya 29. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ramani Bai Varadharajan No.B1C07, Blok B1 Fakulti Kejuruteraan University of Nottingham in Malaysia Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor 30. Muhammad Yaasiin No.B1C07, Blok B1 Fakulti Kejuruteraan University of Nottingham in Malaysia Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor 31. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ir. Marlinda Abd Malek Director Research Management Centre Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Kolej Kejuruteraan Universiti Tenaga Nasional Kampus Putrajaya, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN 43000 Kajang, Selangor 32 32. Chan Sook Huei Penolong Pengarah Bahagian Perancangan Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air Tingkat 9, Blok Pejabat Mines 2, The Mines Resort City 43300 Seri Kembangan Selangor 33. Clarese Lim Hooi Sung Pegawai Sains Jabatan Kimia Malaysia Jalan Sultan 46661 Petaling Jaya 34. Darsinah Bt Pedro Programme Officer WWF-Malaysia 6th Floor, CPS Tower, Centre Point Complex No. 1, Jalan Centre Point 88800 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia 35. Dr. Abd Rahman Bin Kassim Ketua Program Kualiti Air Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM) 52109 Kepong, Selangor 36. Dr. Leong Yow Peng Pengarah Institut Polisi dan Penyelidikan Tenaga Universiti Tenaga Nasional KM 7, Jalan Ikram-Uniten 43009 Kajang, Selangor 37. Dr. Md. Rowshon Kamal Pensyarah Kanan Jabatan Kejuruteraan Biologi dan Pertanian Fakulti Kejuruteraan Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang Selangor. 38. Dr. Chen Sau Soon Pengurus Besar Kanan SIRIM Berhad No.1, Persiaran Dato' Menteri Seksyen 2, Peti Surat 7035 40911 Shah Alam 39. Nini Fatahna Muhamad Sopian SIRIM Berhad No.1, Persiaran Dato' Menteri Seksyen 2, Peti Surat 7035 40911 Shah Alam 33 40. Haji Zainal Abidin Bin Md Amin Setiausaha Majlis Perbandaran Bentong Jalan Ketari 28700 Bentong Pahang 41. Intan Emelia Binti Razali Pengurus Pengeluaran Syarikat Air Negeri Sembilan Sdn.Bhd (SAINS) Tingkat 2, Kompleks PKNNS Jalan Pesiaran S2 B2 70300 Seremban Negeri Sembilan. 42. Ir. Rozaidi Amat Penolong Pengurus SAJ Holding Sdn.Bhd Ibu Pejabat SAJ Jalan Garuda Larkin Peti Surat 262 80350 Johor Bharu, Johor 43. Ir. Muhamad Asrinani Bin Mohd Shiyuti Jurutera Awam Pengarah Bahagian Pengairan & Saliran Lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian Kemubu (KADA) Peti Surat 127 15710 Kota Bharu Kelantan 44. Ismahadi Bin Ismail Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn.Bhd. (ATSB) No.2, Jalan Juruurancang U1/21 Section U1, HICOM Glenmarie Industrial Park 40000 Shah Alam 45. Jaffry Rabu Pengurus Puncak Niaga (M) Sdn Bhd Wisma Rozali, No.4, Persiaran Sukan Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam Selangor 46. Kamarudin Samuding Agensi Nuklear Malaysia Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor 47. Dr. Rahman Yacup Agensi Nuklear Malaysia Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor 34 48. Mario Valerdiano Penolong Pengarah Seksyen Pemuliharaan Tanah Jabatan Pertanian (DOA) Aras 9, No. 30 Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62624, Putrajaya. 49. Mohd Famey Yusoff Ketua Penolong Pengarah Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Paras 1-4, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma Sumber Asli No.25, Persiaran Perdana, Precint 4, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62574 Putrajaya 50. Mohd Yasin Sudin Bahagian Dasar, Kod dan Standard Lembaga Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (LPTA) Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi Batu 24, Jalan Dengkil 43800 Dengkil 51. Raja Teh Sophia Raja Hedar Lembaga Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (LPTA) Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi Batu 24, Jalan Dengkil 43800 Dengkil 52. Muhammad Al'Azi B. Alias Pengurus Daerah Kemaman Syarikat Air Terengganu Sdn.Bhd ( SATUWATER) Jalan Sultan Ismail 20200 Kuala Terengganu 53. Muhammad Iskandar Sapang Engineer RPM Engineers Sdn.Bhd. 24-2, Jalan Pekaka 8/4 Kota Damansara 47810 Petaling Jaya Selangor 54. Muhammad Latiff Putra bin Rapal Penolong Pegawai Kesihatan Persekitaran Majlis Perbandaran Port Dickson, MPPD KM1 Jalan Pantai, 71009 Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan 35 55. Mukhlis B. Zainol Abidin Jurutera Pembangunan Sumber Air Lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian Muda (MADA) Ibu Pejabat MADA, Ampang Jajar 05990 Alor Setar Kedah 56. Noor Akmar Shah B. Mohd Nordin Acting Chief Operating Officer GREENTECH MALAYSIA Malaysian Green Technology Corporation No.2, Jalan 9/10 Persiaran Usahawan, Seksyen 9 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi Selangor 57. Ooi Ying Cheing Filed Biologist WWF-Malaysia 49, Jalan SS23/15 Taman SEA 47400 Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia 58. P.Rajendran a/l Ponnusamy Pembantu Kesihatan Awam Majlis Perbandaran Port Dickson, MPPD KM1 Jalan Pantai, 71009 Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan 59. Professor Dr. V.R Vijayan Head, Marine Geology Unit Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah 31400 Ipoh Perak 60. Ruhaidah Md. Hassan Pengurus Unit Perancang Alam Sekitar Indah Water Konsortium Sdn.Bhd. (IWK) Level 1-4 Block J, Pusat Damansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur 61. Shamsul Azlan Bin Mohamad Anuar Pegawai Perancang Bandar & Desa Majlis Perbandaran Bentong Jalan Ketari 28700 Bentong Pahang 36 62. Mohd Yunuf Kasbon SAJ Holding Sdn.Bhd Ibu Pejabat SAJ Jalan Garuda Larkin Peti Surat 262 80350 Johor Bharu, Johor 63. Tahsilazam Bin Othman Eksekutif Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) Aras Bawah & Satu, Blok 3510, Prima Avenue, Jalan Teknokrat 6, 63000 Cyberjaya 64. Vincent Ngoo Teck Swee Pengurus Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) Peti Surat 5801 Jalan Pantai Baharu 59990 Kuala Lumpur 65. Zanariah Abdul Malek Ketua Penolong Pengarah Bahagian Dasar & Perancangan Jab. Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara, JPSPN Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT), Aras 23 & 24, No. 51, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4 62100 Putrajaya. 66. Raja Bidin Raja Hassan Department of Fisheries Malaysia 67. Athirah Lim Abdullah Executive Secretary Malaysia Water Partnership, MyWp 68. Azizi Ahmad Azmin Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) 69. Maslinah Bakar Syarikat Air Melaka 70. Liam We Lin RPM Engineers Sdn Bhd 24 Jalan Pekaka 8/4 Kota Damansara 71. Rahimah Abdullah Syarikat Air Melaka 37 72. Wan Ahmad Ardie B. Wan Ruzali Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains & Teknologi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor 73. Azwin Abdul Razad Tenaga Nasional Berhad 74. M. Syazwah Faidal National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) 75. Ass. Prof. Dr. S. Vellagan Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) 76. Syariman Samsudin Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM), Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation 77. Siti Morni Umor Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM), Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation 78. Prof. C. C. Ho Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) 79. Loh Jui Le Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 80. How Wah Shin Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 81. Lee Siew Jiuan Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 82. Ngai Sheau Tieh Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 83. Kwan Meng Sei Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 84. Goh Yong Kheng Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) 85. Md Kamsan Hamdan Malaysian Meteorological Department 38 86. A. Kamiluddin Ibrahim Malaysian Meteorological Department 87. Nor Khafiza Manan Malaysian Meteorological Department 88. Jah Salmihani Mansor Malaysian Meteorological Department 89. Norazura Burham Malaysian Meteorological Department 90. Toh Ying Ying Malaysian Meteorological Department 91. Afiq Zofri Abd Razak Malaysian Meteorological Department 92. Mimi Adilla Sarmani Malaysian Meteorological Department 93. Ong Chen Wei Malaysian Meteorological Department 94. Nasrul Hakim Hashim Malaysian Meteorological Department 95. Hanashriah Hassan Malaysian Meteorological Department 39 Appendix 4 List of Rapporteurs Lead Rapporteur: Dr. Mohd. Hisham Mohd Anip Malaysian Meteorological Department, MMD Rapporteurs: No. Title Name Institutions 1. Ms. Sinirovina Urban MMD 2. Ms. Munirah Ariffin MMD 3. Ms. Nurizana Amir Aziz MMD 4. Mr. Muhamad Sofian Muhamad Yusof MMD 40