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Vocabulary
Chapter 1 – Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
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hindsight bias p. 21
critical thinking p. 23
basic research p. 12
applied research p. 12
theory p. 24
hypothesis p. 24
operational definition p. 24
replication p. 24
case study p. 27
survey p. 27
false consensus effect, p. 28
population p. 28
random sample p. 28
naturalistic observation p. 28
correlation coefficient p. 31
scatterplot p. 31
illusory correlation p. 33
experiment p. 38
double-blind procedure p. 38
placebo effect p. 38
experimental condition p. 38
control condition p. 38
random assignment p. 38
independent variable p. 38
dependent variable p. 38
mode p. 42
mean p. 42
median p. 42
range p. 42
standard deviation p. 44
regression toward the mean p. 676
meta-analysis p. 677
statistical significance p. 44
culture p. 47
Chapter 2a – Neural Communication and the Nervous System
1. biological psychology p. 58
2. neuron p. 58
3. dendrite p. 58
4. axon p. 58
5. myelin sheath p. 58
6. action potential p. 47
7. threshold p. 60
8. synapse p. 60
9. neurotransmitters p. 60
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acetylcholine (ACh) p. 63
endorphins p. 63
nervous system p. 65
central nervous system (CNS) p. 63
peripheral nervous system (PNS) p. 63
nerves p. 63
sensory neurons p. 63
interneurons p. 63
motor neurons p. 63
somatic nervous system p. 63
autonomic nervous system p. 63
sympathetic nervous system p. 63
parasympathetic nervous system p. 63
reflex p. 63
Chapter 2b – The Brain and Endocrine System
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neural networks p. 69
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lesion p. 70
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electroencephalogram (EEG) p. 70
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CT (computed tomography) scan p. 70
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PET (positron emission tomography) scan p. 7o
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) p. 70
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brainstem p. 72
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medulla p. 72
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reticular formation p. 72
10. thalamus p. 72
11. cerebellum p. 73
12. limbic system p. 74
13. amygdala p. 74
14. hypothalamus p. 75
15. cerebral cortex p. 77
16. glial cells p. 77
17. frontal lobes p. 77
18. parietal lobes p. 77
19. occipital lobes p. 77
20. temporal lobes p. 77
21. motor cortex p. 79
22. sensory cortex p. 79
23. association areas p. 79
24. aphasia p. 82
25. Broca's area p. 82
26. Wernicke's area p. 82
27. plasticity p. 84
28. corpus callosum p. 85
29. split brain p. 87
30. endocrine system p. 94
31. hormones p. 94
32. adrenal glands p. 94
33. pituitary gland p. 95
34. clinical psychology p. 14
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psychiatry p. 14
psychopharmacology p. 685
lithium p. 689
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) p. 689
psychosurgery p. 690
lobotomy p. 690
Chapter 3 – The Nature and Nurture of Behavior
1. chromosomes p. 100
2. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) p. 100
3. genes p. 100
4. genome p. 100
5. natural selection p.101
6. mutations p. 101
7. evolutionary psychology p. 101
8. gender p. 101
9. behavior genetics p. 109
10. environment p. 109
11. identical twins p. 109
12. fraternal twins p. 109
13. temperament p. 112
14. heritability p. 112
15. interaction p 114
16. molecular genetics p. 115
17. culture p. 121
18. norm p. 123
19. personal space p.123
20. memes p. 123
21. X chromosome p.126
22. Y chromosome p.126
23. testosterone p.126
24. role p.127
25. gender role p. 127
26. gender identity p. 128
27. gender-typing, p. 129
28. social learning theory p. 129
29. gender schema theory p. 131
Chapter 4 – The Developing Person: Prenatal Development and the Newborn
1. developmental psychology p. 136
2. zygote p. 137
3. embryo p. 137
4. fetus p. 137
5. teratogens p. 137
6. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) p. 137
7. rooting reflex p. 138
8. habituation p. 139
Chapter 4 – Infancy and Childhood
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maturation p. 140
schema p. 143
assimilation p. 143
accommodation p. 143
cognition p. 145
sensorimotor stage p. 145
object permanence p. 145
preoperational stage p. 147
conservation p. 147
egocentrism p. 147
theory of mind p. 147
autism p.147
concrete operational stage p. 14930
formal operational stage p. 149
stranger anxiety p. 150
attachment p. 150
critical period p. 151
imprinting p. 151
basic trust p. 154
self-concept p. 157
Chapter 4 - Adolescence
1. adolescence p. 159
2. puberty p. 160
3. primary sex characteristics p. 160
4. secondary sex characteristics p. 160
5. menarche p. 163
6. identity p. 167
7. intimacy p. 168
Chapter 4 - Adulthood
1. menopause p. 172
2. Alzheimer's disease p. 178
3. cross-sectional study p. 180
4. longitudinal study p. 180
5. crystallized intelligence p. 180
6. fluid intelligence p. 180
7. social clock p. 183
Chapter 5 – Sensing the World Basics
1. sensation p. 194
2. perception p. 194
3. bottom-up processing p. 194
4. top-down processing p. 194
5. psychophysics p. 194
6. absolute threshold p. 194
7. signal detection theory p. 194
8. subliminal p. 194
9. difference threshold p. 194
10. Weber's law p. 194
11. sensory adaptation p. 199
Chapter 5 - Vision
1. transduction p. 199
2. wavelength p. 201
3. hue p. 201
4. intensity p. 201
5. pupil p. 201
6. iris p. 201
7. lens p. `201
8. accommodation p. 201
9. retina p. 201
10. acuity p. 201
11. nearsightedness p. 201
12. farsightedness p. 202
13. rods p. 202
14. cones p. 202
15. optic nerve p. 202
16. blind spot p. 202
17. fovea p. 202
18. feature detectors p. 205
19. parallel processing p. 206
20. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory p. 208
21. opponent-process theory p. 210
22. color constancy p. 210
Chapter 5 – Hearing (Audition)
1. audition p. 212
2. frequency p. 212
3. pitch p. 212
4. middle ear p. 213
5. inner ea, p. 213
6. cochlea p. 213
7. place theory p. 215
8. frequency theory p. 215
9. conduction hearing loss p. 216
10. sensorineural hearing loss p. 216
Chapter 5 – Touch, Taste, Smell and Kinesthesis
1. gate-control theory p. 221
2. sensory interaction p. 224
3. kinesthesis p. 226
4. vestibular sense p. 226
Chapter 6 – Perception: Selective Attention, Perceptual Illusions and Organization
1. selective attention p. 232
2. visual capture p. 210
3. gestalt p. 210
4. figure-ground p. 211
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grouping p. 212
depth perception p. 213
visual cliff p. 213
binocular cues p. 214
monocular cues p. 214
retinal disparity p. 214
convergence p. 215
phi phenomenon p. 218
perceptual constancy p. 218
Chapter 6 – Perception: Perceptual Interpretation and ESP
1. perceptual adaptation p. 249
2. perceptual set p. 250
3. human factors psychology p. 255
4. extrasensory perception (ESP) p. 257
5. parapsychology p. 259
Chapter 7 – States of Consciousness: Waking Consciousness, Sleep & Dreams
1. consciousness p. 266
2. biological rhythms p. 269
3. circadian rhythm p. 269
4. REM sleep p. 273
5. alpha waves p. 273
6. sleep p.273
7. hallucinations p. 273
8. delta waves p. 273
9. insomnia p. 278
10. narcolepsy p. 278
11. sleep apnea p. 281
12. night terrors p. 281
13. dream p. 281
14. REM rebound p. 284
Chapter 7 - Hypnosis
1. hypnosis p. 285
2. posthypnotic amnesia p. 287
3. posthypnotic suggestion p. 291
4. dissociation p. 291
5. hidden observer p. 292
Chapter 7 – Drugs and Consciousness, Near-Death Experiences
1. psychoactive drug p. 295
2. tolerance p. 295
3. withdrawal p. 295
4. physical dependence p. 295
5. psychological dependence p. 295
6. depressants p. 295
7. stimulants p. 295
8. hallucinogens p .295
9. barbiturates p. 297
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opiates p. 297
amphetamines p. 299
ecstasy (MDMA) p. 299
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) p. 299
THC p. 301
near-death experience p. 305
dualism p. 306
monism p. 306
Chapter 8 – Learning and Classical Conditioning
1. associative learning p. 309
2. learning p. 309
3. classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) p. 312
4. behaviorism p. 312
5. unconditioned response (UCR) p. 312
6. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) p. 312
7. conditioned response (CR) p. 314
8. conditioned stimulus (CS) p. 314
9. acquisition p. 314
10. extinction p. 317
11. spontaneous recovery p. 317
12. generalization p. 317
13. discrimination p. 317
Chapter 8 – Operant Conditioning
1. operant conditioning p. 322
2. respondent behavior p. 322
3. operant behavior p. 322
4. law of effect p. 322
5. operant chamber (Skinner box) p 322
6. shaping p. 322
7. reinforcer. 324
8. primary reinforcer p. 324
9. conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcers) p. 324
10. continuous reinforcement p. 326
11. partial (intermittent) reinforcement p. 326
12. fixed-ratio schedule p. 326
13. variable-ratio schedule p. 326
14. fixed-interval schedule p. 326
15. variable-interval schedule p. 326
16. punishment p. 329
17. cognitive map p. 329
18. latent learning p. 331
19. overjustification effect p. 331
20. intrinsic motivation p. 331
21. extrinsic motivation p. 331
22. behavior therapy p. 665
23. counterconditioning p. 665
24. exposure therapies p. 667
25. systematic desensitization p. 667
26. aversive conditioning p. 667
27. token economy p. 668
Chapter 8 – Observational Learning
1. observational learning p. 336
2. modeling p. 336
3. mirror neurons p. 336
4. prosocial behavior p. 336
Chapter 9 - Memory
1. memory p. 344
2. flashbulb memory p. 344
3. encoding p.344
4. storage p. 344
5. retrieval p. 344
6. sensory memory p. 346
7. short-term memory p. 346
8. long-term memory p. 346
Chapter 9 – Encoding: Getting Information In
1. automatic processing p. 347
2. effortful processing p. 347
3. rehearsal p. 347
4. spacing effect p. 348
5. serial position effect p. 349
6. semantic encoding p. 350
7. acoustic encoding p. 350
8. visual encoding p. 350
9. imagery p. 351
10. mnemonics p. 351
11. chunking p. 353
Chapter 9 – Storage: Retaining Information
1. iconic memory p. 355
2. echoic memory p. 355
3. long-term potentiation (LTP) p. 356
4. amnesia p.358
5. implicit memory p. 358
6. explicit memory p. 358
7. hippocampus p. 360
Chapter 9 – Retrieval: Getting Information Out
1. recall p. 361
2. recognition p. 363
3. relearning p. 363
4. priming p. 363
5. deja vu p. 363
6. mood congruent memory p. 364
Chapter 9 - Forgetting
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proactive interference p. 368
retroactive interference p. 368
repression p. 370
misinformation effect p. 372
source amnesia p. 375
Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language
1. cognition p. 387
2. concept p. 387
3. prototype p. 387
4. algorithm p. 387
5. heuristic p. 387
6. insight p. 387
7. confirmation bias p. 388
8. fixation p. 388
9. mental set p. 388
10. functional fixedness p. 388
11. representativeness heuristic p. 388
12. availability heuristic p. 390
13. overconfidence p. 391
14. framing p. 395
15. belief bias p. 395
16. belief perseverance p. 397
17. artificial intelligence (Al) p. 397
18. computer neural networks p. 399
19. language p. 401
20. phoneme p.401
21. morpheme p. 401
22. grammar p. 403
23. semantics p. 403
24. syntax p. 403
25. babbling stage p. 403
26. one-word stage p. 403
27. two-word stage p. 386
28. telegraphic speech p. 386
29. linguistic determinism p. 409
Chapter 11 – Intelligence: The Origins of Intelligence Testing
1. intelligence test p. 420
2. mental age p. 409
3. Stanford-Binet p. 420
4. intelligence quotient (IQ) p. 420
5. intelligence p. 423
6. factor analysis p. 423
7. general intelligence (g) p. 423
8. savant syndrome p. 425
9. emotional intelligence p. 426
10. creativity p. 428
Chapter 11 – Assessing Intelligence
1. aptitude test p. 432
2. achievement test p. 432
3. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) p. 432
4. standardization p. 434
5. normal curve p. 434
6. reliability p. 434
7. validity p. 437
8. content validity p. 437
9. criterion p. 437
10. predictive validity p. 437
11. mental retardation p. 439
12. Down syndrome p. 439
13. stereotype threat p. 450
Chapter 12 – Motivation and work
1. motivation p. 457
2. instinct p. 457
3. drive-reduction theory p. 457
4. homeostasis p. 457
5. incentive p. 457
6. hierarchy of needs p. 458
Chapter 12 – Motivation: Hunger
1. glucose p. 461
2. set point p. 462
3. basal metabolic rate p. 462
4. anorexia nervosa p. 464
5. bulimia nervosa p. 464
Chapter 12 – Motivation: Sexual Motivation
1. sexual response cycle p. 469
2. refractory period p. 469
3. sexual disorder p. 469
4. estrogen p. 470
5. sexual orientation p. 475
Chapter 12 – Motivation and Work
1. flow p. 486
2. industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology p. 486
3. structured interviews p. 490
4. achievement motivation p. 490
5. task leadership p. 495
6. social leadership p. 495
7. Theory X p. 495
8. Theory Y p. 495
Chapter 13 - Emotion
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emotion p. 500
James-Lange theory p. 500
Cannon-Bard theory p. 500
two-factor theory p. 500
Chapter 13 – Embodied Emotion
1. polygraph p. 509
2. catharsis p. 520
3. feel-good, do-good phenomenon p 522
4. subjective well-being p. 522
5. adaptation-level phenomenon p. 525
6. relative deprivation p. 526
Chapter 14 – Stress and Health
1. behavioral medicine p. 532
2. health psychology p. 631
3. stress p. 532
4. general adaptation syndrome (GAS) p. 534
5. coronary heart disease p. 539
6. Type A p. 539
7. Type B p. 539
8. psychophysiological illness p. 541
9. lymphocytes p. 542
Chapter 14 – Promoting Health
1. aerobic exercise p. 546
2. biofeedback p. 548
3. complimentary and alternative medicine p. 557
Chapter 15a– Personality: Sigmund Freud
1. personality p. 576
2. free association p. 576
3. psychoanalysis p. 576
4. unconscious p. 576
5. id p. 576
6. ego p. 579
7. superego p. 579
8. psychosexual stages p. 579
9. Oedipus complex p. 579
10. identification p. 579
11. fixation p. 579
12. defense mechanisms p. 580
13. repression p. 580
14. regression p. 580
15. reaction formation p. 581
16. projection p. 581
17. rationalization p. 581
18. displacement p. 581
19. projective test p. 581
20. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) p. 581
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Rorschach inkblot test p. 581
collective unconscious p. 582
psychotherapy p. 660
eclectic approach p. 660
psychoanalysis p. 660
resistance p. 660
interpretation p. 660
manifest content p. 281
latent content p. 282
transference p. 660
Chapter 15b – Personality: Humanism
1. self-actualization, p. 587
2. unconditional positive regard p. 589
3. self-concept p. 589
4. client-centered therapy p. 663
5. active listening p. 665
Chapter 15c- Personality: Trait Perspective
1. trait p. 591
2. personality inventory p. 593
3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) p. 593
4. empirically derived test p. 593
Chapter 15d – Social-Cognitive Perspective
1. social-cognitive perspective p. 600
2. reciprocal determinism p. 600
3. personal control p. 600
4. external locus of control p. 602
5. internal locus of control p. 602
6. learned helplessness p. 602
7. positive psychology p. 604
8. Cognitive therapy p. 668
9. cognitive-behavior therapy p. 671
10. family therapy p. 672
Chapter 15e – Personality: Exploring the Self
1. spotlight effect p. 608
2. self-esteem p. 608
3. self-serving bias p. 608
4. individualism p. 611
5. collectivism p. 611
6. terror-management theory p. 615
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders
1. psychological disorder p. 620
2. medical model p. 620
3. bio-psycho-social perspective p. 623
4. DSM-IV p. 623
5. neurotic disorder p. 623
6. psychotic disorder p. 623
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Anxiety
1. anxiety disorders p. 627
2. generalized anxiety disorder p. 627
3. panic disorder p. 627
4. phobia p. 627
5. obsessive-compulsive disorder p. 627
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Mood Disorders
1. mood disorders p. 633
2. major depressive disorder p. 635
3. manic episode p. 635
4. bipolar disorder p. 635
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Dissociation and Multiple Personality
1. dissociative disorders p. 645
2. dissociative identity disorder p. 645
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Schizophrenia
1. schizophrenia p. 647
2. delusions p. 647
Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders
1. personality disorders p.653
Chapter 17 – Therapy
(Restructured)
Chapter 17 – Therapy: the Biomedical Therapies
(Restructured)
Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Thinking (Attribution)
1. social psychology p. 696
2. attribution theory p. 696
3. fundamental attribution error p. 696
4. attitude p. 699
5. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon p. 699
6. cognitive-dissonance theory p. 676
Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Influence
1. conformity p. 705
2. normative social influence p. 705
3. informational social influence p. 705
4. social facilitation p. 709
5. social loafing p. 711
6. deindividuation p. 711
7. group polarization p. 711
8. groupthink p. 712
Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Relations
1. prejudice p. 715
2. stereotype p. 715
3. in-group p. 716
4. out-group p. 716
5. in-group bias p. 716
6. scapegoat theory p. 716
7. just-world phenomenon p. 719
8. aggression p. 719
9. frustration-aggression principle p.720
10. conflict p. 727
11. social trap p. 727
12. mere exposure effect p. 729
13. passionate love p. 733
14. companionate love p. 733
15. equity p. 735
16. self-disclosure p. 735
17. altruism p. 735
18. bystander effect p. 736
19. social exchange theory p. 736
20. superordinate goals p. 738
21. GRIT p. 738