Download II Minerals: are solid, naturally

Unit 3: Rocks and Minerals
Notes Unit 3- Additional.pdf
I Minerals: are solid, naturally
occurring, chemical compounds that
make up rocks.
Review: Elements (text p.34-37)
Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) sings "The Elements"
A. The two most abundant elements
that make up minerals are
Oxygen and Silicon.
Examine 3-D models of common molecules.
ESRT
(See ESRT p.1)
(Review atoms and bonding)
YouTube - Ionic and covalent bonding animation
How do Crystals Form? An Interactive Exploration.
B. Over 4,000 different minerals are
known.
http://webmineral.com/specimens.shtml
1. Some minerals are rare and
beautiful.
Some are called precious gems:
Ex.: Diamonds, Sapphires
Are Diamonds Forever? A Discovery Channel Short Film - YouTube
Some are called precious metals.
Gold, Silver
Gold Mining - YouTube
2. Other minerals are more common
and still beautiful.
These are called
semiprecious gems.
Ex. Amythest (variety of quartz)
amythest - Google Image Search
3. Most rocks are made of only 12
common minerals. These are called the
Rock Forming Minerals.
1. Feldspar
2. Quartz
3. Mica
4. Calcite
5. Horneblende
6. Kaolin
7. Augite
8. Garnet
9. Magnetite
10. Olivine
11. Pyrite
12. Talc
C. Physical properties are used to
identify minerals.
1. Color: the least useful for ID.
 Many minerals have the same
color.
 one mineral can come in many
colors.
(text p.50)
2. Streak is the color of a mineral
in its powdered form.
 To test streak, rub the mineral
on a ceramic Streak Plate.
Mineral Streak - White and Black Streak Plates
Image- mineral streak
 The streak is the same even if a
mineral comes in many colors.
3. Hardness: the resistance to
being scratched.
 Measured using
Moh’s Hardness Scale
(text p.52)
Examples:
Talc = 1
Fingernail = 2.5
Calcite = 3
Penny = 3.5
Quartz = 7
Diamond = 10
4. Luster: the way a mineral reflects
light or “shines”. Two types:
 Metallic: shines like polished
metal.
Ex. Galena Galena Image
YouTube - Galena.mp4
Pyrite
Pyrite Image
 Nonmetallic: doesn’t shine like
metal. May be:
Glassy like Quartz
Quartz Image Chalcopyrite Quartz Image
Quartz Image
Pearly like Mica
Fluorapatite Beryl Muscovite Apatite Image
5. Cleavage: mineral breaks along
flat surfaces forming a geometric shape.
Ex. Calcite [diagram,]
YouTube - Calcite Cleavage
Halite
[diagram]
YouTube - Halite.mp4
Mica, Biotite Image
Fluorapatite Beryl Muscovite Apatite Image
Fracture: mineral breaks irregularly
Ex. Quartz diagram
6. Crystal Form: Rare to find
crystals large and well formed to be
used for ID.
mineral crystals - Google Search
crystal caves - Google Search
7. Density or (Specific Gravity):
D = M / V. Good tool for ID.
8. Special Properties: Examples:
 Calcite bubbles in Acid
 YouTube - Calcite Reacting With Hydrochloric Acid
 Magnetite is magnetic
 Sulfur is bright yellow
Sulfur Image
These physical properties are determined by
the internal arrangement of the atoms.
(see text p.48)
D. Minerals and the ESRT: page 16.
Practice: Identify the mineral
1. Nonmetallic Luster, Hardness 4:
______________
2. Metallic luster, silver color, used in pencils:
______________
3. Hardness: 6, cleaves in 2 directions at 90°, Pink:
______________
4. Fracture, Bright yellow color: ______________
5. Bubbles in Acid: ____________
6. Ore of Iron, red / brown streak: _____________
[Lab: Mineral ID]
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/69/BlsG2C5ttJc
youtube lesson: mineral composition
II Rocks may be composed of only 1
mineral …
or many minerals.
Rocks are classified into three main
groups based on how they formed.
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
A. Igneous Rocks form from the cooling
and hardening of melted rock called
Magma (if underground) or
Lava (if on the surface).
vidclip: magma inside the Earth
1. Intrusive (or Plutonic) Igneous Rocks
form when magma cools very slowly
deep inside the Earth.
Mineral Crystals grow large and can be seen
with the unaided eyes.
Ex. Granite, Gabbro
Granite image
Gabbro image
[Diagrams]
Igneous Rock Crystallization Animations
Famous Intrusive Igneous Rock formations
exposed at the Earths surface:
half dome - Google Search
The Palisades- New Jersey
2. Extrusive (or Volcanic) Igneous Rocks
form when lava comes out of a volcano
and cools quickly at the surface.
 Mineral crystals are microscopic (cannot
be seen with unaided eye).
Ex. Rhyolite, Basalt
Ryholite image
Basalt image
Igneous Rock Crystallization Animations
 Sometimes no crystals form at all
forming volcanic glass.
Ex. Obsidian,
obsidian image
 Sometimes gas bubbles burst in the
cooling lava forming little holes.
Ex. Pumice, Scoria
Rock images
[Diagrams]
Igneous Rock Crystallization Animations
vidclip: How are igneous rocks formed?
YouTube - on location. igneous rock formation.mov
3. Igneous Rocks and the ESRT:
Some new vocabulary:
Texture: what the rock looks like.
 Coarse: big mineral crystals, visible to
unaided eye.
 Fine: small crystals. Invisible to
unaided eye.
 Noncrystalline: No crystals, glassy.
 Vesicular: has little holes where gas
escaped the cooling lava.
Composition: what elements are in the
rock.
 Felsic: high in the elements Aluminum
(Al) and Silicon (Si)
 Mafic: high in the elements Iron (Fe)
and Magnesium (Mg)
Name
Texture How
Formed
Color
Granite
Coarse Intrusive Light
Chemical
Composition
Minerals
Present
Felsic
Amphibole-5%,
Biotite-10%, plFeldspar-25%,
Quartz-40%,potFeldspar-20%
Basalt
Fine
Medium Medium
Amphibole30%,biotite-15%,
pl-feldspar-55%
Same as Basalt
Gabbro
fine
Obsidian
Coarse
Same as Granite
Extrusive
dark
Medium Medium
Same as granite
Same as Andesite
Videoclip lesson
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/68/RGQeJL1izBE
[Lab: Igneous Rock Identification]
YouTube - Rockin' Road Trip Part 1
0:00- 3:49
Rockin' Road Trip on Vimeo
Video Review Lesson: on Igneous Rocks:
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/65/deC5af9AW6w
B. Sedimentary Rocks form when smaller
pieces of rock (sediments) are
compressed and hardened.
1. Clastic (or Fragmental) Sed. Rocks
form when sediments are compressed
and cemented together.
(see ESRT p.6-7)
Observe an animation of clastic sedimentary rocks forming.
Compressed and cemented
Ex. Clay or mud →→→→→→→→ Shale
[dia]
Compressed and cemented
Silt →→→→→→→→→ Siltstone [dia]
Compressed and cemented
Sand →→→→→→→→→ Sandstone [dia]
Compressed and cemented
Pebbles/Cobbles/Boulders →→→→Conglomerate
[dia]
2. Chemical (or crystalline) Sed.
Rocks: form when minerals
precipitate from water.
 Evaporites form when water
evaporates.

Ex. Gypsum, Rock salt, Dolostone
[dia]
bonneville salt flats - YouTube
3. Organic (or bioclastic) Sed. Rocks:
form from things that were once alive.
Ex. Limestone, Coal [dia]
Observe an animation showing coal form.
Video Review Lesson: Sedimentary Rocks:
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/64/Ox_3z_lW-Hw
 YouTube - Reference Table Page 7-Sedimentary Rock ChartHommocks Earth Science Department
 YouTube - Sedimentary Rocks Reg Quest 1 and 2
 YouTube – Rockin’ Road Trip Part 1 3:50- end
 YouTube - Rockin' Road Trip Part 2 0:00-2:03
[Lab: Sed. Rock identification]
C. Metamorphic Rocks: form when any
type of rock is changed by great heat
and / or pressure, but does not melt.
Meta = change morphic = form
“change in form”
1. Regional Metamorphism occurs when
large areas of rock are changed in the
core of mountains.
These rocks are exposed at the surface when
the overlying rocks are worn away.
[Dia]
2. Contact Metamorphism occurs when
rocks are “baked” by contact with hot
magma/Lava.
[Dia]
3. Some features of Metamorphic Rocks
 Harder and denser than parent rock.
 Minerals may line up in distorted
layers called Foliation.
schist - Google Search
 Minerals may separate into light and
dark layers called Banding.
gneiss - Google Search
Observe an animation of metamorphic rocks forming.
4. Some Types of Met. Rocks
(see ESRT p.7)
Met. Rock
Name
Marble
Source or
Parent Rock
Limestone
Marble - Google Search
Slate
Shale
slate - Google Search
Quartzite
Quartz Sandstone
Features
Very dense
Bubbles in Acid,
Very dense,
waterproof
Very hard/dense
quartzite - Google Search
Gneiss
Many types
gneiss - Google Search
Bedrock Geology of NYC
Schist
schist - Google Search
Many types
Distorted
light/dark mineral
bands
Shows layering
(Schistosity)
Bedrock Geology of NYC
Manhattan skyline reflects underlying metamorphic
bedrock structure:
Manhattan bedrock / skyline
ESRT page 7 for Metamorphic Rocks:
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/71/G2U5TUux-cQ
YouTube - Metamorphic Rocks-Hommocks Earth Science Department
(start at 3:00 for pictures of metamorphic rocks)
YouTube - Rockin' Road Trip Part 2 2:04-end
D. The Rock Cycle: is a chart showing how
one type of rock can be changed into any
other type of rock.
[dia]
(See ESRT p.6)
Video Review- The Rock Cycle:
http://www.youtube.com/user/metfan869#p/u/72/x7XH13sSQuM
Rock Cycle music video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSHVUVfwmQg&feature=fvwp&NR=1
Should you fear your counter top?:
What’s Lurking in Your Countertop? - NYTimes.com
Unit 3 Theme Song:
YouTube - Bill Nye the Science Guy - "Rocks Rock Harder"
Here are some online notes and practice questions:
[Regents Prep Earth Science] Rocks & Minerals: Introduction
III Natural Resources are the materials
from nature we use in our everyday lives.
A. Resources we use that take millions of
years to replace are called Nonrenewable.
1. Fossil Fuels form from the remains of
plants and animals that lived long ago.
When burned they release energy.
Types:
 Coal (text p.95)
 Oil and Natural Gas (p.96)
 Tar Sands and Oil Shale (p.97)
2. Metallic Mineral Deposits (p.98-100)
3. Nonmetallic Minerals (p.101)
B. Resources that replace themselves
quickly are called Renewable.
1. Energy sources that do not depend on
Fossil Fuels are called Alternative.
(See text p.102-106)
Ex.: Solar, Nuclear, Wind, Hydroelectric,
Geothermal, Tidal
2. Freshwater and Air (text p.108-111)