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Cell communication Figure 11.5 The 4 basic types of cell signaling (a) Paracrine signaling Local signaling (b) Synaptic signaling Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter. Target cell Long-distance signaling (c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling Endocrine cell Blood vessel Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse. Secreting cell Secretory vesicle Hormone travels in bloodstream. Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid. Target cell is stimulated. Target cell specifically binds hormone. Direct contact Plasma membranes (a) Cell junctions Gap junctions between animal cells (b) Cell-cell recognition Plasmodesmata between plant cells Figure 11.5a Local signaling Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter. Target cell Secreting cell Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid. (a) Paracrine signaling Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse. Secretory vesicle Target cell is stimulated. (b) Synaptic signaling Figure 11.5b Long-distance signaling Endocrine cell Blood vessel Hormone travels in bloodstream. Target cell specifically binds hormone. (c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling 3 stages of cell signaling: overview EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane 2 3 a. ___________ d. _________ _________ _________ c. __________________________________ __________________________________ b. _____________ _____________ Figure 11.6-1 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception Receptor Signaling molecule CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Figure 11.6-2 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane 2 Transduction Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Reception CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Activation of cellular response Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Signaling molecule There are 3 subclasses of Membrane receptors: 1. G-protein coupled receptors 2. Channel-linked receptors 3. Enzymatic receptors 2-adrenergic receptors Signaling molecule binding site Molecule resembling ligand Segment that interacts with G proteins Plasma membrane Cholesterol G protein-coupled receptor G-protein surface receptor b. ______________ ______________ c. _____________ _____________ f. _________ _________ GTP GDP GDP a. _____________ 1 g. __________ __________ d. ____________ e. ________ (inactive) 2 GDP GTP i. ________ ________ GTP GDP Pi 3 j. _______________ 4 h. __________ __________ Figure 11.7b G protein-coupled receptor Plasma membrane Activated receptor 1 Inactive enzyme GTP GDP GDP CYTOPLASM Signaling molecule Enzyme G protein (inactive) 2 GDP GTP Activated enzyme GTP GDP Pi 3 Cellular response 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD3oksR-bhk Signaling molecule (a. __________) b. ______________ helix in the membrane Tyrosine Kinase Signaling molecule c. ____________ Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr d. ___________________ _____________________ _____________________ (inactive monomers) CYTOPLASM 1 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr e. _________________ 2 h. _______________ _________________ 3 Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P 6 ATP f. _______________ _________________ (________________ ________________) 6 ADP g. _______________ _________________ (________________ ________________) 4 Inactive relay proteins Cellular response 1 Cellular response 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUGGENKyUcA Signaling molecule (ligand) Ligand-binding site helix in the membrane Signaling molecule Tyrosines CYTOPLASM Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Receptor tyrosine kinase proteins (inactive monomers) 1 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Dimer 2 Activated relay proteins 3 Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P 6 ATP Activated tyrosine kinase regions (unphosphorylated dimer) 6 ADP Fully activated receptor tyrosine kinase (phosphorylated dimer) 4 Inactive relay proteins Cellular response 1 Cellular response 2 Ion channel: signals to open gate (this is how a nerve impulse travels through a neuron) 1 Signaling molecule (ligand) 3 2 Gate closed Ions Plasma Ligand-gated membrane ion channel receptor Gate closed Gate open Cellular response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d08LT9gbN7Q Steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor: change gene expression (sends message to make protein) Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM http://www.yo utube.com/wat ch?v=wcuWO yVXmTc Figure 11.9-2 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-3 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-4 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Figure 11.9-5 Hormone (testosterone) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane Receptor protein Hormonereceptor complex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM New protein Second messengers: First messenger (signaling molecule such as epinephrine) Adenylyl cyclase G protein relay messages in the cytoplasm Cyclic AMP: one type of second messenger GTP G protein-coupled receptor ATP cAMP Second messenger Protein kinase A Cellular responses Signaling molecule Receptor A phosphorylation cascade: amplifying message Activated relay molecule Inactive protein kinase 1 Active protein kinase 1 Inactive protein kinase 2 ATP ADP PP Pi Inactive protein kinase 3 ATP ADP Pi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt2r5R0ZO5U P Active protein kinase 2 Active protein kinase 3 PP Inactive protein P ATP P ADP PP Pi Active protein Cellular response How signals induce directional cell growth during mating in yeast. RESULTS formin Fus3 Wild type (with shmoos) CONCLUSION 1 Mating factor activates receptor. Mating factor G protein-coupled Shmoo projection forming receptor Formin P Fus3 GDP GTP 2 G protein binds GTP and becomes activated. Fus3 Actin subunit P Phosphorylation cascade Fus3 Formin Formin P 4 Fus3 phosphorylates formin, activating it. P 3 Phosphorylation cascade activates Fus3, which moves to plasma membrane. Microfilament 5 Formin initiates growth of microfilaments that form the shmoo projections.
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