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FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E) Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war Replaces senate’s power with 1-man rule known as Principate Era of the Roman Empire (FC. 32) FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Why Did The Republic Fall Apart? Problems from before FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Why Did The Republic Fall Apart? Problems from before • New Wealth class conflict • Empire outgrows Gov’t • Power of Army FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Why Did The Republic Fall Apart? -Problems from before • New Wealth class conflict • Empire outgrows Gov’t • Power of Army FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Why Did The Republic Fall Apart? -Problems from before • New Wealth class conflict • Empire outgrows Gov’t • Power of Army -Senate Conservatism FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E) Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war Replaces senate’s power with 1-man rule known as Principate Era of the Roman Empire (FC. 32) FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms What happened to them? Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP THE FIRST SERVILE REVOLT IN SICILY (135-33 B.C.) - Brutal treatment of slaves brought in to work on estates Revolt led by Syrian Eunus & Sicilian Cleon Spread like wildfire to 70,000 slaves run to cities Defeated 1st Roman army Reinforcements from Sp. War just ended final victory Showed danger of slaves & declining quality of Roman FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP THE FIRST SERVILE REVOLT IN SICILY (135-33 B.C.) - Brutal treatment of slaves brought in to work on estates Revolt led by Syrian Eunus & Sicilian Cleon Spread like wildfire to 70,000 slaves run to cities Defeated 1st Roman army Reinforcements from Sp. War just ended final victory Showed danger of slaves & declining quality of Roman ******** Tiberius Gracchus - Tribune (133 BCE) -Wanted to revive peasantry Revive # eligible recruits - Wanted to use public lands that many nobles were using By-passed Senate & went to Assembly: legal but vs. trad. Sen. had another trib. veto Tib. impeached him (unprecedented) Land bill passed Needed $ to est. new farms Took Treasury of Pergamum - Finance trad. run by Sen. -Ran for re-elect. (vs. trad.) Riot-> Sen. Dec. martial law Tib. Killed w/300 followers Tiberius Gracchus • Who is Tiberius? – Grandson of Scipio – Elected Tribune 133 Tiberius Gracchus • Who is Tiberius? – Grandson of Scipio – Elected Tribune 133 • What does he do? – Land law Tiberius Gracchus • Who is Tiberius? – Grandson of Scipio – Elected Tribune 133 • What does he do? – Land law • How does he do it? Breaking Tradition Tiberius Gracchus • Who is Tiberius? – Grandson of Scipio – Elected Tribune 133 • What does he do? – Land law • How does he do it? Breaking Tradition • What happens? – Riot Tiberius Gracchus • • • • Who is Tiberius? What does he do? How does he do it? Breaking Tradition What happens? – Riot • Why? – Why does Tiberius do this? – Why senate so mad? Cicero on the Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus • • • • Who is Tiberius? What does he do? How does he do it? Breaking Tradition What happens? – Riot • Why? – Why does Tiberius do this? – Why senate so mad? • Significance – – – – Political Violence Breaking Tradition Optimates and Populares Tribal Assembly Gaius Gracchus • Who is Gaius? – Brother of… – Tribune in 123 Gaius Gracchus • Who is Gaius? – Brother of… – Tribune in 123 • What does he do? – Land – Grain – Citizenship Gaius Gracchus • Who is Gaius? – Brother of… – Tribune in 123 • What does he do? – – – – Land Grain Citizenship Equites • What happens? – Riot Gaius Gracchus • Who is Gaius? – Brother of… – Tribune in 123 • What does he do? – – – – Land Grain Citizenship Equites • What happens? – Riot • Results – Senate – Urban Poor – Political Violence FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Marius -Who is he? • Equestrian General -What does he do? • Glory in Africa • Germanic Tribes Marius • • Who is he? – Equestrian General What does he do? – African Glory – Germanic Tribes6 straight consulships – Army Reforms "Roman drills were bloodless battles; their battles bloody drills.“ -Josephus Marius • • Who is he? – Equestrian General What does he do? – African Glory – Germanic Tribes6 straight consulships – Army Reforms – Effects of Army Reforms • More effectiveVictory Defeat of Germanic tribes • State equips soldiers • Loyal to Generals FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP a Sulla • Who is he? – Another Ambitious General Sulla • • Who is he? – Another Ambitious General Social War – 2nd Class CitizensAllies Rebel – C’Ship for… – Marius and Sulla win – Citizenship Sulla • • • Who is he? – Another Ambitious General Social War – 2nd Class CitizensAllies Rebel – C’Ship for… – Marius and Sulla win – Citizenship Mithridates Sulla • • • Who is he? – Another Ambitious General Social War – 2nd Class CitizensAllies Rebel – C’Ship for… – Marius and Sulla win – Citizenship MithridatesMarius vs. Sulla – Who leads army? – Marius vs. Sulla – Sulla returns after PontusWins Civil War Sulla • • • • Who is he? – Another Ambitious General Social War – 2nd Class CitizensAllies Rebel – C’Ship for… – Marius and Sulla win – Citizenship MithridatesMarius vs. Sulla – Who leads army? – Marius vs. Sulla – Sulla returns after PontusWins Civil War Results FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Rome grants all Italians citizenship By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Pompey • Who is he? – Son of Famous General – Lucks into Dignitas – Consul as first office Pompey • • Who is he? – Son of Famous General – Lucks into Dignitas – Consul as first office What happens? – More “Heroics” – Cicero Pompey • • • Who is he? – Son of Famous General – Lucks into Dignitas – Consul as first office What happens? – More Heroics – Cicero Results? – Undermines Republican Institutions – Forms alliance with… FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) Julius Caesar • Who is he? – Pompey’s Protégé Julius Caesar • • Who is he? – Pompey’s Protégé The Triumvirate – Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar Julius Caesar • • • Who is he? – Pompey’s Protégé The Triumvirate – Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar Gaul – Success – Senate Reaction Julius Caesar • • • • Who is he? The Triumvirate Gaul Civil War – Deaths – Senate Distrust – Marches on Rome – Civil War Julius Caesar • • • • Who is he? The Triumvirate Gaul Civil War – Deaths – Senate Distrust – Marches on Rome – Civil War – Pompey and Cleopatra Julius Caesar • • • • • Who is he? – Pompey’s Protégé The Triumvirate – Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar Gaul – Success – Senate Reaction Civil War – Deaths – Senate Distrust – Marches on Rome – Civil War – Pompey and Cleopatra Caesar the Dictator – Dictator for Life – Reforms – Resentment – Assassination FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E) Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Octavian Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – • Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Second Triumvirate – – – Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus Riots after JC’s Funeral 3rd Civil War Marc Anthony Lepidus Octavian Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – • Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Second Triumvirate – – – Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus Riots after JC’s Funeral 3rd Civil War Marc Antony Lepidus Octavian Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – • Second Triumvirate – – – • Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus Riots after JC’s Funeral 3rd Civil War March Antony vs. Octavian – Split East and West Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – • Second Triumvirate – – – • Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus Riots after JC’s Funeral 3rd Civil War March Antony vs. Octavian – – Split East and West Octavian’s Propaganda War Octavian • Various Players after Caesar’s Death – – – • Second Triumvirate – – – • Conspirators/Liberators Marc Antony Octavian Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus Riots after JC’s Funeral 3rd Civil War March Antony vs. Octavian – – – – Split East and West Octavian’s Propaganda War 4th Civil War Ascension of Octavian FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E) Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war FC.31 FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (133-31 B.C.E.) Conserv. Sen. sees any reformer as a threat Rome’s problems of trying to rule its empire like a city-state (FC.30) Ind’s, infl. by Grk individualism pass new & disruptive reforms Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus use mob & rich Mid. class to pass reforms Killed in riots (133 & 121 B.C.E.) Germanic tribes, Cimbri & Teutones, destroy a Roman army Panic in Rome The few gen’ls with armies upset Sen. BOP Weakens Roman traditions & institutions (esp. Senate) Ital’s rebel to get citizenship Mithridates of Pontus attacks Romans in E. Marius recruits mob to create prof. army Beats Ger’s, but army is more loyal to gen’s than to Senate Sulla crushes Ital. Rev. Wins 1st Mithridatic War Wins civil war vs. Marius’ followers Reign of terror & then retires Pompey commands armies w/o 1st holding civil offices Conquers much of E. Medit. Rome grants all Italians citizenship Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Beats Pompey in 2nd Civil War Dictator Senate kills him (44 BCE) By 212 CE Rome will extend citizenship to all free men in empire (FC.34) Caesar’s nephew & heir, Octavian, & M. Antony win 3rd civil war, vs. Caesar’s assassins (42 B.C.E) Splits emp. w/Marc Defeats Antony & Cleopatra of Egypt (31 B.C.E) in 4th civil war Replaces senate’s power with 1-man rule known as Principate Era of the Roman Empire (FC. 32) Why Did the Republic Die? • Sallust’s Perspective Why Did the Republic Die? • Sallust’s Perspective – Moral Decay Why Did the Republic Die? • Sallust’s Perspective – • • • Moral Decay Rise of Generals Class Conflict and Urban Poor Empire Outgrows Republic
