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Chemical Signals in Animals Chemical Signals in Animals •A hormone is a chemical secreted into the blood (or other body fluids) that communicates a regulatory message •Secreted by endocrine glands (“ductless glands”) •May affect whole body or only target cells •Important for maintaining homeostasis. Chemical Signals in Animals •Nervous system and endocrine system are very closely interrelated •Some hormones are secreted by nerve cells •Some act as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Homeostasis Blood calcium level Homeostasis rises Blood calcium level Homeostasis rises Blood calcium level Homeostasis calcitonin rises Blood calcium level Homeostasis calcitonin rises lowers Blood calcium level Homeostasis calcitonin rises lowers Blood calcium level drops Homeostasis calcitonin rises lowers Blood calcium level drops Homeostasis calcitonin rises lowers Blood calcium level drops parathyroid hormone (PTH) Homeostasis calcitonin rises lowers Blood calcium level raises drops parathyroid hormone (PTH) Homeostasis insulin rises lowers Blood glucose level raises drops glucagon Homeostasis The thyroid makes thyroxin (T4), which controls metabolic rate and other functions. T4 Homeostasis Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is made by the anterior pituitary. TSH T4 Homeostasis TSH releasing hormone (TRH) is made by the hypothalamus. TRH TSH T4 Homeostasis A buildup of T4 signals the hypothalamus to stop making TRH. TRH TSH T4 Homeostasis A buildup of TSH does the same thing. TRH TSH T4 Hormonal Signals Some are local and affect only neighboring cells. These are broken down within seconds Tropic hormones affect other endocrine glands Pheromones affect other organisms Receptors can be on the cell surface or intracellular. Some Important Glands Hypothalamus & pituitary •Control of other glands, •Growth (GH) •Menstruation & lactation •Many other functions. Some Important Glands Pineal •Biological rhythms Thyroid & Parathyroid •Homeostasis (calcitonin & PTH) Pancreas •Blood glucose (insulin & glucagon). Some Important Glands Adrenal • Stress (epinephrine & norepinephrine) Gonadal •Androgens, estrogen, progestin. Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle hypothalamus follicle pituitary uterus menstruation POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle GnRH pituitary uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle GnRH FSH & LH pituitary uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen GnRH estrogen thickens FSH & LH pituitary uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen estrogen GnRH thickens FSH & LH pituitary uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen estrogen GnRH thickens FSH & LH pituitary uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen GnRH estrogen FSH & LH pituitary thickens uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen estrogen GnRH FSH & LH pituitary thickens uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen GnRH estrogen thickens FSH pituitary& LH uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen GnRH FSH pituitary& LH estrogen thickens uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen GnRH FSH pituitary& LH estrogen thickens uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus follicle estrogen estrogen GnRH FSH pituitary & LH thickens uterus POSITIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen Ovulation! estrogen GnRH FSH pituitary & LH thickens uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen corpus luteum estrogen GnRH FSH pituitary & LH uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen corpus luteum estrogen GnRH ovum FSH pituitary & LH uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen corpus luteum estrogen GnRH ovum FSH pituitary & LH uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen & progesterone corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone GnRH ovum FSH pituitary & LH uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone estrogen & progesterone GnRH FSH pituitary develops endometrium & LH ovum uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus Stop! corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone estrogen & progesterone GnRH FSH pituitary develops endometrium & LH ovum uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus Stop! corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone estrogen & progesterone GnRH FSH pituitary develops endometrium & LH ovum uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus Stop! corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone estrogen & progesterone GnRH FSH pituitary develops endometrium & LH ovum uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen & progesterone corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone GnRH ovum FSH pituitary & LH uterus NEGATIVE FEEDBACK hypothalamus estrogen & progesterone corpus luteum estrogen & progesterone GnRH ovum FSH pituitary & LH uterus menstruation BACK TO THE BEGINNING hypothalamus follicle GnRH pituitary uterus menstruation Vocabulary Review hormone endocrine target cells homeostasis calcitonin PTH insulin glucagon tropic hormone pheromone hypothalamus pituitary thyroid pancreas adrenal gonadal
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