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Microbiology 1: Microbial Metabolism (Ch 8)
© copyright 2013 Marta D. de Jesus
I. Metabolism - why study??
parts
1. anabolism
2. catabolism
ATP
II. Enzymes
A. enzyme structure
1. usually
2. sometimes not: ribozyme
3. holoenzyme
a. apoenzyme
b. cofactor
B. function
1. reaction catalysts
2. several thousand
3. substrate
4. product
C. mechanism(s)
1. active site
2. sequence
D. Factors influencing reactions
temperature
pH
substrate concentration
inhibitors
a. competitive
b. allosteric/non-competitive
5. controlled by:
a. negative feedback inhibition
b. gene expression on enzyme synthesis
E. enzyme names usually end in
III. Biological energy production
A. oxidation/reduction reactions (redox)
1. oxidation
2. reduction
3. coupled
4. used by cells
5. hydrogenation/dehydrogenation
C. ATP production
1. substrate-level phosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. photophosphorylation
4. last 2 require
IV. Glucose Catabolism
A. Overall
B. Very often this starts
= Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
1. most organisms
2. 9 steps
3. Energy-investment stage
Energy-conserving stage
4. net effect
5. bacterial alternatives
a. pentose-phosphate pathway
b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway
C. Fate of pyruvate
1. respiration
types
1) aerobic respiration
(i) transition/preparatory reaction
(ii) Krebs/Citric acid/TCA cycle
(iii) electron transport (ETC) in mitochondria
(iv) chemiosmosis
(v) summary
(vi) also occurs in aerobic-respiring bacteria
2) anaerobic respiration
2. fermentation
types
1) homolactic = homofermentative
2) alcoholic
3) others
V. Other Catabolic Pathways
VI. Biosynthesis = Anabolism
A. Photosynthesis
1. several kinds
a. Halobacterium (Archaea)
bacteriorhodopsin
b. green sulfur & purple sulfur bacteria
bacteriochlorophylls
c. cyanobacteria & photosynthetic eukaryotes (land plants & algae)
chlorophyll a
2. oxygenic PS in more detail
a. chloroplast anatomy & the 2 kinds of reactions
b. light dependent reactions
1) photosystems
PSI
PSII
2) non-cyclic photophosphorylation
3) cyclic photophosphorylation
4) arrangement in membrane
5) other light-harvesting pigments
c. light independent/dark reactions = Calvin-Benson cycle = carbon
fixation
RUBISCO
B. chemosynthesis
C. Other biosynthesis pathways
D. amphibolic pathways
Other resources on metabolism
Online Metabolic Maps
IUBMB-Nicholson Metabolic Maps, Minimaps & Animaps
http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/
More complex:
KEGG PATHWAY Database: Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions, and
relations http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html