Download Respiratory Anatomy

4/3/2016
Respiration
• Cardiopulmonary system
• Respiratory and conducting divisions
• Three processes
1. Breathing
2. Exchange of gases
3. Use of oxygen
Respiratory System
Part 1: Respiratory Anatomy
Respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
movement of air into and out
of the lungs
• External respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange between the lungs
and the blood
• Transport: O2 and CO2
in the blood
• Internal respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
Functional Anatomy
• Structures
– Nose
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Lungs
– Bronchial tree
– Pleurae
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system
Nose
• Functions
Nasal cavity
Nostril
–
–
–
–
–
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of
trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Right lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Resonating chamber for speech
Olfactory receptors
Left lung
Diaphragm
Figure 22.1
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Frontal bone
Epicranius,
frontal belly
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Root and
bridge of
nose
Maxillary bone
(frontal process)
Lateral process of
septal cartilage
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Minor alar cartilages
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Apex of nose
Naris (nostril)
Major alar
cartilages
Philtrum
(b) External skeletal framework
Figure 22.2a
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoid sinus
Figure 22.2b
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Uvula
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Isthmus of the
fauces
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
(c) Illustration
Larynx
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Hyoid bone
Figure 22.3c
Pharynx
• “Throat”
• Between internal nares and larynx
Transports air
• Three regions
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Transports air,
liquids and solids
(b) Regions of the pharynx
Figure 22.3b
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Thought Questions
Larynx
1. Name 2 functions of the nasal cavity.
2. Which pharyngeal region(s) would you
expect to find stratified squamous epithelium
and why?
• Cartilage framework
– Glottis
– Epiglottis
• Functions
1. Provides a patent airway
2. Routes air and food into proper channels
3. Sound production
Body of hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Arytenoid muscles
Cricothyroid ligament
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Cricoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Fatty pad
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal cartilages
Tracheal cartilages
(b) Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right
(a) Anterior superficial view
Figure 22.4a
Figure 22.4b
Sound Production
• Vocal folds
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
– Sound = vibration of folds
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
• Pitch
– Tension of the vocal cords
Glottis
• Loudness
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
– Air pressure
Corniculate cartilage
(a) Vocal folds in closed position;
closed glottis
(b) Vocal folds in open position;
open glottis
Figure 22.5
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Sound Production
Trachea
• Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal and sinus
cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
• Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of
the pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
• Windpipe
–From the larynx into the mediastinum
(membranous partition between the lungs)
• Smooth muscle and connective tissue
–C-shaped cartilage rings
Lungs
Posterior
• Left
Mucosa
Esophagus
– 2 lobes
• Right
Submucosa
Trachealis
muscle
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Lumen of
trachea
– 3 lobes
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus
Figure 22.6a
Trachea
Thymus
Lung
Intercostal
muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Lungs and Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Middle lobe
of right lung
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Lobar
(secondary)
bronchus
Segmental
(tertiary)
bronchus
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of left lung
Apex of lung
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Right middle lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Superior lobe
of right lung
Left
superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Cardiac notch
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Figure 22.10a
Figure 22.7
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Bronchial Tree
Bronchial Tree
• Trachea
Trachea
– Primary bronchi
Primary bronchi
• Right bronchus
Secondary bronchi
– Shorter
– Branches into 3 secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
• Left bronchus
Bronchioles
– Branches into 2 secondary bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory zone
(10%)
Alveoli
(90%)
Alveoli
• Gas exchange
• Large surface area + small diameter = high
surface tension
– Pulmonary surfactant
– Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveolar
pores
Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
(a)
(b)
Squamous epithelium with an elastic membrane
Figure 22.8a
Figure 22.8b
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Terminal bronchiole
Red blood
cell
Respiratory bronchiole
Nucleus of type I
(squamous
epithelial) cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
Type I cell
CO2
of alveolar wall
Alveolus
Macrophage
Endothelial cell nucleus
Smooth
muscle
Alveolus
Elastic
fibers
Capillary
Alveolar
epithelium
Fused basement
membranes of the
Respiratory alveolar epithelium
membrane
Red blood cell
and the capillary
in capillary
endothelium
Alveoli (gas-filled
Type II (surfactantCapillary
secreting) cell
air spaces)
endothelium
(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
Alveolus
Capillaries
(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
Figure 22.9a
Figure 22.9c
Pleurae
Pleurae
• Thin, double-layered serosa
• Three functions
– Parietal pleura
1.
2.
3.
4.
• Thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
– Visceral pleura
• External lung surface
• Pleural fluid
– Lubrication
Parietal Pleura
Reduction of friction
Pressure gradient
Compartmentalization
(Also cushioning and protection)
Visceral Pleura
Pleural Cavity
Fill in the blanks
External nares
Vertebra
Right lung
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Posterior
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
• Left pulmonary vein
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
___2___
secondary bronchi
___5____
_____6_______
Anterior
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs,
pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
nasal cavity
trachea
___1___
____3____
__4__ bronchi
terminal bronchioles Respiratory zone
___7___
Word bank: respiratory bronchioles, larynx, tertiary, alveoli, bronchioles,
primary bronchi, pharynx
Figure 22.10c
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