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Homo sapiens migrated to Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas from this continent: AFRICA Early humans ______________ to new environments by shaping simple tools and making clothing ADAPTED Early peoples were nomadic because: 1.They followed herds of animals 2. They searched for food, water and shelter Hunter gatherers lived in tribes or ____________ as they searched for meat, seeds and nuts. Hunter gatherers lived in tribes or ____________ as they searched for meat, seeds and nuts. CLANS CLANS Early humans developed “oral language” which means SPOKEN LANGUAGE Fire was created in the _____ Stone Age. OLD (Paleolithic) The first tools and simple weapons were made from: STONE! (the STONE AGE!!!) Oral language, clothing, cave art, fire use and simple weapons characterize the: OLD STONE AGE OR PALEOLITHIC Domesticated animals, weaving, settled farming, advanced tools and pottery characterize: THE NEW STONE AGE OR NEOLITHIC These scientists study past cultures by locating and analyzing artifacts and remains left by humans ARCHAEOLOGISTS Giant circle of stones in England in Neolithic Era probably used for religion STONEHENGE The early river valleys are often called the “Cradles of Civilization” Which early civilization was located along a narrow strip of land along the Nile in Africa? EGYPT Which civilization was located between the Tigris and Euphrates? MESOPOTAMIA Which civilization was located along the Indus and the Ganges? INDIA Which civilization was located on the Huang He (Hwang Ho) River ? CHINA People tended to settle in river valleys because: Water was available for irrigation Soils were rich for farming Physical features such as deserts and mountains provided a natural defense The name for the region located along the Mediterranean Coast connecting Mesopotamia and the Nile is known as the: FERTILE CRESCENT With surplus food, trade was promoted along rivers and seas. Surplus food also resulted in: 1.Food storage 2.Accounting systems to track food and farmers 3. City development 4. Growth of government to run the city Written language developed from pictograms. Egyptian writing was known as: HIEROGLYPHICS Sumerian or Mesopotamian writing / pictograms was known as: CUNEIFORM Examples of the technology of Ancient River civilizations include: 1. 2. 3. USE OF COPPER, BRONZE & IRON CHARIOTS FOR WARFARE PLOWS FOR FARMING The Ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods – this is known as: POLYTHEISM Independent city and surrounding lands (small kingdoms) CITY-STATES Government that is also in charge of religion THEOCRACY Social patterns in Early Civilizations dynasty, hierarchy (social classes), slavery was common Artisans focus on excelling in one craft SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR Location of the world’s first cities River & ocean trade routes Where the Persian Empire was built Central Asia and Mesopotamia Hebrews settled… Between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River Essential beliefs of the Jewish people include: One God (the 1st monotheistic religion). God’s covenant with the Hebrews as the chosen people. 10 Commandments as the moral and religious laws of conduct. The written record of the Hebrews that forms the basis of the Old Testament in Christianity is called the: TORAH This Hebrew led his tribe out of ancient Sumer to the Land of Goshen – he was considered a prophet. ABRAHAM This leader led the Hebrews out of Egypt and received the 10 Commandments: MOSES 4 contributions of Judaism to modern Western civilization include: Monotheism. 10 Commandments. Old Testament. All people equal before the law. Judaism is the basis of these other 2 major world religions Christianity Islam How Judaism was spread *Exile (Egypt and Babylon) *Diaspora (when the Persians freed them from Babylon) Location of Greece: Balkan Peninsula Europe Asia Minor What topographical feature led to the isolated development of city states instead of a unified empire? MOUNTAINS Although the climate was mild and some soils were good for grape, olive and wheat farming, Greeks had to: Trade for items they could not produce and COLONIZE The good harbors and merchant trade emphasis resulted in this for Ancient Greece: 1. Cultural diffusion 2. Technological advances With such a mild climate, Greeks congregated in the AGORA and: Engaged in civic and commercial activities. Ancient Greek religion was POLYTHEISTIC. True or False? TRUE!! What are the goals of Ancient Greek Religion? 1.To explain the mysteries of nature. 2. To explain life after death 4. To justify the unpredictability of human emotion King of the Greek Gods (and father of some humans like Hercules) ZEUS Patron goddess of Athens: ATHENA Rule by one person who may inherit power by family succession is known as: MONARCHY OLIGARCHY or Aristocracy involves rule by: A small group of nobles. Rule by a popular assembly in which the citizens may vote is known as : DEMOCRACY City-state with rigid social structure and militaristic society SPARTA Known for his epic poetry: HOMER What is the name of the building built in Athens after the destruction of the Persian Wars? THE PARTHENON Great Greek philosopher who introduced a new method of teaching by questioning and died from hemlock (poison): SOCRATES Author of the “Republic,” a work describing this philosopher’s idea of rule by wise and ethical Philosopher Kings PLATO An accomplished scientist as well as a great philosopher, this man favored a government in which there was a separation of powers: ARISTOTLE Macedonia is located __________ of Greece. NORTH The Macedonian who conquered most of Greece and his son: Philip II and Alexander Alexander’s empire and the influence of Greek culture extended as far as this river valley in the East THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY The primary language spoken in Alexander’s Empire: GREEK T or F: The people of Egypt, Mesopotamia and India were not influenced by Greek culture and art. FALSE!! The Italian Peninsula was a natural crossroads for the following activities: 1. Trade 2. Cultural exchange 3. Conquest This mountain system to the north provided Italy with a natural protection from invaders: The Alps Integral to Ancient Rome’s culture, politics and art was this polytheistic religion: Roman mythology While western culture adopted many of the Roman symbols and images, the Romans adopted THEIR religious ideas from: The ancient Greeks Roman god of the sea: Neptune Roman Sun god Apollo The three social classes of the Roman Republic included: 1. Patricians 2. Plebeians 3. Slaves The Roman nobility who were few in number were called: Patricians The majority of the population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants and small farmers were called: Plebeians This brilliant Roman general led the conquest of Gaul (France) as well as the British Isles: Julius Caesar 3 good economic impacts of the Roman Empire: 1. 2. 3. Uniform coinage to enhance trade. Guaranteed safe travel on Roman roads. Prosperity and stability. The Christian faith is based on the teachings of: Jesus Christ 5 major Christian beliefs include: One God Jesus as son of God. Life after death. Church recognition of all who believe. All people are equal before God. Christianity was spread by the writings and teachings of: Apostles and other missionaries. One of the reasons the Christians were persecuted in the Roman Empire was: They were MONOTHEISTIC and refused to acknowledge the Emperor as god. This Roman emperor ended the persecution of Christians when he converted to Christianity and made it the official faith of the Roman Empire: CONSTANTINE Christianity has its origins in this earlier faith: JUDAISM The leader of the Roman Catholic Church is the bishop of Rome or the: POPE Major Roman architectural achievements included: (1) The great arena (2) the temple to all gods and (3) the city center around which govt. offices were built: •Colosseum •Pantheon •Forum Roman technological improvements in transportation and water carrying included: Roads Aqueducts Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish and French are based upon this root language: LATIN Ptolemy was a scientist of the Roman Era who believed the universe was GEOCENTRIC, meaning? EARTH Centered The Byzantine emperor Justinian was known for: 1. The Code of Justinian 2. Expansion of empire T or F. The Code of Justinian provided justice for a diversity of peoples in the Byzantine Empire. TRUE T or F. Justinian’s Code provides the basis for European law codes. TRUE The most common language spoken in the Byzantine Empire was: Greek Armies from Asia that invaded Russia, China and Muslim states, creating an empire MONGOLS The name of the nomads in the Arabian Peninsula: The Bedouins The Holy Book of Islam is known as the: Qur’an (Koran) The last great prophet according to Islamic tradition: Muhammad The following three prophets were accepted as part of the Islamic belief from Jewish and Christian tradition: Abraham Moses Jesus T or F: The Islamic faith is polytheistic. FALSE – There is but one true God. THE FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH: Profession of faith: “There is no god but God and Muhammad is his prophet” Daily prayers Alms to the poor Fast during the month of Ramadan Make a pilgrimage to Mecca Muslim conquest of lands in Syria and Palestine sparked this reaction from Christians: A call for CRUSADES to regain the Holy Lands (9) This is the name for the system that arose in the Middle Ages to provide security and protection on a local level: FEUDALISM A lord gave land to a vassal in exchange for: 1. Military service 2. A percentage of crops 3. Administration of courts 4. Fee collection The origin of serfdom in which people are bound to work the land for a particular landowner is: The Roman Latifundia and Slavery system. This was the name for the stable, self-sufficient economic system in the Middle Ages: The Manor The 3 major classes in the Middle Ages with their separate roles: 1. The Clergy – spiritual guidance 2. The Nobles – protection and justice 3. The Peasants – agricultural labor Typically, the nobles attained their tiles and lands in this manner: Inheritance With his Carolingian Renaissance, this king emphasized learning, Christianity and revived Roman culture: Charlemagne St. Benedict is a founder of a: Monastery Monks were engaged in illumination and copying of ancient manuscripts and helped to preserve secular works from ancient: Greece and Rome The Latin alphabet and the Christian faith were carried to the Germanic tribes and the Celts by ________________ Missionaries English king who united most of Medieval England after he successfully conquered it William the Conqueror English king forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta which limited the kings powers KING JOHN Peasant girl turned soldier who unified France during the 100 Years’ War JOAN OF ARC Spanish monarchs who unified Spain as a Christian nation by kicking out Jews and Muslim Moors Ferdinand & Isabella *Population declined *scarce labor *decline of feudalism *Church loses influence *trade decreased Results of the Black Death In order to assert their dominance over the Indus Civilization, Aryan invaders instituted the: CASTE SYSTEM (Varna) What religious tradition supported the Caste System? HINDUISM Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of _______________ BUDDHISM One thing that Gautama criticized was the: CASTE SYSTEM Following the 4 Noble Truths and the 8 Fold Path will help one to reach: NIRVANA (or enlightenment) India is the birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism, what is the faith introduced from the West that is still popular in Pakistan today? ISLAM The Doctrine of Rebirth in Hinduism is known as REINCARNATION Sacred of writings of Hinduism – collection of songs, prayers VEDAS Some physical barriers to India include: 1. HIMALAYAS 2. HINDU KUSH 3. OCEAN BARRIERS Confucius emphasized the following ideas: Respect for elders Importance of Education (Civil Service Exams) Dedication to fulfilling duty in life to government and society China was connected to the Western world (including Rome!) via the: SILK ROAD (a trade route over land) Migratory invaders threatened China’s northern borders leading to the construction of: THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA This religion was introduced to Japan from China and Korea: Buddhism The following are examples of Chinese cultural influence: 1. 2. 3. 4. Confucianism Art architecture writing Chain or group of islands, such as Japan archipelago The Mayan civilization was located in: Mexico and Central America (Guatemala) The Maya and Aztec had their economies based upon both: Agriculture and trade The Maya built magnificent ____________ and were polytheistic. pyramids The Aztec Empire was based in Central Mexico at Tenochtitlan (agricultural city) The Aztec were ruled by an: Emperor The Aztec were known for their polytheistic religion and gained sacrificial victims through: Warfare Empire located in the Andes Mountains of South America INCAN Four common cultural characteristics of Central American civilizations were: Writing Calendar Pyramids polytheism trade route at #1= Silk Road trade route at #2 = China to SE Asia (cultural diffusion by conquest) trade route at #3 = trade b/w Egypt and Mesopotamia trade route at #4 = Africa to India Trans-Saharan trade route (gold was traded for Sahara Desert salt from the north) Mediterranean Trade Network: western European water trade (links to Africa and Asia, important in the Renaissance) Rebirth of the Greek and Roman classical ideals in Italy RENAISSANCE Why the Renaissance started in Italy Europe had become wealthy from trade with the Middle East. About 1/3 of the population of England and France was killed as a result of: THE BLACK DEATH Some of the beneficial effects of the Black Death included: Serfdom was eliminated due to the scarcity of labor Towns grew Church influence declined Capitalism began to flourish The important banking family in Italy was: THE MEDICI “Mona Lisa” and the “Last Supper” are by: LEONARDO DE VINCI The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David are by: MICHELANGELO Father of humanism and writer of Sonnets PETRARCH What invention helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation? GUTENBERG’S PRINTING PRESS