Download Types of Synovial Joints

Chapter 8
Joints of the
Skeletal System
D- Anatomy and
Physiology
1
8.1: Introduction
• Are known as articulations
• Functional junctions between bones
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
2
8.2: Classification of Joints
• (1) Fibrous joints
• Dense connective tissues
connect bones
• Between bones in close contact
• (2) Cartilaginous joints
• Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
connect bones
• These joints are also known as:
• Synarthrotic joints
• Considered immovable
• Amphiarthrotic joints
• Slightly movable
• Diarthrotic joints
• Freely movable
• (3) Synovial joints
• Most complex
• Allow free movement
3
Fibrous Joints
• There are three (3) types of fibrous joints:
• Syndesmosis
• Suture
• Gomphosis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interosseus
membrane
of leg
• Syndesmosis:
• A sheet or bundle of fibrous
tissue connecting bones
• Lies between tibia and fibula
(interosseous membrane)
•amphiarthrotic
Fibula
Anterior
tibiofibular
ligament
(interosseus
ligament)
Tibia
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
4
Fibrous Joints
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Suture:
• Between flat bones
• See teeth-like projections
• Thin layer of connective
tissue connects bones
• Skull
• synarthroses
Parietal
bone
Margin of
suture
Sutural
bones
Suture
Occipital
bone
(a)
• Gomphosis:
• Cone-shaped bony process in a
socket
• Tooth in jawbone
• synarthroses
(b)
Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Crown of
tooth
Alveolar
process of
mandible
Periodontal
ligament
Root of
tooth
5
Cartilaginous Joints
• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (synarthroses):
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis
First rib
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thoracic
vertebra
Costal cartilage
• Synchondrosis:
Manubrium
• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite
bones
• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)
• Between manubrium and the
first rib (costal cartilages)
6
Cartilaginous Joints
• Symphysis:
• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• Pubic symphysis
• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gelatinous
core
Spinous process
Band of
fibrocartilage
Body of
vertebra
Pubis
Intervertebral
discs
7
Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis
(a)
(b)
8.3: General Structure of a
Synovial Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Synovial joints are freely moveable
(diarthroses)
• There are specific parts of a
diarthroses:
• Articular cartilage
• Joint cavity
• Joint capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid
• Meniscus
Joint cavity
filled with
• Bursae
synovial
• Accessory ligaments
fluid
Spongy
bone
Joint
capsule
Articular
cartilage
Synovial
membrane
8
Types of Synovial Joints
• Pivot Joint
• Between atlas (C1) and
the dens of axis (C2)
• Hinge Joint
• Elbow joint
• Between phalanges
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dens
Transverse
ligament
Humerus
Radius
Atlas
Axis
Ulna
(e) Pivot joint
(d) Hinge joint
9
Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle Joint
• Between carpal and 1st
metacarpal (of thumb)
• Condylar Joint
• Between metacarpals and
phalanges
• Between radius and carpals
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Metacarpal
First
metacarpal
Trapezium
Phalanx
(f) Saddle
joint
(b) Condylar joint
10
Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Gliding Joint
• Hip joint
• Shoulder joint
• Between carpals
• Between tarsals
• Between facets of
adjacent vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hip bone
Head of femur
in acetabulum
Femur
Carpals
(a) Ball-and-socket
joint
(c) Plane
joint
11
Types of Joint Movements
• Abduction/adduction
• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
• Flexion/extension/hyperextension
• Lateral flexion
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
Abduction
Extension
Adduction
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
12
Types of Joint Movements
• Rotation
• Circumduction
• Supination/pronation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Circumduction
Supination
Medial
rotation
Lateral
rotation
Pronation
13
© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
Types of Joint Movements
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Eversion/inversion
• Protraction/retraction
• Elevation/depression
Inversion
Eversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
14
© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
Shoulder Joint
• Ball-and-socket
• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity
of scapula
• Loose joint capsule
• Bursae
• Ligaments prevent displacement
• Very wide range of movement
(circumduction)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Clavicle
Acromion process
Subdeltoid bursa
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Humerus
Articular cartilage
Scapula
(a)
15
Shoulder Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Joint capsule
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Joint cavity
Head of humerus
Articular cartilage
Scapula
Coracohumeral
ligament
Acromion process
Clavicle
Coracoid
process
Joint
capsule
Clavicle Coracoid
process
Acromion
process
Subscapular
bursa
Transverse
humeral
ligament
Glenohumeral
ligaments
Tendon of
biceps
brachii
(long head)
Glenoid
labrum
Glenoid cavity
Humerus
Articular capsule
(glenohumeral
ligaments hidden)
Humerus
(a)
Scapula
Scapula
Triceps
brachii
(long head)
(b)
16
(b)
© Paul Reimann
Elbow Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Hinge joint
• Trochlea of humerus
• Trochlear notch of ulna
Humerus
Joint capsule
• Gliding joint
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
• Capitulum of humerus
• Head of radius
Articular cartilage
• Flexion and extension
• Many reinforcing ligaments
• Stable joint
Coronoid process
Anular
ligament
Radius
Ulna
(a)
Olecranon
process
Trochlea
17
Elbow Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Humerus
Humerus
Tendon of biceps
brachii muscle
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Radius
Anular ligament
Anular ligament
Radius
Ulna
(a)
Coronoid process
Ulnar collateral ligament
Olecranon process
Ulna
Radial collateral ligament
(b)
18
Hip Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Ball-and-socket joint
• Head of femur and acetabulum of
coxa
• Heavy joint capsule
• Many reinforcing ligaments
• Less freedom of movement than
shoulder joint
• Circumduction
Hip bone
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Ligamentum capitis
Joint capsule
Femur
(a)
19
Hip Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hip bone
Ilium
Ilium
Articular
cartilage
Joint cavity
Head of femur
Joint capsule
Pubofemoral
ligament
Iliofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Pubis
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Femur
Ischium
Femur
(a)
Lesser
trochanter
Femur
(b)
(b)
© Paul Reimann
20
Knee Joint
• Largest joint
• Most complex
• Medial and lateral condyles of distal
end of femur and
• Medial and lateral condyles of
proximal end of tibia and
• Femur articulates anteriorly with
patella
• Strengthened by many ligaments and
tendons
• Menisci separate femur and tibia
• Bursae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Femur
Synovial membrane
Suprapatellar bursa
Quadriceps femoris tendon
(patellar tendon)
Patella
Prepatellar bursa
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Patellar ligament
Menisci
Infrapatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Tibia
(a)
21
Knee Joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Femur
Tendon of
adductor
magnus (cut)
Femur
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Femur
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Lateral condyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral meniscus
Articular
cartilage
Lateral
condyle
Head of fibula
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Lateral
condyle
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Fibula
(a)
(b)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Medial
meniscus
Medial
condyle
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Patellar
ligament
(cut)
Joint
capsule
Plantaris
muscle
(cut)
Oblique
popliteal
ligament
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Arcuate
popliteal
ligament
Fibula
Gastrocnemius
muscle
(cut)
Tendon of
semimembranosus
(cut)
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Popliteus
muscle
cut)
Tibia
(b)
© Paul Reimann
22
8.7: Lifespan Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime
• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and
decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs)
• Synovial joints lose elasticity
• Disuse hampers the blood supply
• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer
23