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UNIT 3 BIOLOGY
NOTE: This list has been compiled based on the topics covered in the 2016 Master Class
program. Once all of the 2017 Biology program materials have been finalised, this summary
will be updated to reflect any topic changes that have come into effect with the introduction
of the new Study Design.
Unit 3 Biology Study Design 2006-2016
Unit 3: Signatures of Life
Area of Study 1: Molecules of Life
Conducting Controlled Experiments
The Practical Report
Safe Practice
Major Molecules in Organisms
Water
Organisation of Life
Organic Molecules
Properties of Major Types of Macromolecules
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Trans Fats and Premature Death
Phospholipids
Fluidity of Membranes
Waxes
Steroids
Glycolipids
Proteins
Protein Structure
Different Levels of Protein Structure
Globular and Fibrous Proteins
Functions of Proteins
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Genes
RNA
Synthesis of DNA
The Roles of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Three-Base Sequence Terminology
Translation
The Effect of Mutations on Proteins
Proteomics
Cell Theory
Cells
Cell Size
Microscopes
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
The Five Kingdoms
Organelles
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Cell Connections
Example of an Animal Cell
Example of a Plant Cell
The Cell Factory Flow Chart
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Cell Specialisation/Differentiation
Cell Reproduction (Binary Fission and Mitosis)
Structure of Cell Membranes
Fluid Mosaic Model
Movement of Substances Across Membranes
Movement of Substances In and Out of Cells
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Larger Molecules and the Cell Membrane
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Enzymes
Endergonic (Anabolic) and Exergonic (Catabolic) Reactions
Enzyme Action – Induced Fit or Lock and Key?
Activation Energy
Factors Affecting Enzyme Function
Human Use of Enzymes
A Reminder About Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
Acquiring Nutrients
Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria
Energy
Aerobic Respiration
Cellular Respiration Overview
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Summary
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic versus Anaerobic Respiration
Roles of Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions in Respiration
Photosynthesis (Endergonic Reaction)
Absorption of Light by Chlorophylls and Other Pigments
Chloroplasts
Light Dependant and Light Independent Reactions
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Area of Study 2: Detecting and Responding
Internal Environment and Homeostasis
Homeostasis and Unicellular Organisms
Homeostasis and Multicellular Organisms
Stimulus-Response Model
The Feedback Response
Hormones and other Chemical Messengers
Local and Long Distance Cell Communication
Chemical Nature of Hormones
Cell Signalling
Signal Transduction
Functioning of a G Protein-Linked Receptor
The Action of Adrenalin
First and Second Messengers
Functioning of a Steroid Hormone Receptor
Water Soluble versus Lipid Soluble Hormones – Summary
A Longer Overview of the Differing Actions of Protein/Peptide and Steroid Hormones
Example of Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Glucose
Insulin and Glucagon
Signal Transduction – Blood Glucose Regulation
Diabetes
Antelopes and the Deadly Acacias
Cholera and the G Protein
Viagra and the G Protein
Length of Responses from the Action of Signal Molecules
Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands
Pheromones
The Nervous System
Central NS, Peripheral NS
Neuron Structure
Types of Neurons
Myelin
Nerves
The Action Potential (Impulse)
Synapses
The Neuromuscular Junction
Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons
Action of Animal Toxins on the Nervous System
Effects of Drugs and Poisons on Synaptic Function
Major Neurotransmitters
Action of Psychoactive Drugs at the Synapse
The Brain
Reflex Arcs
Plant Signal Molecules
Comparison of Coordination Systems – Nervous System vs. Hormonal System
Another Example of Homeostatic Control – Temperature Control in Animals
Disease
History of Disease
Disease Definitions
Features of a Disease
Transmission of Disease
Non-Cellular Pathogens
Prions
Viruses
Viral Life Cycles
HIV (AIDS)
Epidemics and Pandemics
Viroids
Cellular Pathogens
Bacteria
Human Control of Microbial Pathogens
Antibiotics
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Protozoa (Protists)
Fungi
Macroscopic Pathogens – Arthropods and Worms
Vascular Plants
Adaptations of Pathogens
Review – Modes of Pathogen Transmission
Defence Against Disease
The First Line of Defence: Non-Specific
Distinguishing Self from Non-Self
Source of Blood Cells
The Second Line of Defence: Non-Specific
Phagocytes and Associates
Complement
Interferon
Inflammation
Temperature Response
Clotting of Blood
The Lymphatic System
The Third Line of Defence
Primary Response
Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Types of Antibodies
Secondary Immune Response
ABO Antigens
Transplant Rejection
Rhesus Disease
Vaccines (Artificial Immunity)
Types of Vaccines
Acquired Immunity
Autoimmune Diseases
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Gene Therapy for SCID
Allergies
Plant Defence Systems
Games Pathogens Play
Rational Drug Design
Monoclonal Antibodies