Download Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Devices

Integrated Circuits
and Semiconductor Devices
Theory and Application
Gordon J. Deboo
Clifford N. Burrous
NASA/Ames Research Center, California
West Valley College, Saratoga, California
Nachrichtentechnische Bibliothek
der Techn. Hochschuls Darmstadt
McGraw-Hill Book Company
New York St. Louis San Francisco
Diisseldorf Johannesburg Kuala Lumpur
London Mexico Montreal
New Delhi
Panama
Rio de Janeiro
Singapore Sydney Toronto
Contents
PREFACE
v
I FIELD EFFECT DEVICES
Chapter 1 Junction Field Effect Transistors
1-1 Introduction
1-2 Theory of operation
1-3 JFET parameters
1-3-1 Notation
1-3-2 Definitions
1-3-3 Parameter interrelationships
1-4 Biasing
1-4-1 Biasing for small-signal amplifiers
1-4-2 Biasing for zero temperature coefficient
1-4-3 Bootstrapping the bias resistor
1-5 Small-signal JFET amplifiers
1-5-1 Single-stage amplifiers
1-5-2 JFET bipolar combinations
2
2
4
11
11
12
19
21
21
24
27
29
29
40
ix
CONTENTS
X
1-5-3 JFETs and operational amplifiers
1-5-4 Noise considerations in using JFETs
1-6 Nonlinear JFET circuits
1-6-1 JFETs as switches
1-6-2 JFETs as choppers
1-6-3 JFETs as voltage-controlled resistors
1-6-4 JFETs as squarers
1-7 Comparison of n- and p-channel JFETs
1-8 Tetrode JFETs
Problems
References
Chapter 2
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
2-1 Introduction
2-2 Theory of operation of the MOSFET
2-2-1 MOSFET fabrication and operation
2-2-2 Gate breakdown
2-2-3 Turn-on voltage instability
2-2-4 MOSFET symbols
2-3 MOSFET parameters
2-4 Biasing
2-5 Circuits taking advantage of special MOSFET characteristics
2-5-1 MOSFETs as load resistors
2-5-2 Electrometers
2-5-3 Amplifiers for signals from high source impedances
2-5-4 MOSFETs as choppers
2-5-5 The MOSFET at high frequencies
2-6 MOSFETs in integrated circuits
2-7 MOSFET, JFET, and bipolar transistor comparison
Problems
References
II
44
46
50
50
52
53
55
57
57
58
61
63
63
65
65
69
70
70
71
74
76
76
78
81
82
83
84
86
88
89
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Chapter 3 Linear Integrated Circuits
3-1 Introduction
3-2 Integrated circuit fabrication
3-3 Circuit design for linear integrated circuits
3-3-1 General considerations
3-3-2 Level shifting
3-3-3 Capacitance multipliers
3-3-4 Current sources
3-3-5 Bypassing without capacitors
95
95/
97
104
104
108
109
110
110
CONTENTS
3-3-6 Capacity neutralization
3-3-7 Phase splitters
3-3-8 Filters
3-3-9 Pinch resistors
3-3-10 Transistor diodes
3-3-11 Integrated circuit pnp transistors
3-4 Transistor duals
3-4-1 The Darlington amplifier
3-4-2 Complementary pairs
3-4-3 FET bipolar combinations
3-4-4 Differential pairs
3-5 Temperature-stabilized DC amplifiers
3-6 Low-frequency integrated circuits
3-6-1 Audio amplifiers
3-6-2 Miscellaneous low-frequency amplifiers
3-7 High-frequency integrated circuits
3-7-1 Video amplifiers
3-7-2 Intermediate frequency (IF) amplifiers
3-7-3 RF amplifiers
3-7-4 Miscellaneous high-frequency linear integrated circuits
3-8 Monolithic voltage regulators
3-9 Integrated circuit multipliers
3-10 Miscellaneous comments on linear integrated circuits
3-10-1 A linear integrated circuit "breadboard"
3-10-2 Computer-aided design
Problems
References
Chapter 4 Operational Amplifiers
4-1 Introduction
4-2 The ideal operational amplifier
4-3 Analysis of operational amplifier circuits
4-3-1 The comparator
4-3-2 The voltage follower
4-3-3 The inverting amplifier
4-3-4 The noninverting amplifier
4-3-5 The summing amplifier
4-3-6 The subtracting amplifier
4-3-7 The integrator
<~
4-3-8 The differentiator
4-3-9 Constant-amplitude phase shifter
4-3-10 i?C-active filters
4-3-11 Linear rectifier
xi
111
112
113
115
115
116
117
117
119
120
122
125
128
128
129
130
130
132
] 33
134
134
136
139
139
141
142
143
147
147
149
154
154
155
156
157 /
158
158
160
160
161
162
164
CONTENTS
xii
4-4
Nonideal operational amplifiers
4-4-1 Effect of finite open-loop gain
4-4-2 Effect of finite bandwidth
4-4-3 Effect of finite input resistance
4-4-4 Effect of nonzero output resistance
4-4-5 Effect of offset and drift
4-4-6 Effects of noise
4-5 Types of operational amplifier available
4-5-1 General-purpose bipolar transistor types
4-5-2 FET types
4-5-3 Wideband types
4-5-4 Integrated circuit types
4-5-5 Chopper-stabilized types
4-5-6 Varactor types
4-6 Miscellaneous operational amplifier circuits
4-6-1 Offset cancellation
4-6-2 Multiple inputs
4-6-3 Differentiator noise
4-6-4 Integrator drift
4-6-5 Nonlinear function generators
4-6-6 Logarithmic amplifiers
4-6-7 The Gyrator
4-6-8 Operational amplifier pulse circuits
4-7 Summary of operational amplifier formulas
4-7-1 Summary of inverting amplifier formulas
4-7-2 Summary of noninverting amplifier formulas
4-8 Analysis of operational amplifiers by inspection
Problems
References
Chapter 5
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
Digital Integrated Circuits
Introduction
Basic building blocks
Integrated circuit logic
Integrated circuit memories
5-4-1 Introduction
5-4-2 Integrated circuit cells
5-4-3 Applications particularly suited to the use of integrated
circuit memories
5-5 Subsystems—medium-scale integration
5-5-1 Introduction
5-5-2 Counters (and decoders)
5-5-3 Shift registers and special counters
165
166
169
175
177
179
183
185
186
187
187
190
193
195
195
195
197
198
199
199
200
201
203
204
205
206
206
207
213
214
214
216
233
245
/ 245
248
251
254
254
255
261
CONTENTS
xiii
5-5-4 Arithmetic operations
5-5-5 Digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion
5-6 MOS—large-scale integration
5-7 Applications
Problems
References
265
272
277
282
289
290
III OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
Chapter 6 Photodetectors
6-1 Basic physics of light
6-2 Basic photodetector parameters
6-3 Multiplier phototubes
6-4 Bulk photoconductors
6-5 Photodiodes
6-6 Avalanche photodiodes
6-7 Solar cells
6-8 Phototransistors
6-9 Photo-field effect transistors
6-10 Photothyristors
6-11 Infrared detectors
6-12 Ultraviolet detectors
6-13 Photodetector comparisons
6-14 Special photodetectors
Problems
References
Chapter 7
Light Sources and Miscellaneous Optoelectronic Devices
7-1 Light sources
7-1-1 Natural light sources
7-1-2 Incandescent lamps
7-1-3 Gas discharge lamps
7-1-4 Light-emitting diodes
7-1-5 Gas and ruby lasers
7-1-6 Semiconductor injection lasers
7-2 Source-detector combinations (photon-coupled pairs)
7-2-1 Lamp-bulk-photoconductor combinations
7-2-2 Light-emitting diode—photodiode combinations
7-2-3 Photopotentiometers
7-2-4 Photochoppers
7-3 Miscellaneous optoelectronic devices
7-3-1 Synchronous amplifiers (lock-in techniques)
7-3-2 Ambient light reduction methods
295
,
295
305
306
308
315
326
328
332
337
341
342
352
355
358
364
368
370
370
370
371
378
382
390
397
399
400
402
406
407
408
408
411
CONTENTS
7-3-3 Other light sources
7-3-4 Windows
7-3-5 Optical filters
7-3-6 Lenses and mirrors
7-3-7 Fiber optics
7-3-8 Prisms and diffraction gratings
Problems
References
411
412
413
414
416
417
420
421
IV THYRISTORS
Chapter 8 Thyristors
8-1 Introduction—the thyristor family
8-2 Silicon-controlled rectifiers
8-2-1 SCR theory of operation
8-2-2 SCR characteristics and ratings
8-2-3 SCR triggering and turn-off methods
8-2-4 SCR power conversion circuits
8-2-5 SCR replacements for electromechanical devices
8-2-6 SCR motor speed control
8-2-7 SCR logic circuits
8-3 The Triac (bidirectional triode thyristor)
8-3-1 Triac theory of operation
8-3-2 Triac characteristics, ratings, and nomenclature
8-3-3 Triac triggering and turn-off methods
8-3-4 Triac circuits
8-4 Other thyristors
Problems
References
V
424
424
431
431
434
450
459
462
475
478
480
481
482
484
488
492
498
500
MISCELLANEOUS SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Chapter 9 Unijunction Transistors
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Basic theory of operation
9-3 Nomenclature, characteristics, and structures
9-4 The UJT relaxation oscillator
9-5 UJT thyristor trigger circuits
9-6 Complementary, programmable, and matched unijunction transistors
9-7 Miscellaneous UJT circuits
9-8 UJT Formulas
Problems
References
506
506
507
510
513
529
535
545
547
549
551
xv
CONTENTS
Chapter 10 Miscellaneous Semiconductor Devices
10-1 Introduction
r
10-2 Rectifier diodes
10-3 Zener diodes
10-4 Voltage-variable capacitance diodes
10-5 Thermistors
Problems
References
Appendix A Basic Semiconductor Physics and pn-junction Theory
A-l Basic semiconductor physics
A-2 The pn junction
A-3 Two junction devices
References
Appendix B
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
Bipolar Transistors
Introduction
Characteristics
Biasing
Amplifier configurations
Equivalent circuits
B-5-1 Introduction
B-5-2 h parameters
B-5-3 Hybrid-pi equivalent circuit
B-6 Some useful approximations
INDEX
553
553
554
558
565
570
586
588
589
589
598
601
603
604
604
609
614
618
620
620
621
632
639
6«9