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Transcript 
POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
UNIT 1
2
Molecular Interactions
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FOURTH EDITION
About this Chapter
 Atoms, ions, and molecules
 Types of chemical bonds
 Biomolecules
 Solutions, concentrations, and pH
 Protein interactions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atoms
 Structure of an atom
 Protons
 Electrons
 Neutrons
 Nucleus
 Electron orbitals or shells
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Elements
 Essential
 Trace
 Atomic number
 Atomic mass
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes
 Isotopes vary in mass
 Neutrons
 Radioisotopes
 Unstable nuclei
 Emit energy  radiation
 Medical uses as tracers
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ions
 Ions are charged atoms
 Cations
 Positively charged (+)
 Anions
 Negatively charged (-)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atoms, Elements, Ions, and Isotopes
A map showing the relationship among atoms,
elements, ions, and isotopes
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-1
Four Primary Roles of Electrons
 Covalent bonds
 Ions
 High-energy electrons
 Free radicals
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecules and Compounds
 Bonds capture energy
 Bonds link atoms
 Molecules versus compounds
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecules and Compounds
Shared electrons in the outer shells of atoms form
covalent bonds
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Figure 2-2b
Types of Chemical Bonds
 Covalent
 Polar versus nonpolar
 Ionic
 Hydrogen
 Van der Waals
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-3
Covalent and Ionic Bonds
 Covalent bonds
 Share a pair of electrons
 Ionic bonds
 Transfer an electron
 Opposite charges attract
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Covalent and Ionic Bonds
Ions and ionic bonds
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-4 (1 of 3)
Covalent and Ionic
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Figure 2-4 (2 of 3)
Covalent and Ionic
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-4 (3 of 3)
Ionic Bonds and Ions
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Hydrogen and Van der Waals
 Hydrogen bonds
 Weak and partial
 Water surface tension
 Van der Waals forces
 Weak and nonspecific
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen and Van der Waals
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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Figure 2-5a
Hydrogen and Van der Waals
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Figure 2-5b
Molecular Shape and Function
 Molecular bonds
 Covalent
 Weak
 Chemical formula
 Functional groups
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molecular Shape and Function
Chemical structures and formulas of some biological
molecules
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Figure 2-6b
Functional Groups
 Direct reactivity of a molecule
 Common examples in biosystems
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Functional Groups
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Types of Biomolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleotides and nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
 Most abundant
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Simple
 Monosaccharides (glucose, ribose)
 Complex
 Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
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Figure 2-7 (1 of 3)
Carbohydrates
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Figure 2-7 (2 of 3)
Carbohydrates
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Figure 2-7 (3 of 3)
Lipids
 Carbon and hydrogen (little oxygen)
 Structurally diverse
 Eicosanoids
 Steroids
 Phospholipids
 Triglycerides
 Glycerol
 Fatty acid chains
 Saturated and unsaturated
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules
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Figure 2-8 (1 of 5)
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules
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Figure 2-8 (2 of 5)
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-8 (3 of 5)
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules
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Figure 2-8 (4 of 5)
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules
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Figure 2-8 (5 of 5)
Proteins
 Amino acids
 Essential
 Amino group
 Acid group
 Protein structure
 Polypeptides
 Primary through quaternary
 Most versatile
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Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
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Figure 2-9 (1 of 6)
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
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Figure 2-9 (2 of 6)
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
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Figure 2-9 (3 of 6)
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-9 (4 of 6)
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
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Figure 2-9 (5 of 6)
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules
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Figure 2-9 (6 of 6)
Proteins
 Fibrous
 Globular
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-10
Combination Biomolecules
 Lipoproteins
 Blood transport molecules
 Glycoproteins
 Membrane structure
 Glycolipids
 Membrane receptors
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
 Composition
 Base, sugar, and phosphate(s)
 Transmit and store
 Information (genetic code)
 Energy transfer molecules
 ATP, cAMP, NAD, and FAD
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Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
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Figure 2-12a–b
Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
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Figure 2-12c–d
Aqueous Solutions
 Aqueous
 Water-based
 Solution
 Solute dissolves in solvent
 Solubility
 Ease of dissolving
 Hydrophobic
 Hydrophilic
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Aqueous Solubility
Sodium chloride dissolves in water
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-14
Concentrations
 Amount of solute in a solution
 Mole
 6.02  1023 units of substance
 Molarity
 One mole in one liter
 Equivalents
 Molarity multiplied by charge
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concentrations
 Weight /volume
 Grams solute/ml solvent
 Volume/volume
 Percent solution
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
 Acid
 Contributes H+ to solution
 Base
 Decreases H+ in solution
 pH
 - log [H+]
 Buffer minimizes changes of pH
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
pH scale
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Figure 2-15
Protein Interactions
 Soluble and insoluble
 Binding
 Selectivity
 Specificity
 Affinity
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Selective Binding: Induced-Fit Model
The induced-fit model of protein-ligand binding
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-16
Factors that Affect Affinity
 Isoforms
 Activation
 Cofactors
 Lysis
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Figure 2-18
Modulators Alter Binding or Activity
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Competitive Inhibition
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Figure 2-19
Allosteric Modulation
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Figure 2-20a
Allosteric Modulation
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Figure 2-20b
Physical Regulators
 Temperature
 pH
 Concentration of protein
 Concentration of ligand
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary
 Atoms in review
 Four types of chemical bonds
 Four kinds of biomolecules
 Aqueous solutions and pH
 Proteins in focus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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