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Types of Body Movements
§ Flexion
§ Decreases the angle of the joint
§ Brings two bones closer together
§ Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow)
or ball-and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
§ Extension
§ Opposite of flexion
§ Increases angle between two bones
§ Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
§ Extension beyond 180° is hyperextension
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Figure 6.13a Body movements.
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Extension
(a) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the shoulder and knee
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Figure 6.13b Body movements.
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
(b) Flexion, extension,
and hyperextension
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Types of Body Movements
§ Rotation
§ Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
§ Common in ball-and-socket joints
§ Example: moving the atlas around the dens of axis
(i.e., shaking your head “no”)
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Figure 6.13c Body movements.
Rotation
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
(c) Rotation
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Types of Body Movements
§ Abduction
§ Movement of a limb away from the midline
§ Adduction
§ Opposite of abduction
§ Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Figure 6.13d Body movements.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(d) Abduction, adduction,
and circumduction
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Types of Body Movements
§ Circumduction
§ Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction
§ Common in ball-and-socket joints
§ Proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end
moves in a circle
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Figure 6.13d Body movements.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(d) Abduction, adduction,
and circumduction
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Special Movements
§ Dorsiflexion
§ Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)
§ Plantar flexion
§ Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
§ “Planting” the foot toward the sole
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Figure 6.13e Body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(e) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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Special Movements
§ Inversion
§ Turning sole of foot medially
§ Eversion
§ Turning sole of foot laterally
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Figure 6.13f Body movements.
Inversion
(f) Inversion and eversion
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Eversion
Special Movements
§ Supination
§ Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
§ Radius and ulna are parallel
§ Pronation
§ Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
§ Radius and ulna cross each other like an X
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Figure 6.13g Body movements.
Pronation
(radius rotates
over ulna)
Supination
(radius and ulna
are parallel)
S P
(g) Supination (S) and pronation (P)
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Special Movements
§ Opposition
§ Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
on the same hand
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Figure 6.13h Body movements.
Opposition
(h) Opposition
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