Download SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GREETING FORMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
SAMARQAND DAVLAT CHET TILLAR INSTITUTI INGLIZ FILOLOGIYASI VA
TARJIMASHUNOSLIK FAKULTETI INGLIZ FILOLOGIYASI KAFEDRASI
Qarayeva Nafisa
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GREETING FORMS IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE IN THE DIACHRONIC ASPECT
KURS ISHI
Mutaxassislik:
70230101 –Lingvistika (ingliz tili)
“HIMOYAGA TAVSIYA ETILDI”
“ILMIY RAHBAR”
Ingliz filologiyasi kafedrasi mudiri
A.A.Marupova
________________
M.M.Oblokulova______________
“____” _____________ 2023
“____” ___________2023
SAMARQAND – 2023
1
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE
1.1. The content of the concept of "speech etiquette» …………………………….5
1.2. The role of speech etiquette in English-speaking society …………………...10
1.3. Greeting as one of the most important signs of speech etiquette……………..18
Conclusion on chapter I…………………………………………………………...20
CHAPTER II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GREETING ETIQUETTE
IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH
2.1. Comparative analysis of greeting etiquette in both languages……………….22
2.2. Comparative analysis of the historical development of greeting formulas in
English………………………………………………………………………….....30
Conclusion on chapter II……………………………………………………….....34
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..35
LIST OF USED LITERATURE………………………………………………..37
INTERNET RESOURCES……………………………………………………..37
GLOSSARY……………………………………………………………………..40
APPLICATION………………………………………………………………....40
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INTRODUCTION
Relevance of the issue. Greeting-an appeal to someone, when meeting with
an expression of friendliness and goodwill. One of the most important stages in the
process of communication is precisely the greeting of a person. We greet our
friends and acquaintances, say hello and exchange greetings with people we have
just met. We also welcome complete strangers according to the rules of polite
behavior and etiquette.
Now more than a billion people on earth speak and strive to speak English,
English is the most studied language in the world, whose influence is so huge that
it can affect not only the vocabulary, but also the linguistic structure of other
languages. The widespread use of English in the modern world provokes
Anglocentrism.
In recent years, the linguistic science of our Republic has made great
progress in the study of the linguistic and language learning mainly English
languages. The Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of
Uzbekistan for 2017-2021 emphasizes that attention to teaching foreign languages
is one of the priorities of state policy, improving the education system, and
increasing the opportunities for quality educational services.
The course work to a certain extent serves to fulfill the tasks outlined in the
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP - 2909 "On measures
for the further development of the higher education system" of April 20, 2017, in
the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 610
of August 11, 2017 "On measures for further improvement of the quality of
teaching foreign languages in educational institutions" and other normative legal
documents adopted in this area.
The degree of knowledge of the problem. In our modern world, greeting is
one of the most important rituals. The first impression of a person we get is from
his greeting, gestures and facial expressions. A polite greeting is appreciated in all
spheres of life and at all levels of society. The only difficulty is that among the
3
people around us there may be residents of English-speaking countries and,
therefore, the correct wording of the greeting is a necessary condition for
successful communication.
A number of prominent linguists, in particular: A.V.Burmistrov,
L.A.Vvedenskaya,
V.E.Goldin,
E.V.Gudakova,
V.I.Karasik,
T.V.Larina,
R.R.Tadjibayev, V.A.Maslova, K.Fox, V.J.Cook, A.C.Gimson, M.L.Knapp paid
much attention to the problems of studying speech norms of English language.
Knowing the polite wording of a greeting in another language removes some
language barriers and makes communication easier and more accessible;
The aim of the research is to identify and compare the grammatical and
lexical-semantic features of the greeting etiquette version of the English, Russian
and Uzbek languages.
 1. study the literature on this topic;
 2. define welcome;
 3. learn and describe the greetings.
 4. identify common and different aspects of greeting etiquette in
Russian and English;
 5. draw conclusions on the studied topic;
The object of the course work greeting formulas in Russian, Uzbek and
English;
The subject of the course work greeting etiquette in Russian, Uzbek and
English;
The research method in accordance with the nature of the tasks set, the
following research methods were used: the method of grammar, phonetics and
syntax analysis.
Structure and scope of the course work. The course work consists of an
introduction, two chapters on the history and reasons for the formation .
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CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE
1.1. The content of the concept of “speech etiquette”
Speech etiquette is an integral part of the national language and culture. It is
impossible to talk about a high level of foreign language proficiency if this
proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and
the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to have an
understanding of the differences in national speech labels. The norms of speech
etiquette are very diverse; each country has its own peculiarities of communication
culture.
English speech etiquette is a set of special words and expressions that give a
polite form to English speech, as well as the rules according to which these words
and expressions are used in practice in various communication situations.
English speech etiquette has a long and very authoritative tradition – any
deviation from speech etiquette is perceived as a manifestation of bad manners or
as deliberate rudeness.
English speech etiquette is important not only for the English themselves,
but also for all students of English as a foreign language. English speech etiquette
is quite peculiar and has its own rules and norms, which sometimes have
significant differences with the rules and norms, for example, Russian speech
etiquette. This leads to the fact that a very cultured Belarusian may seem impolite
among Englishmen if he does not know English speech etiquette when
communicating with them in English. Similarly, an English gentleman may seem
impolite in communicating in Russian or Belarusian with cultured Belarusian
people, if he is not trained in the speech etiquette of this country. The difference
between the speech labels of different peoples is discussed in particular detail in
the reference books under the general name "Speech etiquette". Russian Russian
Russian-English, Russian-German, Russian-French correspondences of the stable
expressions of etiquette are given in them. For example, in the reference book
"Russian-English correspondences", compiled by N. I. Formanovskaya and S. V.
Shvedova, not only gives examples of addressing friends and strangers, greetings,
5
farewells, expressions of gratitude, apologies, congratulations in Russian and
English, but also indicates the features of the use of certain expressions in English.
Here is how the peculiarity of the English language in the use of the forms of
address – you and you is explained: in English, unlike Russian, there is no formal
distinction between the forms of you and you. The whole range of meanings of
these forms is contained in the pronoun you. The pronoun thou, which would have
been supposed to correspond to the Russian you, fell out of use in the 17th century,
surviving only in poetry and the Bible. All contact registers, from emphatically
formal to crudely familiar, are transmitted by other means of the language –
intonation, the choice of appropriate words and constructions. A special feature of
the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns in it-you and you, which can
be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of a particular
form depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relations,
and the official/unofficial situation. Some people, especially those who occupy a
higher position than their interlocutor, use the form you when addressing,
demonstrating their "democratic", patronizing attitude. Most often, this is
perceived by the addressee as a sign of a disdainful attitude, an infringement on
human dignity.
Speech etiquette makes speech polite regardless of its content. On the other
hand, an intelligent and meaningful speech will make an unpleasant impression on
the audience if the speaker of this speech grossly violates speech etiquette.
Therefore, the efforts to learn English will not be in vain if the student of English
not only learns to speak it well, but also learns to be polite and pleasant in
communication with the people whose language he has undertaken to learn. It is no
exaggeration to say that English speech etiquette (like the speech etiquette of any
other language) is one of the components of the great art of pleasing and endearing
people. Consequently, English speech etiquette is of serious practical importance
and for this reason deserves special and careful study and constant improvement in
it.
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In an English-speaking society, communication between cultured people is
conducted on three levels of politeness-official, neutral and familiar. Each level of
politeness corresponds to its own style of speech, and therefore all polite words
and expressions can be classified according to stylistic characteristics and,
accordingly, assigned to the official, neutral and familiar styles of speech.
At the official level of politeness, communication is conducted in an official
setting, when neither age nor personal dignity is important, but the social status of
the interlocutors and the positions they hold. The official level of politeness is the
norm in institutions, business, education, health, service, etc.
At a neutral level of politeness, polite communication is carried out between
strangers, as well as between those familiar people who are not in an official or
familiar relationship.
A familiar level of politeness is typical for communication in the family and
family circle, as well as between friends and well-known people.
Here are some examples of the presence of levels of politeness and speech
styles. Suppose an Englishman's watch has stopped and he is forced to check the
time. Turning to a friend, the Englishman will ask:
- What time is it, Tom? "What time is it, Tom?"
The question" What time is it? " demonstrates a familiar style of speech and
is appropriate at the familiar level of politeness – in the family, in the family circle,
between friends and buddies.
On a neutral level of politeness, when an Englishman addresses this question
in this form - "What time is it?" - not to a friend, but to a stranger, it will be
regarded as impolite and even rude.
An unfamiliar passerby should be approached with a polite request:
- Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?
"Excuse me, could you tell me what time it is, please?"
Polite request: "Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?» corresponds to a neutral level of politeness and a neutral style of speech, but on a
familiar level of politeness, in a family circle or among friends, the request
7
"Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?" will seem unnatural in tone or
artificially pompous.
In an official setting, at the official level of politeness, the question of time
may be completely inappropriate if, for example, a subordinate enters the office of
the boss only to ask him for the time. However, even at the official level of
politeness, the question of time is possible if, for example, the boss asks the
subordinates to compare the hours in order to work smoothly according to the plan,
which is scheduled by the minute.
Elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native
speaker (including those who have a poor command of the norm), who easily
determines these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use
them in certain situations.
The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday
language practice and the language norm. The elements of speech etiquette are
assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the language consciousness as part
of the everyday and natural behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of
speech etiquette and, as a result, their non-compliance (for example, addressing an
adult stranger to You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.
On the other hand, speech etiquette can be considered from the point of view
of the language norm. The idea of correct, normalized speech includes certain
ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. Speech etiquette is not a rigid
system of rules; it is flexible enough, and this flexibility creates quite a large
"space for maneuver".
At first sight it may seem that there should be no problem in translating
ready-made speech formulae that are used in support of recurrent and typical
situations of everyday life. Most of these situations are identical for all humankind:
addressing someone or attracting someone’s attention, greeting people and saying
goodbye, giving thanks or words of encouragement, expressing sympathy or
inquiring about somebody’s well-being, etc. Indeed, it would not be inappropriate
to consider the category of speech etiquette (SE) as a language universal.
8
Speech etiquette is a mandatory and socially constructed product. We follow
certain conventions in using its formulas on certain occasions and we expect no
surprises. What we do expect is to hear these formulas in certain situations. They
are verbal exchanges that we take for granted. We demonstrate complete
conformity with the rules, and if we don’t, we are considered rude or eccentric or
even mad. We may not be able to start a conversation or to maintain it or to create
a favorable atmosphere if we break these rules. This makes them pragmatically
very important in the process of translation. The reaction a translated speech
etiquette formula produces must be identical or very similar to that produced by the
original phrase.
There is a good reason for calling speech etiquette words and expressions
“formulas.” They are standard. There is nothing peculiar about them, no imprint of
individual style or creativity. It’s hard to imagine anything more traditional or
more taken for granted in the language. Yet, it is precisely this factor of tradition
that gives them a heavy imprint of cultural peculiarity, which comes to the fore
when contrasted with a different language. This set of rules for the speech behavior
called SE reflects the traditional norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of a certain
language community and is an integral part of its culture.
Yes, people do address, greet, say goodbye or give thanks to each other,
express their sympathy or support, make compliments, speak on the phone, etc.—
they do all these things all over the world, yet they may well do them differently.
We usually begin learning the language with such words as “Hello!,”
Goodbye!,” “Thank you,” “Excuse me,” and, unfortunately, that is where we, as
translators and interpreters, usually stop as far as learning TL SE is concerned.
Then, when we reach the level at which we are able to express and to translate
complex, sophisticated ideas, we may discover that we are still prone to cultural
shocks or may cause them ourselves through our language behavior. This problem
is aggravated by the fact that bilingual dictionaries often ignore this staple
language material or give incomplete or misleading translations. Thus, you won’t
find any acceptable equivalent to the English phrase “Take care!” said at taking
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leave. “Осторожно!” or “Береги себя” or “Будь умницей” which are more or
less related to its initial lexical meaning, are said at parting in Russian only to a
person we know very well and usually when some potential danger or trial is
envisioned ahead. By contrast, the English cliché can be addressed to someone we
hardly know in situations virtually devoid of its initial meaning of “Be careful!”
So, a generic Russian formula of parting “Всего хорошего!” would serve better
here than any other translation. The same “Всего хорошего!” may help us out
when translating other English “goodbye formulas,” such as “Have a good day,”
“Have a good evening,” “Have a good night,” and “Have a good one.” This “Take
care” phrase is just one of many examples of dictionaries’ limitations.
We will try to show that even such seemingly simple situations common to
all societies may cause problems. It is natural to assume that in rendering SE units
the situational model of translation is at work. Simply put, its recipe is: whatever
the original word or expression literally means, say what is customarily said in the
identical situation in the TL. True, in many cases it is best to just pick an
appropriate cliché, which doesn’t require a great deal of ingenuity or imagination
on the part of the translator. Such "easy sailing" works in many cases, but not all. It
turns out that SE is an understudied area of research in translation, although each
of the situations in which it is typically used is worthy of special attention. When
these ready-made blocks of speech reveal cultural specificity, the translator begins
to have a hard time.
1.2. The role of speech etiquette in English-speaking society
By speech etiquette we understand the system of rules of communication,
which are prescribed by the society for establishing the communication between
interlocutors, for communication of people with different social statuses in formal
and informal situations. This means that the speech etiquette is not just a
functional-semantic field of units of communication used in polite situations of
communication [Формановская 1982], but also related to the semiotic and the
social concept of etiquette in general, and, consequently, it performs a regulatory
role in the selection of a solution of register of intercourse, which manifests itself
10
in specific speech acts [Арутюнова 1981]. That is why mankind has a special
system of rituals and formulas, which allow us to maintain a friendly tone of verbal
communication.
Speech etiquette is associated with the notion of etiquette, which is defined
as a set of rules of conduct related to attitudes towards people (manners, forms of
address and greetings, behavior in public places, and even manner of dressing).
Etiquette, which regulates the behavior of people in standard situations, is an
important part of culture. Non-observance of etiquette of communication leads to
misunderstanding and culture shock.
Etiquette rules are related to traditions, customs of people, so comparing
them can be very useful for the study of national characteristics of communication.
By repeating the typical situations in direct communication, speech etiquette exists
in the form of a stereotypical, clichéd phrases, stable communication units. Also,
speech etiquette is understood as a "micro nationally specific stable formulas of
communication adopted and prescribed by the society to establish contact between
interlocutors and maintain communication" [Формановская 1989:47].
Speech etiquette is an important component of national culture. It represents the
background knowledge of the people speaking the language, and therefore
acquiring the knowledge of the system of national peculiarities of speech etiquette
is necessary for normal communication of individuals belonging to different
cultures.
From the theoretical point of view the concept of politeness was developed
in the modern pragmatics within the frameworks of the theory of speech
communication. One of the principles is the principle of politeness the influence of
which often plays the basic role when producing an utterance. Politeness can be
defined as the principle of the social influence where the respect towards the
partner is in the basis. This general principle is expressed in all kinds of human
correlation – verbal and nonverbal.
The principle of politeness, which regulates the relationship between a
person and the society, refers to the area of etiquette behavior. Etiquette is defined
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as “the socially determined norms of behavior in the society. Any member of the
society is ascribed certain modus of behavior according to the social characteristic.
Speech etiquette regulates the speech behavior of members of society. In the
process of communication they can be either a listener or a speaker in different
social situations of the intercourse. The rules of speech etiquette vary in the sphere
of intercourse, a situation of intercourse and they depend on such extralinguistic
factors, as role and personal relations of communicants. The degree of determinacy
of speech behavior of a speaker depends on the degree of standardization of this or
that speech act, this or that situation of the intercourse.
It is possible to single out two types of situations. The first type includes situations,
in which the speech behavior of a speaker is ritualized. It means that such
situations have certain set of forms. And the speaker uses them automatically.
Etiquette (ritualized) speech situations are the speech acts, which express the
reaction towards the behavior of other people: the expression of gratitude,
condolence, congratulation, wish, declaration of war etc. The second type includes
such speech situations in which a speaker has a set of variants in order to express
his communicative intention. The choice of the form is determined by the factors
of extralinguistic character. The choice of the form is determined by extralinguistic
factors, such as the status, position, age of communicants, conditions of the
intercourse, the degree of the social and psychological distance etc. The choice of
the adequate form in the situations, which are described by the presence of variants
of expression, is closely connected with the concept of norm. On the one hand, the
norm is defined as “the steady realization of the linguistic system, which is
understood by the society as correct, obligatory”. On the other hand, they are
understood as “a set of rules”, which determine the strategy of the choice of one of
the variants depending on parameters of the social situation. The concept of norm
serves as the central concept when describing the speech behavior and the starting
point when giving definition to the concept of politeness.
To follow the principle of politeness means, that a person must take into
consideration the interests of other people, take into account their opinion, desires,
12
feelings and facilitate the tasks assigned on them. In the long run, to keep the aim
of the principle of politeness means to achieve the efficiency of the social
correlation by “keeping the social balance and familiarity”. In the pragmatical
theory of speech communication, politeness is considered as the universal
principle, which plays a more important role in the practice of speech correlation
than the principle of cooperation [Беляева 1992:41].
The social behaviour is regulated by rules. And speech activity is not an
exception. Though the norms of speech behaviour are included into the educational
system, they refer to the sphere of agreements between the obliged members of the
society from the point of view of communication. The task of the pragmatics is to
find and formulate them. Grice worked out more developed and systemic
experience of the formulation of rules of communication and it is called “principle
of cooperation”. There is a requirement to make contribution into speech according
to the aim of the intercourse. Grice developed the mechanisms of speech
implication.
The information transmitted in the speech act is divided into two parts. What
is being told, what has been told, represents itself in the logic content of the
utterance. For all the other part of the information, which can be taken by the
listener from the concrete utterance, Grice introduced the term “implicature”. The
implicatures are divided into two types – conventional and non-conventional, in
particular “conventional implicatures”. Conventional implicatures include all those
aspects of information not connected with the condition of truth, which are
transferred by the utterance only by virtue of the meaning of words or forms.
Conversational implicatures are connected with the linguistic meaning of the
utterance only by indirect method. They are deduced from the meaning of the
sentence, but they exist because the participants of the speech act are connected by
one aim of communicative cooperation.
Communicative postulates or “conventional maxims” follow from the
general principle of cooperation [Грайс 1975:45]: the postulate of quantity, the
13
postulate of quality, the postulate of relevance, the postulate of the way of
expression.
The given postulates allow the speaker to embody his communicative
intention, not resorting to the verbal expression of what can be deduced by the
listener by means of these postulates from direct sense of the utterance. They serve
to explain, how “the meaning of a speaker” can include more than the literal
meaning of the sentence.
The principle of politeness, which regulates the relationship between “I” and
“others”, is also of great importance. The following maxims belong to this
principle:
1) maxim of tact (mind the interests of other people);
2) maxim of generosity (do not trouble other people);
3) maxim of approval (praise other people);
4) maxim of modesty (do not accept praise);
5) maxim of agreement (avoid objections);
6) maxim of sympathy (express favor).
The expressiveness of the speech may be the result of breaking the rules of
communication. It can formulate different stylistic devices, such as repetition,
irony, hyperbole, litotes, etc. Deviation from the rules can lead to the degradation
of the speech and its sublimation.
The society is a complex inconsistent social system. It functions as one unit
because it establishes the certain frameworks of behavior of individuals. Thus, the
society works out the standardized norms and rules of social behavior, or etiquette,
and it regulates the behavior of individuals according to the social requirements.
The society works out ritual forms of behavior when establishing and
keeping in contact with the communicants and demands from native speakers that
they should keep the rules. From the early childhood people are accustomed to the
etiquette, to the formulas of greeting, farewell, gratitude, etc. and negatively react
to non-observance of infringement of such rules on the part of the communicant.
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Native speakers are united into community, that uses the wide set of
common and stylistically limited expressions of speech etiquette. The use of
formulas of speech etiquette creates a favorable microclimate of communication,
raises a person’s spirits in the community. Thus, the interaction and the
interference “society - etiquette” is of great importance.
The mentality of each country has unique features, including the culture of
communication. If you're going to go to another country, no matter for what
purpose, it will be very useful for you to know the speech etiquette and the rules of
behaviour of the country. The culture of verbal communication should be an
integral quality, characteristic, part of every educated, cultured man. An integral
part of this phenomenon is the observance of speech etiquette, culture of behaviour
in the speech manifestation.
Etiquette is an integral part of the external culture of the society, a kind of
ritual, which is expressed in the elaborate rules of behaviour, which organize the
life of society. Basics of etiquette are fairly simple. They are: culture of speech,
which involves not only its grammatical and stylistic correctness, but the speech
clarity. That means that speech does not have vulgar words, obscene expressions,
words-parasites. But the manifestations of these simple rules are different in
different countries. In this work it will be considered the speech etiquette of
Britain.
English speech etiquette is a set of specific words and phrases that give the
polite form of the English language. English speech etiquette has a long and highly
respected tradition - any deviation from the speech etiquette is seen as a
manifestation of bad manners, or as a deliberate rudeness. English etiquette is the
embodiment of rigor and formality. It has a lot of specific rules about every part of
people communication from saying hello to saying good bye.
In the English-speaking society communication of cultured people is
conducted at three levels of politeness - formal, neutral and familiar. All the polite
words and phrases can be classified by stylistic grounds and, accordingly,
classified as an official, neutral and familiar speech styles.
15
Formal politeness level is used in business, and is characterized by rigor and
formality. The official level of politeness is the norm in institutions, organizations,
businesses, education, health care, etc.
Neutral politeness level is warmer than formal. It is used by strangers or unfamiliar
people, for example, when we ask the time in the street, or directions to a certain
place.
Familiarity level of politeness is the most informal and friendly. It is
characteristic for communication in the family, as well as between friends and
acquaintances.
The most common gesture of greeting is a handshake in England, but does not
abuse them. Handshake occurs quickly, without delaying another's hand in own
hand.
There are universal greetings, which can be used in almost any situation and
in any politeness level. They are «Hi» and «Hello». As a rule, added «How are
you?" on this question it is accepted to answer, "Fine, thanks," and, in turn, ask:
«What about you?» The answer will notify that things are going well (even though
it is not quite true). «Hiya!» - Very informal greeting, which is used mostly by
teenagers. Means «Hello, how are you?». Also in England there are greetings
depending on the time of day: «Good morning!», «Good afternoon!» and «Good
evening!». In an informal atmosphere these expressions can be reduced by their
informal analogues: «Morning!» and «Evening!».
English etiquette prohibits kissing a woman's hand and making her
compliments in the presence of outsiders. Greeted with a woman, a man may do a
light bow. Interlocutors rarely touch each other: even the ladies, greeting each
other, only pretend that kiss each other on the cheek.
According to the rules of English etiquette, after the greeting it is not accepted to
immediately move on to personal matters, you must first talk about neutral topic,
often talk about the weather.
Besides greetings, there is a special procedure for acquaintances in England.
English etiquette does not involve acquaintances without an intermediary. It
16
happens that the neighbors do not know each other for a long time until someone
acquaint them.
When the time comes to say goodbye, you can do it in different ways. «Bye»
and «Good bye» are the most common English farewells. They are universal and
applicable to almost any situation. You can say «Have a good day» to the business
partners and colleagues, polite and courteous farewell. The British can say
goodbye with a promise to meet later, for example «See you soon» and «See you
later» mean that you will meet later, but it is unknown when. «Good night» means
farewell before going to bed. Often farewells accompanied by wishes, such as
«Take care!», «Good luck!», «Have a nice day» etc. All these examples are
common and formal. But there are a lot of interesting informal farewells used by
teenagers or in informal communications. They are «I’m out», «Cheers, mate», «
See ya later, Alligator!», «Nightie-night» etc.
Important unshakable rule that you should remember: never be late. The
British appreciate the time very much. However, coming to the meeting earlier is
not accepted too, so the best way out is to come just in time.
A good form is to keep your hands in sight and do not hide them in pockets. So
your partner will think you are open and honest person.
Talking about your personal life and even more complaining about it is not
accepted in England because self-esteem is in special honor here. Despite the
strong sense of self-esteem the British are very modest. They rarely complain
about their own misfortune, and rarely look for sympathy in case of failure. People
without sense of self-esteem are not in honor in this country.
The British have an amazing ability to remain calm and equanimity in all
circumstances. Restraint is not a consequence of the lack of emotion, as it seems to
many foreigners, but the desire to maintain a comfortable communication
environment, the reluctance to confuse interlocutor. Restraint is one of the
dominant features of the English style of communication and is directly linked to
the British politeness.
17
There is another interesting feature - the British have a tendency to criticize
everything that relates to themselves: home, work, appearance, etc. At the same
time they expect discussion from interlocutor. This is called «fishing for
compliments».
Excessive emotion is a breach of etiquette in England. In conversation you
should lead reservedly and try to avoid gestures. But the smile is necessary,
because the smile is a sign that the situation is under the control. A smile is a
mandatory attribute of educated Englishman. Make compliments to your
companion: it is considered a commonplace, and no one thinks that you are
flatterer and sycophant. But to brag or praise yourself is not accepted in England.
Gentlemen and ladies will rather decrease own dignity than brag yourself.
Despite the fact that the British may seem secretive and restrained in
communication at first glance, they have a great sense of humor and they love to
joke. It is not accepted to take offense for jokes here, and the ability to laugh at
yourself is considered dignity. Your reaction to humor is a kind of test for the
possibility of further partnership.
English speech etiquette is important not only for the British, but also for all
learners of English as a foreign language. English speech etiquette is original and
has its own rules and regulations. Specificity of English etiquette is the emotional
and volitional self-control, traditionalism, the sublimation of conflicts and smiling
courtesy. Therefore everyone who is going to visit Albion and does not have
intention to make a floater should study rules of etiquette of this country.
1.3. Greeting as one of the most important signs of speech etiquette
It is crucial to note that speech etiquette possesses a significant role in
communication, in all spheres of life and situations ranging from formal
communication to informal ones. According to the linguistic dictionary, speech
etiquette represents the system of sustainable speech formulas imposed by the
society in order to maintain communication in a chosen tone according to social
roles and role positions relative to each other. Speech etiquette is applied in
different
situations:
greetings,
getting
18
acquainted,
farewells,
gratitude,
condolences, apologizing and others. Both English and Uzbek possess their own
national-cultural peculiarities of speech etiquette. The etiquette formulas are
connected with the life style and national traditions of the people.
At the outset, the speech etiquette is closely correlated with the topic of the
conversation. It is frequently observed that Uzbek people are skilled at small talks.
In other words, they try to avoid controversial or critical discussions when they
communicate with strangers. Most common conversation topics are related to
family life. People can communicate for ages about relatives and friends,
marriages, births of children, graduations, promotions, health issues and others.
Uzbeks enjoy finding common ground: common friends, relatives, place of study,
interests and so on.
One of the peculiar features of English speech etiquette is that English
people tend to choose a safe and personally unobtrusive topic such as the weather
as an appropriate starter. It is assumed that English people talk about the weather
because they are interested in this subject. Conversely, Kate Fox considers a
different point of view concerning this topic. In the book "Watching the English"
she mentions that English conversations about the weather are not really about the
weather, but it is a form of code and evolved to help them to overcome their
natural reserve. It is known that the greeting expressions 'Nice day, isn't it?', 'Isn't it
cold?', 'Still raining eh?' and other variants on the theme are not requests for
meteorological facts. They are ritual greetings, conversation starters or default
'fillers" [1].
Greetings are important as well as frequent in everyday social interactions
all over the world. Appropriate greeting behavior is crucial for the establishment
and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. According to Spolsky, greetings
are considered to be "the basic oil of social relations'' [2].
In Uzbek culture greeting is often very detailed with questions about health, mood,
all the relatives, their children and grandchildren. The following dialogues can be
vivid illustrations:
1. - Assalomu alaykum! Qalay, bardammisiz?
19
-Xudoga shukur!... - Nevaralar yaxshimi? Xayriniso bonu eson-omonmi? Kelin
yaxshi yuriptimi? Oy kuni yaqinlashgandir?. (Oybek)
On the contrary, in English greetings are short. They are varied according to
the social distance and social status of the interlocutors. When an English speaker
asks you "How are you?"or "How is your work?", he is not concerned much about
your physical condition or work, but showing his politeness. In English, greetings
such as "Hello!", "How do you do?"and "I am pleased to meet you" have to be
used to maintain the hearer's positive face, depending on the status of the
participants and the social setting. Following conversation can be illustrative of
short and informal greeting in English:
- "Morning, Boardman, " ... "How are you today?"
- "Oh, middlin', lad, just middlin'."( J. Harriot)
In the English and Uzbek languages addressing words are similar in some
cases; however, there are several cultural peculiarities that significantly differ from
each other. In Uzbek culture, when addressing strangers the words aka, opa, xola,
otaxon, amaki are commonly used. They call even strangers with family member
words such as otaxon, (father for old men), amaki and aka (uncle, brother for
middle-aged men), uka, o 'g 'lim (brother, son for young men). The main reason for
this type of addressing is that "family" reflects Uzbek cultural values. Besides,
collectivism is preferred in families that grandparents, parents, grown children and
other family members live together. In English culture, the words such as Miss,
Sir, Madam are used to express respect to the interlocutor. "Sir" is particular for
adult men who are the same or higher in job position, social status or age. For
instance:
- Can I help you, sir; - addressed the shop keeper to Thane (J.Oke).
- Otaxon, sizning gapingizni hech qaytara olmayapman. (Father, I can't reject your
opinion)( X. To 'xtaboyev)
Conclusion on chapter I
In conclusion, it is essential to note that speech etiquette of different nations
depends on their cultural background, life style and world perception. Therefore,
20
speech etiquette in English and Uzbek has its national-cultural pecularities which
are specific and vary in many cases.
21
CHAPTER II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GREETING ETIQUETTE
IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH
2.1. Comparative analysis of greeting etiquette in both languages
Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. With its
help, the contact of those entering into communication is established, relations
between people are determined. Therefore, not knowing the greeting formulas
means being a stranger to everyone, not being able to communicate. With a
greeting, communication begins, so welcome formulas are a mandatory section of
bilingual phrasebooks that are published for tourists, athletes and anyone who goes
to foreign countries. It is with the greeting formulas that the study and description
of the language often begin. They play a big role in our communication. When we
greet our friends, we confirm our acquaintance and express our desire to continue
it. We are concerned when a good friend, passing by, only slightly nods his head or
does not notice us at all. After all, to stop saying hello means to break off good
relations, to stop acquaintance! And vice versa: when greeting a person with whom
we have not previously communicated, we express a friendly attitude towards him
and an intention to make contact. Therefore, when entering the institution, they
first greet each other and only then begin to present their case. One way or another,
you will have to communicate with them.
In many peoples, the choice of greeting depends not only on the age, gender
and degree of intimacy of the people communicating. It is also affected by other
things, such as the time of day, and especially by who the person being welcomed
is and what they are doing at the moment. A polite person should not just respond
to the greeting, but use a special etiquette formula for each case in the response.
English greetings
Before addressing any person, we must first of all greet them. This rule is
also true for relatives who met in the kitchen in the morning, and for friends who
have not seen each other for many years, and for business partners who gathered to
discuss the details of the contract. All this falls under the generally accepted rules
22
of etiquette, but we know that the style of the English language distinguishes
several different styles, each of which corresponds to its own greetings.
We all know such a greeting as Hello, but in fact in English there are many ways to
say hello.
1.Hi. Hello.
This is a simple, common / every day, and perhaps most commonly used
expression.
2.Hey.Hi
Use " Hey " only with people you know well. With strangers, this will sound not so
rude, but somehow incomprehensible. When a person hears "Hey", they may think,
" Who is this? Do I know this person? "
3. What's up? What's up?
This is a colloquial, fashionable expression. Although the form looks like a
question, you do not need to answer it
4.How's it going? How is life (how are things going)?
"How's it going" looks like a question, but sometimes it's not. So you can answer
someone's "hello", even if you just walk by and are not going to wait for an answer
5.Well hello! Ah, hello!
This is how you say hello when you are surprised to see someone or haven't seen
them for a long time. Shows that you are happy (interested)
6. Greetings! I welcome you!
This is an extremely formal greeting. This is how robots greet each other on
TV and in movies. You can use it as a joke if you are tired of other ways to say
hello
7.Look who it is! Look who's here!
This is how you say hello when you haven't seen a person for a long time.
Expresses joy, interest.
8. How do you do? How are you
This expression is not translated literally and is a greeting that is a sign of
politeness and etiquette during the first acquaintance or business meeting. In
23
informal communication, this greeting is used only by older people who were
brought up during the time of the wider spread of this phrase.
9.Nice/Pleased to meet you! Nice to meet you / you.
This greeting is often used after meeting in informal communication.
10. Why hello there Wow, hello-hello
So you can say to a beautiful woman, your beloved. If you say it with the right
intonation, it shows that the interlocutor attracts you.
The simplest greetings refer to the time of day and use the word Good (good,
kind). Substituting the English words morning (morning), afternoon (day), evening
(evening) and night (night), we get the corresponding greetings: Good morning,
Good afternoon, Good evening, Good night.
1. Good morning Good morning
That's what they say when they see a person for the first time in the morning. This
is kind, but somewhat formal
2. Morning! Good morning. This is a more colloquial version of " Good morning"
3. Good afternoon/Good evening
It sounds more formal than "Good morning" "Good afternoon" can be said to an
unfamiliar client or audience when you start a speech or lecture.
After the appropriate greetings have been expressed, it is customary to
inquire about the state of affairs of the interlocutor (however, this is also a kind of
part of the greeting). English words and phrases like How are you will help you?
How are things (you doing, you getting on)?
Greetings of teenagers in English
1. Hi there. This is the most formal of all the informal variants of "hi". In the
Russian equivalent, it can sound like: "Hey, you're there, hello!"
2. Hiya. This is not a ninja cry. A combination of " hi " and "you". It can be
translated as " hey, you-hello
3. Alright (mate)? A great way to do 2-in-1. Because this greeting combines
"hello" and "how are you". So you said hello and asked about your business. You
24
can immediately move on to the conversation: decency is observed. After all, it
translates something like this: "Great, everything is normal?”
4. Ay-up. In the northern part of England, this word is especially in use. The
meaning of the phrase is closest to the combination of " hi " and "alright". There is
no Russian equivalent. You can translate something like "hello, how are you". But,
in theory, it should sound even more informal in meaning.
5. Hey. The word came from the United States. It is visible. It's short for "hey
guys". You can address both girls and guys in this way. Close in spirit, of course.
6. Watcha. Once it was "What cheer?" (how's the mood?) Now the formalities are
dropped and can be reduced to a capacious watcha. The meaning is close to the
Russian slang type: "How is sam / sama?". I think you can catch the color of such
an expression. So be careful: practice on your closest friends. In addition, it can be
short for Whatcha want to do today? " (what do you want to do today).
8. Wagwan. A super-formal English greeting. Short for "What's going on?" (how is
life young?). The standard answer is " nagwan "("nothing is going on "or, to put it
simply and in our language-"sucks").
9. Easy? Very, very informal slang. Short for "Easy bruv" ("How are you brother"
- how are you, brother?). It is difficult to find a Russian equivalent for this phrase.
Perhaps something like " hard, bro?".
10. Yo is also borrowed from America. Something like the most informal "hi".
11.Sup? This is a slang version of " What's up?". It is usually used by teenagers
Funny English greetings
The English people are very polite and prefer traditional greetings, but there
are also comic greetings in their language.
Look what the cat dragged in! Look who's here! (literally: Look what the cat
brought us!)
This is an energetic, humorous way to say hello to a person who has not
been seen for a long time. A kind of joke. You say that a person looks like a mouse
that has been dragged into the house by a cat. On such a greeting, some may be
offended (they will not consider this joke funny)
25
Russian greetings
1. Hello. Expresses a close, relaxed relationship and is widespread among young
people.
2. Hello! stylistically neutral, appropriate in any situation and with a different
nature of relations between the communicating people.
3. Hello! The official greeting is mainly used to people who are older than you in
rank or age.
4. Good afternoon! Good morning! Good evening! It is used depending on the time
of day. It is very appropriate if you see a person for the first time that day.
5. Good day! comes from the greetings good afternoon, good evening, good
morning. A more convenient form for those who are in different time zones.
6. I welcome you! somewhat archaic, with a touch of solemnity, appropriate in a
formal setting.
7. Salute! conversational, familiar, appropriate in an informal setting, in the
presence of informal relations between speakers.
8. Hello! colloquial-colloquial, possible only in an informal setting, between
speakers who are on friendly terms.
9. My respect. A very polite and dignified greeting, but it is most often used by
elderly people.
10. Allow me to welcome you! It is used in cases of official, solemn, especially
when addressing a large audience.
11. Great! male greeting. It is familiar, somewhat rude, and has a colloquial
character. If you do not want to look like a person with little education and
insufficient knowledge of the norms of literary speech, try to avoid this greeting.
And of course, it cannot be recommended to girls in any way!
Greetings of teenagers in Russian
1. Ipr. It is derived from the English word "peace" -peace, greeting hippies in the
80-90gg.
2. High. From the English " Hi»
3. Khayushki. Derived from " hi»
26
4. Privki. From " hello»
5. Respect. From the English "respect" - to respect.
6. Hi, Bro! "bro" is an abbreviation of the English "brother", usually so addressed
to the closest friends.
7. How is it nothing? "How are you?"/how are you?" Usually this question does
not need to be answered, here it acts as a greeting.
In general, most Russian slang greetings come from English.
Funny Russian greetings
Russians are very humorous people and there are many humorous greetings
in the Russian language. Our you with a brush-joking greeting: Hello! Hello there!
There are several versions of the origin of this expression. For example, according
to the famous theater critic V. A. Filippov, the expression is part of a more
extensive greeting of street hairdressers in old Moscow. Calling out to customers,
they shouted: "Our respect to you with a brush, with a finger nine, with a cucumber
fifteen!" This meant that the client would be shaved with soap ("with a brush"),
and the cheek when shaving would be pulled off with a finger stuck in the client's
mouth, or-which would cost more-used for the same cucumber.
How many years, how many winters!- used when meeting people who have
not seen each other for a long time. The expressiveness, expressiveness of the
turnover is enhanced by the repetition of the word how much, and the mention of
both summer and winter, as it were, lengthens the time of separation. 3.
Comparative characteristics of Russian and English greeting rules
Each country has its own national traditions, its own rules of behavior in
society. These rules and traditions have evolved and formed over the millennia and
the development of the nation. The rules of politeness of each nation are a complex
combination of national traditions, customs and international etiquette. The
English, as you know, are famous for their politeness and are inferior in this only
to the Japanese.
Formality of the appeal.
27
In English linguistic culture, it is considered indecent to address strangers
until you are introduced to them. When greeting and addressing, it is customary to
use noble titles, even in the circle of close acquaintances. A common occurrence in
English is the use of sir, miss, madame or Miss, Ms, Mrs, Mr, Lady + surname, so
mostly refer to people of high esteem.
While in Russian, we are used to addressing people with "please excuse me",
"and you do not tell me", and so on. And if we need to address people older than us
in rank or age, we use only the first name and patronymic. Very rare in the use of
such addresses as" sir","citizen".
Handshakes.
Russians (especially men) often use handshakes for greetings. This is an
expression of your openness, willingness to contact, as well as paying tribute to the
person with whom you say hello.
The British, unlike the Russians, very rarely give each other a hand when meeting
(they limit themselves to a slight nod of the head forward) and almost never do this
when saying goodbye.
Friendly hugs and kisses.
English ladies can kiss each other on the cheek or even both, but even in this
case it is desirable to kiss "by" - that is, you pretend to kiss your friend, smacking
your lips in the air around her ear. Men can also sometimes kiss a lady on the
cheek when greeting her. But only one. Strong hugs at a meeting are also not
desirable, this can set the interlocutor against yourself. It is also not customary to
kiss the ladies ' hand at a meeting
In Russia, the opposite is true. A hug or a friendly kiss on the cheek is most
likely to please and cheer up your friend. And if the gentleman kisses the lady's
hand, she will consider it very kind.
Call out loudly to a friend.
When greeting on the street in England, you should not utter any
exclamations such as "hello", "hey", "brother", etc. Also, you can’t shout, loudly
and intemperately express your emotions, wave your hat. If a friend is approaching
28
you, you should wait until he comes as close as possible, and only then say hello to
him. Shouting loudly at him across the street is simply unacceptable.
Russians, on the other hand, are quite expressive people. And when they meet, they
usually express their emotions very vividly.
Friends of friends.
In England, if your friend is walking with a companion, then you should say
hello to both of them. If you are going with a companion, and he greeted a
stranger, then you also need to say hello to him. If your friend is standing in a
group of people, then you should greet everyone at once.
The Russians are absolutely identical in this.
Junior and senior.
In England, the younger one should not be the first to greet the older one (the
older one by age, the older one by social status). The elder may say hello to the
younger first, but he may not do so, and then there is nothing offensive in this,
since there may be many reasons why the elder does not say hello.
In Russia, it doesn't matter who says hello first, senior or junior. But most
often, if the younger one does not say hello, it will look very rude, and will be
considered as disrespectful to the older one.
In English, there is a certain restraint, politeness, scrupulousness and
accuracy of communication. They are not very open to the interlocutor, although
they are very polite and attentive to him. I would even like to quote statements
about English politeness.
"In many ways, the English are both the politest and the most discourteous
people in the world. Their politeness grows out of respect for the human person
and is encouraged by natural benevolence."
Henry Steele Commander (USA), " Britain through the Eyes of Americans
"(1974).
While the Russians are very open, emotional and a little harsh. But they are
always happy to meet new people, talk and communicate. They are also very
friendly to the other person.
29
But when talking to the English, you should not be lost in choosing the right
greeting. The British, of course, are very scrupulous people, but even if you say a
banal "Hello" with the right intonation, they will never be offended and will not
consider you a rude person. And it is important to remember that politeness is held
in high esteem everywhere. Be polite, and then you will be provided with
sympathy, profitable partnership, mutual love, trust and understanding.
2.2. Comparative analysis of the historical development of greeting formulas
in English
Greeting is, on the one hand, the universal initial act of any conversation.
However, the manifestation of this act, as well as its structural components, have
national and cultural features. For example, in Western European and Eurasian
countries, the greeting models, according to N. P. Derevyankina, are very different
from each other, as in other countries [6, p.28].
If we consider the greeting in a universal way, we can note that in any
society, the greeting formulas play a very important role in the communication
process. This is due to the fact that the greeting formula is used to confirm the
acquaintance with the person and the desire to continue the conversation. So, to
stop greeting a person means an unwillingness to communicate and a desire to
completely interrupt this acquaintance. Greeting formulas directed at a stranger
indicate that the speaker is friendly to him, as well as his intention to continue
communication. The norms of speech etiquette, which prescribe first to say hello,
and only then to get to the point, are universal for many cultures and countries of
the world [3, p. 38].
Therefore, the main communicative function of greeting is "the expression
of goodwill and readiness, if necessary, to open the act of communication" [6, p.
28].
There is also a special hierarchy, i.e. the order of greeting, which is
mandatory for compliance, especially in official communication. According to L.
A. Vvedenskaya, the greeting hierarchy consists of the following pairs:
30
1) a man greets a woman;
2) the younger one greets the older one;
3) the junior in the position greets the senior;
4) a member of the organization welcomes its head [2, p. 310-311].
Individual welcome phrases are also subject to this classification. Greeting
“Good day!” it can be addressed to any communicant in any social situation (both
in equal and unequal social situations of communication). Greeting “Hello!” it is
considered common when communicating with equal social status interlocutors,
and it is often used in informal (familiar) communication. If the interlocutor
occupies a higher social status, in comparison with the speaker, these greetings
here acquire a different meaning [14, p.154].
The main formulas of greeting in informal, familiar communication are:
-
Nice to meet you / Приятно познакомиться;
-
Pleased to meet you / Приятно познакомиться;
-
How are things? / Как дела?;
-
How have things been? / Как поживаешь?;
-
Nice to see you / Приятно видеть тебя;
-
How’re things?/ Как дела?;
-
Good day! / Хороший день, не правда ли?.
At the neutral level, the following phrases are used:
-
How do you do? / Как дела?;
-
How are you? / Как дела?;
-
I’m pleased / delighted to meet you / Я очень рад встрече;
-
It’s nice to meet you / Приятно встретить Вас.
The following phrases can be used as official, formal greetings::
Thus, greeting as the main form of the initial act of communication plays a
large role in successful communication. Without a greeting, the beginning of the
conversation cannot be called successful. Researchers identify many different
greeting formulas that are considered traditional in the English language. However,
over time, some of these greeting formulas are forgotten by native English
31
speakers, others are modified, or new formulas appear that are considered more
traditional today.
Therefore, the study of greeting formulas in English should be carried out in
a diachronic aspect, i.e., taking into account the historical development of each
greeting phrase and the presence or absence of responses to this phrase. The
diachronic analysis of greetings in English should be based on fiction, since
literary works reflect the development of the English language and show the norms
and traditions of speech etiquette in different periods of the existence of Englishspeaking society.
A comparative analysis of two works of fiction published in the 19th century
(C. Dickens '"Great Expectations“) and the 21st century (S. Kinsella's” The Secret
Dreamworld of a Shopaholic") revealed a number of significant historical changes
that occurred in relation to the greeting formulas in the English language. First of
all, the changes are noticeable in the dominant greeting phrase, which has changed
from the friendly and familiar “Halloa” to the neutral-official (depending on the
situation) “Hello” / “Hi”. The high level of education of the English-speaking
population has led to the fact that in modern English, distorted greeting formulas
are no longer used, compared to the Victorian era, when education was considered
a privilege of the chosen. Welcome formulas “How are you?" and “How do you
do?” they are not used in modern fiction. Moreover, they are completely
desemanticized in modern English, as is the “Good morning” / “Good afternoon "
form, which today is cliched and does not require a response other than repeating
the greeting cliché. Today, the address in the form of a greeting is more often used,
whereas in the English language of the XIX century, this feature of the greeting
was more often observed in written communication. However, the features of the
written address as a greeting have been preserved and have remained unchanged in
modern English. The pace of modern life has affected the truncation of greeting
lines. The form of greeting in the English-speaking society is studied in this work
on the basis of works of art of the XIX and XXI centuries. Among the main
greeting formulas in the English language of the XIX century, the dominant form
32
“Halloa” (53.12%), the frequency formula “How are you? / How do you do?”
(28.12%) and a rather rare, but specific use of response greetings (9.7%), the
formula “Good afternoon” (6.25%) and the address “My dear ...” in written
communication (3.12%).”
The art work of the XXI century is characterized by the dominant use of the
greeting formula "Hello" (40%) and its more informal variant “Hi” (10%), the
address in written communication “Dear...” (35%), the truncation “Morning” (5%)
and the construction “Good/Glad to meet you” (8.33%).
A comparative analysis of the greeting formulas used in the fiction of the
XIX and XXI centuries revealed the main facts of the historical development of
greeting formulas in the English language: 1) the predominant use of the familiar
greeting in the English language of the XIX century and the dominance of the
neutral-official greeting " Hello” in modern English, which is associated with the
expanded personal and professional contacts of the British; 2) the use of distorted
greeting formulas in Victorian English and their absence in modern English due to
the increased quality of education and the number of educated people in Englishspeaking countries; 3) the frequent use of greeting formulas “How are you?"and
“How do you do you?” in the English language of the XIX century. and their
absence in modern English due to their excessive cliché; 4) the complete
desemantization of the expressions " How are you? / How do you do? " and "Good
morning / Good afternoon" in the English language of the XXI century, which
began in the XIX century.; 5) the absence of any changes in the traditional greeting
in the written form of communication " Dear...", its use in the English language of
the XIX and XXI centuries; 6) the use of the address as a greeting formula in
modern English and its absence in Victorian English speech etiquette; 7) the
truncation of greeting formulas in modern English in connection with the timesaving requirement imposed by modern reality on the Englishman of the XXI
century.
33
Conclusion on chapter II
After studying all the literature on this topic, I came to the following
conclusions:
1. In both English and Russian, there are a lot of different greetings for each
specific case.
2. That in both languages, teenagers have their own slang greetings, but in
Russian, most of them are borrowed from English.
3. I also learned that the usual expression "Prim Englishmen" is not always
true, and that even the English have greetings-jokes.
4. I compared some rules of etiquette and found out that English etiquette
when greeting specifically differs from Russian, in its restraint and courtesy, and
perhaps even politeness.
Based on the above, we can conclude that the forms of speech etiquette,
especially the greeting formulas, are still actively used in modern English. This is
due to the fact that for a successful start of communication, it is necessary to
establish contact with the interlocutor, show interest in the subsequent
conversation, which is effectively achieved through greeting formulas. However,
over time, the greeting formulas undergo significant changes due to changes in the
English-speaking society, the means of communication, people's professional
activities, the accelerated pace of life, the desire to save time and speech efforts. In
this regard, in the fiction of different centuries, there are significant differences in
the use of certain formulas of greeting at the beginning of communication.
34
CONCLUSION
Summing up, we can conclude that the ability to clearly, competently and
eloquently express their thoughts is absolutely irreplaceable in the modern world.
So how to learn to speak beautifully and correctly? To learn how to speak
beautifully, politely and competently, one should take an example from the best
examples. Read classics, communicate with educated, well-mannered people, go to
the theater. And the main thing is to start monitoring your speech right today. After
all, the distant ancestors who created our beautiful language are right: the word
changes the world around.
In the broadest sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any
successful act of communication. Therefore, speech etiquette is associated with the
so-called postulates of speech communication, which make possible and successful
interaction of communication participants. These postulates, formulated by G. P.
Grice (1975), are derived from the principle of cooperation underlying all
communication. The postulates of speech communication include: the postulates of
quality (the message should not be false or have no proper grounds), quantity (the
message should not be too short or too long), attitude (the message should be
relevant to the addressee) and method (the message should be clear, clear, do not
contain words and expressions incomprehensible to the addressee, etc.). Violation
of one or more of these postulates to a greater or lesser extent entails a
communicative failure.
Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a
system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. The
elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels: at the
level of vocabulary and phraseology, at the grammatical, stylistic, intonational,
orthoepic, organizational and communicative levels.
The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday
language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are
present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those who have a
weak command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of
35
speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements
of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive"
language consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and natural behavior of
people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their
non-compliance (for example, addressing an adult stranger to You) is perceived as
a desire to offend or as bad manners.
On the other hand, speech etiquette can be considered from the point of view
of the language norm. Thus, the idea of correct, cultured, normalized speech
includes certain ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. Speech
etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is sufficiently plastic, and this plasticity
creates quite a large "space for maneuver".
36
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Мирзиёев Ш.М. Эркин ва фаровон демократик Ўзбекистон
1.
давлатини биргаликда барпо этамиз. Тошкент, “Ўзбекистон” НМИУ, 2017. –
29 б.
2.
Мирзиёев Ш.М. Қонун устуворлиги ва инсон манфаатларини
таъминлаш юрт тараққиёти ва халқ фаровонлигининг гарови. “Ўзбекистон”
НМИУ, 2017. – 47 б.
3.
Мирзиёев Ш.М. Буюк келажагимизни мард ва олижаноб халқимиз
билан бирга қурамиз. “Ўзбекистон” НМИУ, 2017. – 485 б.
4. Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Президентининг
2017
йил
7
февралдаги
“Ўзбекистон Республикасини янада ривожлантириш бўйича ҳаракатлар
стратегияси
тўғрисида”
ги
ПФ-4947-сонли
Фармони.
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси қонун ҳужжатлари тўплами, 2017 й., 6-сон, 70-модда
5. Afanasyeva R. S. Cross-cultural communication in the process of teaching English
/ R. S. Afanasyeva. - Tyumen: TSU, 2000
6. Battistella E. L. Do You Make these mistakes in English?: A History of the
Famous Sherwin Cody Language School-Oxford University Press, 2008. - 224 p.
7. Bolshoy enciklopedicheskiy slovar – Gl. ed. V. N. Yartsev. - 2nd ed. - Moscow:
Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Enciklopediya, 2000 – - 688 p.
8. . Brown P., Levinson S. S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language UsageCambridge, 1987.
9. Burmistrova A.V. English speech etiquette as an important means of intercultural
communication / / Uchenye zapiski Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsialnogo
universiteta. – 2012. – №4(104). – Pp. 194-198.
10.Derevyankina N. P. Salutatiye v angliyskom i russkom yazykakh [Greeting in
English and Russian languages]. Vestnik Adygeiskogo gosudarstvennogo
11.Crowther. Oxford: Oxford University, 1998. [Electronic resource] URL:
http://oxforddictionaries.com/
12.Dickens Ch. Great Hopes. - M.: T8, 2016. [Electronic resource] URL:
http://www.twirpx.com/file/1115873/
37
13.English for cross-cultural and professional communication. English for
intercultural and professional communication. - Moscow: Flinta, 2011. - 195 p.
14.Fedyaeva N. D. Greeting as an object of normative assessments (based on
statements with the verb to say hello) // Bulletin of the Omsk University. - 2012. Issue # 2 (64). - p. 376-379.
15.Formanovskaya N. I. Russian speech etiquette: linguistic and methodological
aspects. Moscow, 1987
16.Famous Sherwin Cody Language School-Oxford University Press, 2008. - 224 p.
17.Fox k. Watching the English. Hidden rules of behavior. - Moscow: Ripoll Classic,
2008. - 512 p.
18.Grigoriev L. L. English speech etiquette / / Practical Internet course for English
language learners. http://www.englishhome.ru/english-k.html
19.Goldin V. E. Speech and etiquette. - Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1983 – - 109 p.
20.Karpova O. M., Kartashkova F. I. Interdisciplinary lexicography: traditions and
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- 5th edition. - 2004. - 464 p.
22.Kinsella S. The Secret World of Shopaholic dreams. – W&N, 2000. [Electronic
resource] URL: http://www.e-reading.club/book.php?book=72429
23.. Leonovich E. O. On the use of some traditional norms of treatment in the English
language // Foreign languages at school. - 2006. - No. 5. - p. 87-92.
24.Litvin A. N. Business etiquette.- Rostov n/A: Feniks, 2003.
25.Larina T. V. The category of politeness in English and Russian communicative
cultures. - Moscow: Akademiya, 2003. - 495 p.
26.Larina T. V. Categories of politeness and style of communication. Comparison of
English and Russian linguistic and cultural traditions. - M.: Handwritten
monuments of Ancient Russia, 2009. - 507 p.
27.Maslova V. A. Linguoculturology: a textbook for students of higher educational
institutions. - Moscow: Akademiya, 2001. - 183 p.
38
28.Matveeva T. V. Complete dictionary of linguistic terms. - Rostov n/A: Phoenix,
2010. - 562 p.
29.Politeness and lexical means of its expression in the English language / / Time of
science. – 2014. – №12(12). – Pp. 144-149.
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http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-150143.html
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various linguocultures (based on the material of English and Lezgian languages).
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33.Trembitskaya O. A. Etiquette in England and other countries / / Business Travel,
2007. - No. 6.
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Moskovskaya Pravda, 1991. - 98 p.
35.Vereshchagin E. M., Kostomarov V. G. Language and culture: Linguo-country
studies in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Moscow, 1983.
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INTERNET RESOURCES
1. http://englishfortravel.com/kak-pozdorovatsya
2. http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-150143.html
3. URL: http://www.e-reading.club/book.php?book=72429
4. http://www.englishhome.ru/english-k.html
5. http://dictionary.cambridge.org.
39
GLOSSARY
1.
Speech
etiquette
–
as
a
system
of
norms
and rules of
polite speech behavior, the observance of which ensures the existence of the online
community
2.
Etiquette - is - the conduct or procedure required by good breeding or
prescribed by authority to be observed in social or official life.
3.
Cliché - is an element of an artistic work, saying, or idea that has become
overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect
4.
Communication - is simply the act of transferring information from one
place, person or group to another.
APPLICATION
Practical exercises: Prepare the pronunciation of 3 tongue twisters. (Prokop came
- boiled dill, Prokop left - boiled dill. As Dill boiled during Prokop, dill boils
without Prokop. Reported, but misrepresented, began to re-report - reported.). Start
with a slow pronunciation and clear pronunciation of each sound.
Prepare and write downusing rhetorical figures, commendable speech positive
qualities of a person (choice): Friendship, Kindness, Justice, etc.
Prepare and record a reprimand
negative phenomena (optional): Slander,
Deceit, Vanity, etc. Give examples of etiquette speech formulas of a neutral and
official
style apologies,
requests,
disagreement,
gratitude,
sympathy.
E.g. request: you are welcome(neutr.), kindly (official).
Choose the arguments to protect or refute the data below the theses in one of the
following situations: a) when talking with the dean, b) in a conversation with
fellow students, c) in a discussion on talk shows. Indicate what type of arguments
you have chosen (for example: clearly established and interrelated facts and
judgments; references to laws, statutes, governing documents, if they are executed
and correspond to real life; quotes from public statements, books recognized in one
form or another authority sphere; testimonies of witnesses and eyewitnesses of
events; statistical information collected and processed by professionals, etc.).
40