Download Corrosion Inhibition Property of Residual Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Tannins from Coconut Lumber Sawdust

CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
Pacita Complex Senior High School – 342361
Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF RESIDUAL
SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING
TANNINS FROM COCONUT LUMBER
(Cocos nucifera L.) SAWDUST
A Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of Pacita Complex Senior High School
Division of Laguna
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Department of Education
Philippines
In fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject:
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Lacuesta, Zachary C.
Abellera, Trixie Anne R.
Baraquel, Diana Angelique P.
2020
i
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
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Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This research project entitled : “CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF
RESIDUAL SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLESUSING TANNINS
FROM COCONUT LUMBER (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) SAWDUST” prepared and
submitted by Lacuesta, Zachary C., Abellera, Trixie Anne R., and Baraquel, Diana
Angelique P. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Inquiries,
Investigations and Immersion is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of _______ .
JOVITO M. BARCENAS, PhD.
Chairman
MARY ANN M. ESPECTACION
Research Adviser
ALVIN L. MONTALLA, MAED-SciTech
Member- Review Panel
ENGR. HANNA FER O. VELASCO
Member – Statistician
LOVELY MAE MANTILLA
Member – Review Panel
IANNE CLAUDINE BRITO
Member – Review Panel
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries,
Investigations and Immersion.
Date : ___________________ Research Accession Number : 007 - 2020
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iii
Acknowledgement
This research study would have never been successfully accomplished without the
aid and involvement of the great and suggestive people who helped the researcher from
the beginning.
In this manner, the researcher would like to express her dearest gratitude to the
following individuals:
The Almighty God, who never failed to amaze the researchers of His unending
grace and love, the ultimate source of all wisdom, strength and patience;
Mr. Jovito Barcenas, Principal, for his hope and support to the researchers that
led to their research work;
Mrs. Maria Belynda L. Lallaban, OIC-Assistant Principal II, for her support
and guidance that led to the success of the researchers;
Their research mentor and class adviser Mrs. Mary Ann M. Espectacion, for her
incomparable assistance that guided the researcher in finishing the study;
The great accommodating people at Katrin Field Incorporated for assisting
the researching in testing the characterization of the nanoparticles.
Mr. Alvin Montalla, Chemistry teacher, for allowing the researcher to use his
laboratory freely also for the feedbacks and comments on the researchers’ study which
helps this study to improve more.
Mrs. Christine T. Bello, for helping the researchers finishing their papers and for
giving feedbacks about their study. Also for helping the researchers’ research adviser
when in times of need.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
Pacita Complex Senior High School – 342361
Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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iv
Ms. Mary Grace O. Condino, for explaining her study thoroughly to the
researchers and for the answers she gave when the researchers asked questions in
methodology.
Mr. Joseph Jimenez, for checking and editing the researchers’ grammar mistakes
in the papers.
The rest of the subject teachers, for their kind consideration and support towards
the researchers;
Their schoolmates, Erika Pauline Malit, Sonny Jr. Romero, Mark John
Gaboy, Adrian Neil Pulmano and Amira Cleofas of 12–Del Mundo, Mary Antonette
O. Irarum, Mary Lorraine O. Irarum, Marianne Espinosa, Regina Dorothy
Mariano, Eunice May Martos, and Manolo Jr. Paderes of 12-Alcala, James Kairo
Dumagpi, Allyssa De Ama, Atheena Khassandra Sabanal, and Shann Dominique
Gatdula of 12-Zara for their undeniable helpfulness in whatever the researcher asked
them to do;
The researcher’s Alma Mater, Pacita Complex Senior High School, who provided
the initial support for this study;
Their beloved families, especially their parents who inspired, continually
supported and provided them finance in accomplishing this research work;
Moreover, the researcher would like to thank the altruistic 12- Del Mundo family
for the moral support, motivation and ideas that they shared to the researcher.
The Researchers
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Pacita Complex Senior High School – 342361
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Dedication
The researchers dedicates this research work to their ever supportive and beloved
parents, friends, teachers and classmates, and most of all, to the one responsible for all
the great things they have accomplished, the Almighty God.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
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Pacita Complex Senior High School – 342361
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Abstract
This study, entitled “CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF RESIDUAL
SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING TANNINS FROM COCONUT
LUMBER (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) SAWDUST”, was conducted to give advantage of
nanoparticles to infrastructures. Nanotechnology produced different products in the world
of modern science. It contributes many significant scientific discoveries in this
generation. Metal corrosion refers to weakening of metal parts due to chemical reactions
most probably because of environmental factors such as pollution. This study
investigated the corrosion inhibition property of silver nanoparticles. With the use of
extracted tannins from Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) lumber sawdust to form silver
nanoparticles.
Boiling of sawdust was used to extract the tannins. To identify if the solution
contained phenols, the researchers used Ferric Chloride Test. 5% FeCl 3 was dropped at
the solution, the color of the solution turned into reddish brown, indicating that there are
phenols present in the solution. Three different variations prepared with different amount
of extract or tannins solution and AgNO3. V1 (75mL TS: 25mL AgNO3), V2 (50ml TS:
50mL AgNO3), V3 (25mL TS: 75mL AgNO3). HCl was prepared as negative control
while commercialized paint as positive control. 2.5cm X 2.5cm sizes of mild steels were
also prepared for immersing it in 20mL of HCl. Using gravimetric assay the researchers
were able to test which variation is the best inhibitor. After 2 hours of immersing of mild
steel, the metals were washed with distilled and degreased with acetone and dried. The
best variation based on the calculated data is V1. In result silver nanoparticles were
effective corrosion inhibitor.
Result of SEM showed the size of the silver nanoparicles, the nanoparticles were fits
within 100-600nm. Shapes of the nanoparticles were irregular: nanorods, and
nanospheres. EDX results showed that V1 contained silver nanoparticles and other
elemental composition.
Keywords: acetone, AgNO3, corrosion, EDX, FeCl3, gravimetric assay, HCl, inhibition,
mild steel, morphology, nanoparticle, phenols, sawdust, SEM, Tannins
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
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vii
Table of Contents
Preliminary Pages
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..i
Approval Page…………………………………………………………………………….ii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………v
Abstract……….…………………………………………………………………….…….vi
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….……..vii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….………ix
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………...x
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND
Introduction……………………………………..…………………………………………1
Background of the Study……………………...…………………………………..……....2
Rationale…………………………………………………………………………..………3
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………3
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………....5
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………………6
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...……………….7
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………..………..…….7
Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………………..…..……..8
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………........……..9
CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Foreign Literature……………………………………………...…………….….11
Related Local Literature…………………………………...…………………………….17
Synthesis………………………………………………………………………..….…….22
Related Foreign Studies……………………………………………………….….…..….25
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
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Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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Related Local Studies……………………………...…………………………………….30
Synthesis…………………………………………...…………………………………….34
CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY
Research Design...………………………..………………………………………...…….37
Settings………………………………………………………………….……………..…38
Sampling Technique……………………………………………………………..….…...38
Research Instrument………………………………………...……..……………….…….39
Research Materials………………………………………………………...………….….39
Research Procedure………………………………………………………….....….……..41
Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………….…….43
CHAPTER 4 : DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
Phytochemical Test for Tannins…………………………………………………………45
Synthesis of Nanoparticles……………………………………………………………….46
SEM and EDX Analysis…………………………………………………………………46
Gravimetric Assay………………………………………………………….……….…...53
Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………………..56
CHAPTER 5 : SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………….57
Conclusions….…………………………………………………………….………..……58
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….………….58
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
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Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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ix
BIBILIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………….……...…..59
APPENDIX A : Documentation ( Pictures, Maps)……………………………...……….72
APPENDIX B : Form 1A & 1B…………………………………………………..……...77
APPENDIX C : Letters of Request/s…………………………………………….………81
APPENDIX D : Testing Results………………………………………………….……...83
APPENDIX E : Project Costing…………………………………………………..……..90
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1……………………………………………………………………………...…..5
Figure 1.2…………………………………………………………………………….……6
Figure 2.1………………………………………………………………………………...40
Figure 3.1……………………………………………………………………….………..45
Figure 3.2.………………………………………………………………………..……....46
Figures 4a-b……………………………………………………………..……..………...47
Figures 5a-d…………………………………..………………………………………….48
Figures 6a-d…………………..………………………………………………………….49
Figures 7a-d…………………………………………..………………………………….51
Figures 8a-b…………………………………………………………………….………..52
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER
NANOPARTICLES…
Pacita Complex Senior High School – 342361
Tirad Pass St., Pacita Complex 1, San Pedro City, Laguna 4023
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x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1…………………………………………………………………………………53
Table 1.2…………………………………………………………………………………54
Table 1.3……………………………………………………………………………..…..54
Table 1.4………………………………………………………………………...……….55
Table 2.1……………………………………………………………..…………………..56
Table 2.2…………………………………………………………………………………56
Table 3.1…………………………………………………………………………………90
CURRICULUM VITAE
PICTURES DURING THE FINAL ORAL DEFENSE BOARD OF PANEL REVIEW
JOURNAL
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter contains the researchers’ introduction and background of the study,
the process in a research paradigm, an elaboration on the research problem, the sets of
hypotheses, and the overall significance, brief description of the study’s scope and
delimitation, and definition of terms.
Introduction
Nanotechnology, also called nanotech, is producing different products in the world of
modern science. Nanotech is also known as the science of nanoscale (Booth & Baker, 2017).
Nanoparticles, a product of nanotechnology, contribute significant scientific discoveries
today. Nanoparticles behavior has great potential for scientific innovation application in
terms of experimenting. One of the primary reasons why the researchers will conduct a study
including nanotechnology is to take advantage of nanoparticles to infrastructures. According
to Begum and Kruger (2016) in connection to infrastructures, metal corrosion happens to any
buildings. Corroding refers to the weakening of metal parts due to chemical reactions in a
material which is mostly because of some environmental factors such as global warming and
pollution.
Republic Act No. 7103, also known as the Iron and Steel Industry Act of 1991, is a
law in the Philippines which aims to strengthen or empower the iron and steel usage. One of
the purposes of this act is to set, or even improve, iron and steel product quality in Philippine
industries. Since metal corrosion is inevitable, this study will help the country to improve the
quality of infrastructures. Industrialization is growing in the Philippines and this study can be
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
a
platform
for
the
country
to
improve
the
quality
of
2
infrastructures.
In this study, extracted silver nanoparticles from tannins of coconut lumber sawdust
will be used in observing corrosion inhibition activities. Usually, after getting wood from
coco lumber, the sawdust are just treated as wastes. In this study, the researchers will use this
so-called waste to act as a corrosion inhibitor.
Background of the Study
Earthquakes are undoubtedly one of the most destructive natural destructions in the
world. Last April, Filipinos experienced a magnitude of 6.1 which affected some buildings in
Metro Manila. One of the factors of the weakness of the building is corrosion. It is an
atmospheric oxidation of metals and its problems required considerable cost. In reducing the
corrosion of metals, numerous techniques have been used. Nanotechnology is now being
used to prove corrosion inhibition. Understanding the relationships of different properties of
engineering materials on a molecular level is the key to the grasp a nanomaterial’s full
potential in corrosion inhibition (Bhattacharya, et al, 2014). Also, a large amount of interest
has been generated in the study of organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors and its
usefulness in several industries. Tannins can be used for production of anti-corrosive primer
for treatment of rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, rust converter to transform oxidized
steel into a smooth sealed surface and rust inhibitor (Condino, 2011). For more than four
decades, tannins extracted from renewable resources have been used to protect steam boilers.
Using tannin-based corrosion inhibitors reduces water and energy consumption, greenhouse
gases emissions, and contaminants in effluent wastewaters, while reducing the impact of
human activities of industrial processes (Dargahi, 2015). Tannins are common in fruits, tea,
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
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chocolate, legume forages, legume trees, and grasses. Examples of plant species used to
obtain tannins are wattle, oak, eucalyptus, birch, willow, pine, and quebracho. Shredded bark
from sawmills also contains tannin.
This research aims to extract the tannins from the sawdust of coco lumber and use it
in synthesizing silver (Ag) nanoparticles and assess its corrosion inhibition property. This
study will help to minimize the negative impacts of corrosion not only to metals, but also to
the environment.
Rationale
One of the factors that metal corrosion affects is safety. Infrastructure failure or the
collapsing of a certain building is greatly affected by metal corroding in its parts. In an article
review in 2016, Petrović enumerated incidents from all over the world that occurred not only
in buildings but mainly in engineering structures such as airplane craft failure. According to
the statistics mentioned in review, corrosion caused almost 42 percent of mechanical failures
in engineering. This shows that metal corrosion greatly affects safety. With the use of
nanotechnology, the researchers will conduct a study to lessen the incidents and problems as
stated above.
Theoretical Framework
A basic theory where nanoparticles can be related would be John Dalton's Particle
Theory wherein it describes the properties of matter and also explains the behavior of
materials.
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An organization called Prolonging Metal Life has an article called Principles of
Corrosion where it elaborates problems on corrosion. In the article, it is stated that metal
corroding rates are affected by factors such as: the metal used itself, electrical resistance of
electrolytes, dissolved oxygen (DO) in electrolytes, and the pH value of electrolytes. It is
related to the study in a way that the metal factor will play an important role in the research.
It is stated in the article that "different metals corrode at different rates".
Another theory related to the study is the Acid Theory of Corrosion which focuses on
the process of a change in refined metal into a disintegrated metal. This theory particularly
shows the method of rusting wherein carbon dioxide, oxygen and moisture oxidize the metals
to show corrosion activity. In relation to the study, the researchers will apply hydrochloric
acid which will act as a variable to form rust in the metal to further test which among the
different
concentration
levels
have
the
less
reduced
weight
of
the
metals.
The Theory of Extraction shows that a mixture of substance reacts with a solvent and
scientifically dissolves the solutes. It elaborates the process of separating a desired substance,
in which the insolubility of the other substance remains. This study will undergo an
extraction of tannins from sawdust of coco lumber. Following the procedure of boiling the
material with distilled water to extract tannins, this organic phase will measure the ability of
the sawdust to produce tannins.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT
Acquisition
of Materials
PROCESS
• Extraction
a. Boiling of
Sawdust Solution
• Synthesizing of
Silver Nanoparticles
• Corrosion
Inhibition Property
Assay
a. Gravimetric
Analysis
OUTPUT
Corrosion Inhibition
Engineer Evaluation
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study in I-P-O Format
The figure above shows the input-process-output of the study. The researchers will
start by gathering the needed materials to conduct the experimentation. The process of the
study will include the extraction of tannins, residual synthesizing of silver nitrate, and
weighing of the metals. The expected output of the research is the corrosion inhibition
property of different concentrations. The output will then be presented to engineering
professionals to determine the effectiveness of the study by using a scale.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Sawdust
• Extracted Tannins
• Silver Nanoparticles
•Hydrochloric Acid
Metal Coupons
6
Figure 1.2 Conceptual Framework of the Study in IV-DV Format
The figure above shows the independent and dependent variable relationship. The
independent variables are sawdust, extracted tannins, silver nanoparticles, and the
hydrochloric acid. The dependent variable in the study will be the metal coupons to test the
corrosion inhibition.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine if the silver nanoparticle is an effective corrosion
inhibitor. Specifically, the researchers aim to achieve the following goals:
1. Determine tannin content of evaporated sawdust;
2. Synthesize silver nanoparticles using residual synthesis of silver nitrate using
extracted tannins;
3. Verify the size and morphology of the silver nanoparticles; and
4. Determine the corrosion inhibition ability of different concentrations of silver
nanoparticles on metals.
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Hypothesis
The researchers will conduct a study on the corrosion inhibition property of residual
synthesized silver nanoparticles from extracted tannins of coconut lumber sawdust. The
researchers will have three sets of hypothesis.
SET A: Extraction of Tannins
1.) Ho= Sawdust of coco lumber (Cocos nucifera L.) does not have tannin content.
2.) Ha= Sawdust of coco lumber (Cocos nucifera L.) has tannin content.
SET B: Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
1.) Ho= Extracted tannins from the sawdust of coco lumber (Cocos nucifera L.)
cannot synthesize silver nanoparticles.
2.) Ha= Extracted tannins from the sawdust of coco lumber (Cocos nucifera L.) can
synthesize silver nanoparticles.
SET C: Corrosion Inhibition Property of Silver Nanoparticles
1.) Ho= Residual synthesized silver nanoparticles are not effective corrosion
inhibitors.
2.) Ha= Residual synthesized silver nanoparticles are effective corrosion inhibitors.
Significance of the Study
The research aims to recognize the corrosive inhibition property of residual
synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracted tannins from sawdust of coco lumber. The
study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: Environment, the research can
lessen potential metal corrosion in metal components of infrastructures and any products with
metals; Government, the study can help the government to take action on checking the
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8
stability of infrastructures; Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the
research will help this department since this is said to be in charge of the country’s
construction and engineering works; Department of Science and Technology (DOST), this
study will help DOST for the researchers will contribute an experimental research on using
nanotechnology; Community, the study will help the community to share and raise awareness
on the importance of avoiding metal corrosion on infrastructures and buildings; and for the
future researchers, the study will become their reference or basis for nanotechnology and
corrosion inhibition property.
Scope and Delimitations
The study aims to determine the corrosion inhibition property of residual synthesized
silver nanoparticles from extracted tannins of coconut lumber sawdust. The metals and
sawdust to be used will be gathered in San Pedro, Laguna. The time frame of the study will
not exceed two weeks. The study will only include extraction of tannins and synthesizing of
silver nanoparticles to determine corrosion inhibition property. The researchers will only
focus on the corrosion inhibition and not further more on other activities of the silver
nanoparticles.
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Definition of Terms
1. Coconut Lumber. Also called as coco lumber and it is a wood cut from coconut
trees. In this study, tannins will be extracted from coconut lumber
2. Corrosion. A chemical reaction usually in a process of rusting due to oxidation. In
this study, corrosion is the problem that will be inhibited.
3. Extraction. In this study, extraction is defined as the process that will be used in
order to get tannins from the coconut lumber sawdust.
4. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Also known as muriatic acid. It is a colorless
chemical compound with tangy smell that can damage a person's skin due to a
high level of acidity. In this study, HCl is the variable that will make the metal in
the experiment corrode.
5. Nanotechnology. Also referred to as nanotech. This branch of applied science
wherein its particles or matter measures 1 to 100 nanometers. In this study,
nanotechnology is where the study will mostly rely on to test corrosion inhibition.
6. Nanoparticles. Matter or particles measuring in between 1 to 100 nanometers with
interfacial surface. In this study, nanoparticles will be used to observe corrosion
inhibition.
7. SEM-EDX. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Energy Dispersive Using XRay (SEM). Analysis testing methods responsible for showing detailed images of
the needed sample by using electron beam on the surface. These methods also
provide the morphology of the sample. In this study, SEM-EDX will be used in
order to observe the composition of the nanoparticles.
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8. Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). Nanoparticles extracted from silver. In this
study, AgNP is mixed with Tannin Solution to observe anti-corrosion activities.
9. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3). A chemical compound with antiseptic activity which can be
used to clean wounds. In this study, silver nitrate solution will be used to synthesize
extracted tannins from coconut lumber sawdust.
10. Tannins. A phytochemical which distinguished yellowish organic substance and can
also be seen or extracted in tree barks. In this study, tannins are a phytochemical
property of coconut lumber which will also be observed if it has corrosion inhibition
ability.
11. Tannin Solution (TS). A filtered liquid of tannins from the evaporated coconut
lumber sawdust. In this study, TS will be used as a variable (together with AgNP)
to observe anti-corrosion activities.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
In this chapter, you will encounter a review of the researchers’ related literature and
studies, from foreign and local sources. In collaboration with the summary of the literature
and studies or the synthesis’ citation of the study, the related concepts and insights will
support the research work.
Foreign Literature
An article by (Banfield et. al., 2006) stated that to emphasize the discussion of
research in this field and the distribution of federal environmental nanotechnology, the
analyzation of research priorities proposed accordingly from diverse groups with a certain
priority to discuss health and environmental risks in the early stages of nanotechnology
boost. The environmental implications of engineered materials laid a cause to focus more on
the advantageous side of these nanotechnology applications than on the major acquisition of
knowledge.
A book by (Bardal, 2007) stated that the acidification and pollution’s reaction with
the environment has led to an increase of corrosion towards the incursion on steel materials.
Demand for engineers to solve this phenomenon against corrosion towards the industrial and
economical society, as to where corrosion allowance is relatively involved to effectively
solve the increased problems on the impacts of corrosion. In concerns for interpreting basic
scientific principles and practical problems into an education for awareness will indeed
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
12
connect the efforts of preventing corrosion abide in loss or destruction of products such as
the continuous economic loss in the view to production interruptions and a majorly direct
charge of maintenance and replacement for the impaired products.
A literature written by (Bradley, 2011) stated that with the application of electronic
devices that elaborated on some answers in this modern society, an adoptive collaboration of
nanotechnology to electronics enabled challenges to be overcome. Manipulating the Nanosized materials from the very basic acquisition of transistors and integrated circuits beholds
wonders on what future may bring us to. These capabilities that nano electronics
characterized into will potentially expand the improvement of today’s technology.
A review by (Chung et. al., 2003) stated that the presence of tannins in plant foods
are polyphenols that subsides a plant feed intake, protein digestibility and growth
mechanisms, resulting for plants to attain a low nutritional rate. The antimicrobial activities
of tannins present in plants was documented, for as to understand how does tannins causes
health degradation to plants, considering how studies theorized that tannins are carcinogenic.
A result to this antimicrobial testing, it was proven that the growth of bacteria and viruses
was reluctant by tannins. An assessment that tannins were also documented to provide aids to
human health such as to reduce blood pressure, produce liver necrosis and even accelerate
blood clotting.
(Daar et.al., 2005) elaborated that as the field of nanotechnology broadens to solve a
manipulated number of profound industrial issues in the world, an act of prioritizing
nanotechnology to be applied in the modern developing world has not been implied. To
worldly inform developing countries, this article aims to identify and renown the top
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13
application of nanotechnology and contribute this to the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals and supply the most hierarchize needs of a specific country. Objectively
introducing a way to meet a sustainable development problem, making a stand for a proposal
to promote the use of these technologies for the less industrialized countries will confidently
aid the modernized international community to improve.
An article written by (Dargahi et. al., 2015) entitled stated that corrosion is a crucial
issue towards the water and energy industry. The guidelines for inhibiting corrosion-induced
safety problems further relays a transaction between the number of cycles in steam boilers
and the producing of corrosive salts in the nature and mechanisms of corrosion rates. A
process of extraction of tannins from these renewable resources correspondingly is a helpful
balance in reducing the contaminants of industrial processes in the environment. This
methodology of participation highlights the study on the corrosion protective properties of a
commercial tannin-based corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Under the applied experimental
conditions, an inhibition efficiency of 85% was proven to the highest value of this inhibitor.
An article written by (Hochella et. al., 2015) stated that the Consumer Products
Inventory (CPI) aims to record the merchandising and apportioning of nanomaterial
contained in a product towards the participation to the commercial merchandise place. This
goal relates to supply a mindset by leading a research effort to further maximize the value
and accuracy of this inventory. Due to the influence of several groups of stakeholders from
the state governments and the school communities, the elaboration of the ubiquitous
nanotechnology in the surviving developmental society will widen the inventory as an
important source and prioritization. In the early 2013, the revised accommodation of this
inventory was released, exclusively the broad merchandising of products showed that
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
14
nanomaterial silver had the highest ratings in the 24% fraction to this inventory. Relatively,
this developmental act to make support to nanomaterial characterization and classification in
consumer products can provide a broader comprehension towards the industry, the
consumers and even to the researchers.
A book by (Marcus, 2011) emphasized that the research field of corrosion portrays a
collaborative highlight in the surface of science, physics, engineering and many more. The
dominance for aligning the corrosion process into configuration, the properties of corrosion
supports the formation and the composition of a material in solid phase, correspondingly
understanding its physical and chemical conditions. A national gross product in the
surrounding modernized countries, a corrosion damage of 3.5% to these products relays a
substantial fraction of which could be bypassed if analytical methods to comprehend the
chemistry and physics of this occurrence and the industrialized process in contributions of
quality materials. The study of electrochemical equilibria and electrode kinetics was showed
importance as to where the concentration and composition of the materials’ electrolyte causes
great changes to react accordingly in this field of corrosion science unto the affected
community.
An article by (McEuen, 2003) stated that the advancement of techniques such as
fabricating and manipulating followed an alignment towards the controlled technology to
carbon-based electronics. The continuous focus on these techniques of professions to
biology, chemistry, and engineering, researchers in a systematized education continued to
improve on the process. As carbon correlatively is the atom of this generation, the
applications to technological approach will advantageously modify nanomaterial in
innovative and productive ways.
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15
According to the article of (Nichols, 2019) stated the procedures of different testing
techniques in laboratory, focusing on the field of Organic Chemistry. One of the testing
included in the article was the ferric chloride test. It is a test for identifying the presence of
phenols in a solution. Add a 5% ferric chloride solution to a 1 mL sample solution. There is a
positive result is color blue, red, green, or purple, while negative result is yellow in color.
A literature by (Risha et. al., 2009) discussed that nano-sized powders are
characterized with a high reactivity and potential ability to accumulate a fraction of energy in
a specific surface area, wherein as this potentiality produce and further have the connection
to metallic nanoparticles; a cause to metal combustion had increased for this concept. These
powders’ flexibility to accommodate with many functions such as to supply super plasticity,
increase in catalytic activity and even lowering melting temperatures has been acknowledged
to use this advantages and align it with the corresponding disadvantage the nano-sized
powder may produce. With the ability to combust materials, the nano powders were observed
and further discover a presence of an activated oxide coating, whereas this led to an act of
limiting the volume of non-energetic material in the nano-sized powders.
A journal by (Scalbert et. al., 2003) stated that proanthocyanids or also known as
condensed tannins and Hexahydroxydiphenic acid or also known as hydrolysable tannins, are
the two groups where tannins can be classified into. These can be also classified as methods
of tannins that were used to compare and apply polyphenols towards the various wood
extracts of the study. These extracts collaborated with acids such as sulfuric acid and nitrous
acid to thereby observe a reaction to accommodate a selective estimation to the extracts.
Relatively, these tannin determination methods are situated on the phenols’ potential to
configure compounds with the proteins.
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A book by (Shreir, 2013) stated that a requirement towards protecting a metal surface
depends on the condition of the coating, paying less attention to other components which
portrays less notability. Elements such as zinc and aluminum serves as a coating for steels,
thus the roles of paints and plastic coatings still projects great contributions. Whereas it is
known to function as a barrier unto the surface of the steel, the underlying environmental
cause for corrosion will emphasize the outer appearance to the coatings. A method of
electrodeposition will correspondingly proceed by spraying layers of coatings through
distributing fair amounts of thinner coatings to its thickest coatings. Although the metal
aluminum provides a more effective advantage in the screening of marine and industrial
environments, it is proven that zinc adopts a greater advantage as a protective screening for
steel surfaces.
Attaining protection between a metal and environment, the worldly known coating
which is paint, contributes effective function for steelworks. In providing considerations for
the paint system, it is required that the mastery for surface preparation must be met as this
system gets more refined.
A review inscribed by (Tiwari, 2011) stated that plant extractions vary in many ways
towards successful determination of biologically active compounds. Following a standard to
this procedure of extraction will equivalently lead to sufficiency for reproduction and an
increment for the presence of phytochemicals in the plant. Proper choice of solvent is also a
requirement to effectively reproduce the desired extract for the process of extraction, whereas
the characterization of a good solvent should be labeled non-toxic, unable to cause the extract
to dissociate and relatively steady towards the bioassay testing.
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An article by (Tutti, 2004) stated that locating the various mechanisms towards
which manipulates the procedure of steel corrosion in concrete covers and the act of reducing
cross section area of the steel will accordingly support the method for predicting service life
of concrete compositions. The service life is classified into a span of commencement and a
span of dissipation. As the flow of the pungent substance into the concrete cover, the count to
the commencement of the corrosion procedure is ascertained.
Local Literatures
An article inscribed by (Basilia, 2015) stated that innovative technologies and growth
quantity of product will credibly enhance productivity in terms of developing a capability of
the new and advanced nanotechnology. The accommodated impact to provide solutions for
the improvement of demands for effective and vital fabrication techniques will gradually
expose opportunities into a quality future. As nanomaterials divulge in many industrialized
countries, a wide variation of applications will set electronic components into a more
advanced usage of nanomaterials in various products.
An article written by (Chungunco, 2018) stated that since the mid-2000s, the usage
of galvanized steel coated in zinc, carbon and aluminum have been proven to immensely
abstain from corrosion. The cycle wherein rust-proofing engage in, is where anti corrosive
materials will coat the steel and will correlatively function in a way that oxidation will not
take place in the cycle of rust-proofing. Rust degrades the value of a material, thus when iron
mixes with air and water, this will initiate the corrosion activity towards the iron or steel.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
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An article by the (Coatings.ph, 2018) stated that a coating that will serve a barrier
between a metal and its underlying effects on the environment, this anti-rust paint will
provide aid to preserve the metal and steel and help secure the steel substrates from the
elements produced. This anti-rust paint is pliant and comes in a great multiplicity. With the
usage of this anti-corrosion paint for metal, it will counteract direct exposure between fluids
and respectively with the substrates.
A review by the (Environmental Science for Social Change, 2013) stated that
tracking high tannin content from the available tree species found in the country, with an
intention of providing mechanisms on environmental sustainability. Throughout the support
of the Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC), developing tannin as a potential
source for fiber board of coconut or even bamboo in implementing an alternative housing
construction for the urban poor. For this success to be executed, an inexpensive and an
authentic alternative should be of very wise and beneficial.
An article by the (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, 2008)
stated that although tannins attacks to limit intensive use in livestock feeding and to plant’s
digestive tracts, these tannins also provide advantageous biological effects in terms of
controlling gastrointestinal parasites into negativity. This compound, tannins, contains
phenolic compounds that could serve as a potential variable that affected nitrogen
degradation to a plant selected in legume species. In this review of 11 species of legumes,
showed that Flemingia and Leucaena were discovered to contain a greater amount of
polyphenolic compounds, wherein an accommodation for anthelmintic properties was
highlighted to reduce internal parasites in goats.
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A literature by (Lantican, 2010) stated that the discovery of nanoscience and
nanotechnology occurred back in the year 1989, wherein the International Business Machine
(IBM) scientists and the global Research and Development initiatives have advanced this
prominent nanotechnology frontier. This engineering relativity to an atomic and molecular
scale is rapidly evolving in a state of technological improvements. Molecular nanostructures
are visibly measured in a billionth of a meter, which equivalently limits a width of a much
smaller piece than that of a red blood cell.
An article issued by (Lagarde, 2017) stated that a tragedy involving the San
Sebastian Church, an only all-steel church in Asia and the solely prefabricated steel church in
the world, faced a critical corrosion controversy. Corrosion on the pedantic sections of the
Gothic structures, the water leakage has caused structural elements – including the whole
building, as well as the art structures and the stained-glass windows. Providing solutions to
these, the architectural and structural repairs will distinctively be repaired, still contracted
with the preservation of the original defining features of the church.
(Lazcano, 2009) stated that the Philippine Council for Advance Science and
Technology Research Development (PCASTRD) articulated a strategic plan that defines their
goal to expand potential applications of nanotechnology with an underlying support of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Constructing an objective to effectively
utilize an elevated impact and life enhancing convenience of nanotechnology will infirmly
dictate development in the field of research. This roadmap will indicate advance information
by enabling engineering courses, upgrading of laboratories for nanoparticle analysis and even
nanotechnology risk evaluation.
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An informatory text by (Mabuhay Vinyl Corporation, 2017) stated that muriatic
acid, or also termed for hydrochloric acid, is considered as one of the most convertible
commercial product which contains chemical compounds and performs specific functions.
This acid is formed when chlorine gas is set burning in hydrogen and gradually will result to
hydrogen chloride. It is widely used in many specifications such as in households for
cleaning, in making foods and also in the formation for medicinal drug products. Even in the
fields of rubbers, textiles and even photography, reliance to this acid is very versatile for
several product applications.
An article reported by the (Maritime Executive, 2012) stated that a cruise ship,
Emerald Princess, encountered an incident of fatal gas cylinder explosion due to the
involvement of corrosion. This incident happened when the crewmates was refilling the gas
cylinder and did not inspect for any entailed ruin, even though the concern cylinders were
losing their pressure. Deterioration of the heavy sheet metal was found to attain into an
unproductive waste, but this incident had caused them a lesson to attentively be aware for
any similar corrosion damage that may inflict on an unwanted casualty.
An informatory text by the (One Sky Ph, 2019) stated that corrosion abides in
different types, but commonly caused through a mixed substance of oxidation and elements.
One form of corrosion is when high temperature combines with oxidation and carbonization,
it often happens especially when exposed in too much sunlight – closely related with
environmental corrosion, and the act during combustion that will correspondingly react once
the compounds get attached with the metal – corroding the metal surface in haste. Metals are
destructible, even though they are known for their sturdy structure and can be applied in
many useful application, they are impotent towards corrosion.
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An article by (Pabustan, 2019) stated that the accumulation of sulfuric compound
triggered the battery terminals to corrode the deactivation of the electrical supply.
Throughout the process, neutralizing the acid will help the corrosion activity stop, in which a
mixture of baking soda or sodium bicarbonate and warm water should abrogate the acid. In
this procedure, the dissolving of corrosion occurred as it reacts beneficially with the solution
applied for the situation.
(Salazar, 2011) stated that the several structures portray roofing materials into longspan duration and the most common type of material is known as the galvanized iron sheets.
Correlatively, the most common problem in this situated structure of a roof is the attack of
corrosion. It was mentioned that once corrosion invades the material, the growth of decay
will intensely be difficult to terminate. In this article, a suggestion of using long-span metal
roofing should be situated into consideration, rather than the usage of commercial-length
roofing sheets that would only last in a minimum duration before corrosion invades again.
Although it sets up to a greater expense, it would still be beneficial to a greater standard of
quality over quantity.
An informatory text by the (Steel Asia, 2019) stated that to aid the Philippine Steel
Industry in shaping up the development on minimizing the environmental and social impacts
towards a stable growth for the country, the Steel Asia provided a strategic plan on this
framework. The economic status continuously grows competitively, wherein amassed
industries will keep on developing the modulation profile of steel demands. Sustaining a
robust domestic steel production, is majorly the focus of the stated industry, but also a
sustainment for delivering practice and value to customers will perpetually be prioritized as
well.
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(The New Humanitarian, 2014) article stated that deterioration of coconut wood
increased, as the tree debris accumulated to avoid getting rotten which underlies problem if
not brought down into ground. Challenges with pest infestation and climate change,
continued to attack in the Philippines. Proposing treatments for these problems contributed
with great priority by many related agencies. Management of this coconut trees, includes
soaking the plant with salt water, smoking the wood foundation, and even chemicallyinvolved treatment.
(William, 2013) provided an information whereas the invention conducted relates to
the process of preparing a rust-preventing solution adapted to be used as a protective coating
for metallic surfaces and the like to prevent rusting, corrosion or other deterioration thereof.
As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints, for producing varnishes, and as
a raw material for the chemical industry. A process of heating turpentine extract will act as
the solvent towards the mechanism of dissolving gum and Vaseline to the turpentine, thus
creating a product of a rust-preventing solution.
Synthesis
Corrosion is a problem which is important to focus. Marcus (2011) emphasized that
conducting studies on corrosion helps in delaying infrastructure failures. One of the major
reasons of corroding according to Bardal (2007) is the acidification and pollution for it makes
metals corrode and it is important to make a solution especially for the engineering field.
Another reason for corrosion according to Tutti (2004) is when pungent substance is applied
in concrete steel, the count to the commencement of the corrosion procedure is ascertained.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
23
According to the Mabuhay Vinyl Corporation (2017), Hydrochloric Acid is a convertible
commercial product which contains chemical compounds which can cause corrosion. One
Sky PH (2019) then claimed that corrosion abides in different types but commonly caused
mainly by oxidation. Accidents happen because of corrosion. Maritime Executive (2012)
reported that a cruise ship named Emerald Princess had a gas cylinder explosion because of
corrosion. It was found to have deterioration of the heavy sheet metal in the cylinder.
Another incident according to Lagarde (2017) is that, corrosion caused San Sebastian
Church, the only all-steel church in Asia, to collapse. In addition, Pabustan (2019) claimed
that accumulation of sulfuric compounds make battery terminals corrode. In order to prevent
corrosion, Sheir (2013) stated that metal protection from corrosion depends in the coating
used and paint is an effective coat. Coatings.ph (2018) there is anti-rust paints. Chungunco
(2018) added, when rust proofing is used, anti-corrosive materials will coat the steel to avoid
rusting. Steel Asia (2019) stated that the Philippine Steel Industry provided strategic plans to
avoid engineering failures. Salazar (2011) stated that the most common type of roofing
material is galvanized iron sheets but its major problem is metal corrosion and improvements
on roofing against metal corrosion are expensive. From here, it can be inferred that corrosion
must have solutions immediately.
Nanotechnology will be a factor in this study. According to Risha, Son, and Yetter
(2009), powdered nanoparticles have high reactivity which causes metal combustion. With
this, nano powders were observed to contain activated oxide coating. On the other hand,
Daar, Martin, Persad, et. al. (2005) nanotechnology contributes in solving problems
regarding industrialization. Nanotechnology contributes greatly on infrastructures because
according to Hochella, Hull, Kuiken, et. al. (2015), nanomaterial characteristics and
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
24
classifications present in consumer products provide broader comprehension towards
industries. Banfield, Dunphy, and Taylor (2006) even claimed that environmental
nanotechnology researches must prioritize solutions on environmental risks. In terms of
technology improvement, MacEuen (2003) stated that nanotechnology contributes to
technique advancement on carbon-based electronics and with this, nanomaterials will modify
in innovative ways. Bradley (2011) even added that manipulation of nanomaterials
contributes significant improvement on today's technology especially on electronic devices.
Nanotechnology in the Philippines is even encouraged because according to Lantican (2010),
the discovery of nanoscience and nanotechnology in 1989 have advanced nanotechnology
frontier. Furthermore, Basilia (2015) claimed that nanomaterials improve in the Philippines
especially for effective and vital fabrication techniques. In addition, Laczano (2009) stated
that DOST supports the improvement on nanotechnology in the Philippines by enabling
engineering courses, upgrading of laboratories for nanoparticle analysis, and nanotechnology
risk evaluation.
Tannins are known phenol and have major benefits. Chung, Huang, Lin, et. al. (2003)
claimed that tannins in plants are reluctant on bacteria and virus growth. In addition to this,
Scalbert, Monties, and Jannin (2003) stated that there are two types of tannins namely
condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of United Nations (2008), tannins contain phenolic compounds which serve as
potential variables that affect nitrogen degradation. Environmental Science for Social Change
(2013) also claimed that tannins can be used as source for fiber board as an alternative for
housing construction. Unfortunately, the New Humanitarian (2014) claimed that
deterioration of coconut wood increased. On the other hand, Dargahi, Gaudreault, Olsson, et.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
25
al. (2015) proved by experiment that the corrosion inhibition ability of tannins and results
show that 85 percent is its inhibition efficiency.
Tiwari (2011) plant extractions vary on determining active compounds. It is important
to follow a systematic process of extraction and choosing a correct solvent is a must.
Furthermore, Nichols (2019) stated that Ferric Chloride is used for testing of phenol
presence. Blue, red, green, or purple indicates positive while yellow indicates negative.
Foreign Studies
A study by (Abdallah et. al., 2005) stated that the corrosion inhibition of the metals:
Carbon-steel, nickel and zinc in acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions was conducted with the
accommodation of the aqueous extract lawsonia as the subject for the treatment. In the
experimentation method, polarization technique was used to test the metal's properties
reacted in different mediums. Along the tested media, it was proven that the lawsonia extract
acts as a good inhibitor parallel towards the 3 metals discussed. A statistical method
Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found comprehensible to be used in the study.
(Adelowo et. al., 2016) discussed that to lessen the corrosion activity of mild steel
brought into effective action of acidic domains, the maneuvering of inhibitors were
emphasized. Corrosive solutions’ growth in the extract concentration and the correlation of
temperature towards the extract’s behavior was elaborated to the objectives of the study. The
method Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy or FTIR was applied to formally discover
the present functional groups to the linked exchange between the extract and the metal.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
26
A study by (Behzadnasab et. al., 2011) stated that the nanoparticles Zirconium
Dioxide significantly proved that a weight percent of 2 or 3 acquired the best rate for
corrosion activity among the epoxy coatings. Techniques such as Electrochemical noise
(ECN) and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy assisted the study to record the
corrosion performance activated by zirconia Nano compounds coated with Sodium Chloride
on mild steel.
The author (Benali et. al., 2013) stated that the application of corrosion inhibition
aims to reduce the corrosion rates of materials, wherein the wide use of acid solutions in the
industry serves as the most common variable for corrosion inhibition. Analysis on the
Chamaerops humilis plant tannin extract showed the feasibility of this variable as a corrosion
inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid, an action of slowing down the corrosion
process from a standardized absorption method. The acquisition of data from the study was
carried out by the accommodation of Tafel Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy (EIS).
A study by (Borisova et. al., 2011) informed that the enhancement of corrosion
protection via mesoporous silica nanoparticles will accordingly exhibit the high surface area
on aluminum alloy. A constant high storage of the corrosion inhibitor was highly achieved in
the mesoporous nanoparticles. The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) was used
in a simulated corrosion process of the passive anti-corrosive film in chloride solution,
leading to a regenerating effect.
The research study of (Chauhan, et. al., 2007) elaborated that the Zenthoxylum
alatum plant extract proved a significant effect to increase in concentration as inhibition
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
27
efficiency increased by a degree. The additive inhibitor was observed as the temperature
ranged from 50 to 80 degree Celsius. The inclusion of the diluted Hydrochloric medium in
the mild steel established a corrosive inhibition property throughout the experimentation.
Analysis such as Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier-Transform Infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS) were critically included to prove the following data into a more
comprehensive study.
(Ferreira et. al., 2007) applied that the nanoparticles Zirconium Dioxide
significantly proved that a weight percent of 2 or 3 acquired the best rate for corrosion
activity among the epoxy coatings. Techniques such as Electrochemical noise (ECN) and
Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy assisted the study to record the corrosion
performance activated by zirconia Nano compounds coated with sodium chloride on mild
steel.
The authors (Gopal et. al., 2016) stated that corrosion inhibitors are not capable of
additionally transfer to the barrier coating because of its property to inactivate coatings. This
downside can be overcome through the usage of nanocontainers to encapsulate the corrosion
inhibitor and accordingly disperse in coating. It was proven that nanocontainers should
restore toxic chromate corrosion inhibitors and undergo human health and environmental
risks.
A study by (Hinton et. al., 2003) stated that the soluble rare earth metal salts were
proven effective as an inhibitor towards corrosion activity on steel, zinc and aluminum
alloys. Extensive research on the most common corrosion inhibitor which was labeled to
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
28
chromate ion was scientifically bounded with inhibition mechanisms in its own existing
compounds. The study covers a developing environment by allowing the inhibitors take
place.
(Hua, et. al., 2009) relayed that the alkylimidazolium ionic liquids in hydrochloric
acid by 1-butyl-3 methylimidazolium chlorides and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen
sulfate went through a process of weight loss measurements to rate if corrosion activity took
place in the reaction. It was analyzed that the two inhibitors used in the study are mixed type
inhibitors, as it both showed increase in effectiveness in inhibition activity. Elaboration for
the mechanism of corrosion inhibition showed that a significant effect of the temperature
translated the activity in its change of behavior.
(Khadom et. al., 2013) a study in which stated that the adsorption on the metal
surface is the action that will take place from the variable apricot juice to initiate a reaction
that would specify the corrosion rate of the medium. The mild steel was soaked in phosphoric
acid to locate the active sites of the metal surface coated by the adsorption of the extract that
functions as an additional inhibitor to the experimentation. The inactive area of the inhibitor
is where the corrosion reaction took place, and by measures of weighing the metal will
numerically define if corrosion protection took place. A result of 75% inhibition efficiency,
manipulated with a 30°C temperature, therefore showed that heat adsorption was low which
instinctively enabled the physical adsorption on the metal surface.
A study by (Obot et. al., 2011) stated that coir dust has the capability to be an
adsorbent as a result to its constituents. The extraction showed that 90% contains cellulose
and lignins and 10% of its content are tannins, hemicellulose and pectins. This
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
29
characterization of coconut proceeded with the feasibility to exchange ions immersed in a
solvent of acetone and water.
(Oguzie et. al., 2007) a research in which informed that the sansevireria trifasciata
extract indicated as a commendable inhibitor in both temperature assessments and inhibition
efficiency within a range of concentration of the solutions. The energy enabling of corrosion
activity in metal surface immersed in Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide solutions,
supplied an increase in the subsistence of the extract towards a mechanism of physical
adsorption. Characterizations of the accommodated variables were translated with the
application of Freundlich Isotherm.
A study by (Qureshi et. al., 2014) stated that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
with the subject of tannins to imply green synthesis, whereas the minimization of silver ions
by the accommodated tannins will be observed. The change in color of the tannin solution
will specify that the synthesizing reaction with silver nitrate has been done in the process. A
color switch yellowish brown to whitish green, light brown to dark brown, and brown to
brownish black will identify the effectiveness of the synthesis. Through the analyzation of
different testing such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) where identification of
the particles shapes and sizes were determined, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR) where the capability of the tannin with the silver nanoparticles were determined, and
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) where characterization of silver nanoparticles were
emphasized.
In a research study written by (Umoren et. al., 2013) stated that the accommodation
of honey as the subject to potentially anti-corrode mild steel against acidic solutions, in
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
30
which this objective approaches how feasible the study will be. The experimentation method
underwent by synthesizing the silver nanoparticles through reactivity of honey, whereas the
treatment of Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) characterized the silver nanoparticles
involved. The participation of sunlight acted as a constructive agent throughout the synthesis
process. Using electrochemical techniques the corrosion inhibitor honey for mild steel in
hydrochloric acid was tested and therefore provided effective inhibition towards the mild
steel.
Local Studies
A study by (Aguilar et. al., 2013) elaborated that a waste such as Coconut Lumber
Sawdust can be an alternative fine aggregate for additives in concrete. Using experimental
method, the researchers observed the products for three different periods in order to compare
it to sand, the usual fine aggregate in concrete mixture. Results showed that sawdust can be
an alternative for it showed "compressive strength" as sand.
The researchers (Arboleda et. al., 2015) stated that the coconut husk's fibreboards
were used for a potentially tannin-based adhesive and proved that their conductivity against
thermal treatments satisfied the requirement unto the medium. The low density property of
the fibreboards enhanced a condensation process of tannin molecule with the presence of
silica, towards an aim to reduce the application benefits of hardener in the adhesive
formulation.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
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In a study written by (Billacura et. al., 2017), the research had five experimental
ratios UV-VIS, FTIR, and SEM-EDX were used for silver nanoparticle observation for they
used silver nanoparticles in green synthesizing.
It was stated to the study of (Billacura et. al., 2015) that the aqueous extract of
wedelia trilobatalone were synthesized by reacting this extract with silver nitrate and were
analyzed through characterization of silver nanoparticles through Ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy (UV-vis). The experimental method of antimicrobial activity of the extract
showed that it does not inhibit e.coli growth, attributing the reduction of silver ion to silver
nanoparticles through the silver nitrate solution. Additionally, the plant extract and the silver
nitrate alone did not exhibit the zone of inhibition.
(Burlas et. al., 2013) relayed that rambutan or nephekium lappaceum are natured to
subtropical lands wherein it is crucial to analyze its phytochemical constituents. This study
focuses on determining the secondary metabolites such as tannins in the bark, together with
the fruit and leaves part via ethanolic extraction. Additionally, the leaves, rind, and bark
were positive for tannins wherein saponins and alkaloids are also present.
An informative research by (Canama et. al., 2019) detailed that Cocos nucifera L. Or
also known as coconut where it is characterized as the most important palm tree in the most
tropical countries. It is the most numbered agricultural crop in the Philippines and roots to
several economical uses. Philippines is known as the second largest producer of coconut
products in the whole world, as it coverage a 26% of the country's agricultural lands.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
32
(Condino, 2016) wherein the study resulted that coconut lumber is positive for tannin
content and has corrosion inhibition property. The researcher also used UV-VIS, FT-IR, and
SEM-EDX for testing purposes.
(Cimafranca et. al., 2016) stated in their study that they used coconut lumber, a
known wood waste, as a biosorbent in water mixed with artificial methylene blue dye. The
coconut lumber sawdust was mixed or treated with Potassium Hydroxide in order to activate
it. The results showed that coconut lumber sawdust is an effective biosorbent for it removed
68% to 81% of artificial methylene blue dye in the water. In addition, the Potassium
Hydroxide treatment helped the coconut lumber sawdust in adsorption.
(Espulgar et. al., 2011) study made use of pure silver powder in order to observe
antimicrobial properties against E. coli. The parameters used in the study are different time
and temperature at fixed ramp using HVPC. The study used SEM-EDX method to see that
the nanoparticles of different shapes can grow using HVPC method. Results show that the
nanoparticles decreased the colonies of E. coli compared to that of no nanoparticles.
A study by (Manas, 2011) stated that the application extracting tannins from ipil-ipil
utilized in many phenols, a 70.98% yield extract was obtained in an oven dry weight of the
ipil-ipil. An acquisition of barks into different types of plywood relevantly improved the
water resistance of the adhesive by means of chemically bonding the formaldehydes. The
tannin adhesive met the requirements for the mechanisms towards the US Commercial
standard for Type 1 plywood, following a 25% rate to necessarily obtain the standards from
the extracted tannins.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
33
(Miranda, 2017) conducted a study on larvicidal properties. The study focused on
extracting R. tuberosa and making use of AgNP green synthesized solution in order to be
larvicide factors. The study used UV-VIS and SEM to test the the characteristics of AgNP.
The results showed that the size of the nanoparticles ranges from 28 to 50 nanometers with
oval and sphere shapes. The study concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles can
be used as alternatives for mosquito larvae controls.
(Nimedez et. al., 2017) study stated that the study emphasized a variation in the
quality of wood wherein the distinction in chemical, mechanical, anatomical and physical
properties of yellow and green varieties of coconut. The value of yellow variety excelled in
fiber length, cell wall thickness, bending strengths and relative density. Whereas the value of
green variety excelled in moisture content, ash content, silica contents and vessel lengths.
The study of (Pacquiao, 2018) used silver nanoparticles and Turmeric Rhizome in
order to observe an antiangiogenic property which is a factor which stops the growth of a
cancer cell. The study is an experimental research design which made use of different testing
methods in order to observe the properties of the silver nanoparticles and C. longa. The
methods included phytochemical analysis and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis).
The former was used to observe the chemical properties of C. longa which includes
polyphenols, flavanoids, and tannins. On the other hand, UV-VIS showed the size of silver
nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were confirmed with a size of 415 nanometers.
(Sabanal, 2017) relayed that the samples of different ratio were tested for
antibacterial activity. The result of SEM showed that the size of the brown copper
nanoparticles were mostly irregular, nanorods, nanospheres and truncated triangles whereas
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
34
the results of EDX proved that the synthesized products’ elemental composition is mostly
silver.
In the study of (Tecson, 2018) stated that the tannerine mouthwash from the
formulation through different types of extracting duhat bark using alcohol and water as
medium. The liquid extracts from the percolation method produced the highest percentage
yield of tannins. To rate the opinions of their 30 samples, an evaluation test were proven to
be acceptable in terms of its odor, color, viscosity and taste. A property of being antiseptic
towards inhibiting the growth of the microorganism, emphasized by the microbiological
testing specifying that tannerine mouthwash is potentially effective against a resident bacteria
in the mouth.
Synthesis
Adelowo, Alaneme, and Olusegun, et. al. (2016) manuevering inhibitors were
emphasized to lessen corrosion activity of mild steel. FT-IR was then used to discover the
relationship between the extract used in the experiment and the mild steel used. Abdallah, ElEtre, El-Tantawy (2005) aqueous extract of lawsonia was used to observe its corrosion
inhibition property. Results show that the extract is a good inhibitor in 3 metals used.
Khadom, Wael, and Yaro (2013) apricot juice has 75 percent inhibition efficiency in a mild
steel soaked in phosphoric acid. Hinton (2003) rare soluble earth metals were proven
effective corrosion inhibitors. It was alsl found that chromate ion is the most common
corrosion inhibitor. Oguzie (2007) proved that Sanseieria trifasciate extract is a
commendable inhibitor on metals immersed in hydrochloric acid aand potassium hydroxide
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
35
solutions. Chauhan and Gunasekaran (2007) proved that Zenthoxylum alatum extract is an
efficient corrosion inhibitor of mild steel diluted in hydrochloric acid. Analysis such as FTIR
and SEM are used. Hua and Zhang (2009), though it proved efficiency, temperature affected
the corrosion inhibitory property of alkylimjdazolium ionic liquids. Benali, Benmehdi,
Hasnaoui, et. al. (2013) proved that Chamaerops humilis plants are effective corrosion
inhibitors in metals put in sulfuric acid. Behzadnasab, Jamali, Kabiri, et. al. (2011) has a
study where the metal with weight has a small loss are not totally corroded. Ferreira and
Montemor (2007) stated that Zirconium Dioxide nanoparticles are effective corrosion
inhibitors. Qureshi, Rahum, Raja, et. al. (2014), Billacura and Mimbesa (2015), Miranda
(2017), Pacquiao (2018), Espulgar, Santos and Quiroga (2011), Sabanal (2017), Condino
(2016), and Umoren (2013) used FTIR, SEM-EDX and UV VIS to emphasize the
characteristics of the nanoparticles used in their study.
Canama, Cardona, Dancel, et. al. (2019) claimed that coconut lumber trees are
important in tropical countries like the Philippines. Cimafranca, Cueta, Desengano, et. al.
(2016) used coconut lumber sawdust as a bioabsorbent in water. Aguilar, Batisting, Lemos,
et. al. (2013) utilized coconut lumber sawdust as an alternative for an aggregate in
construction.
In a study by Burlas, De Leon, Pasicolan, et. al. (2013), it showed that leaves, rind,
and bark parts of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) are positive for tannins wherein
saponins and alkaloids are also present. Tecson (2018) conducted an experiment wherein
tannins from Duhat is used as a formulation for mouthwash and results show that tannerine
mouthwash is potentially effective against resident bacteria in mouth. Manas (2018) observed
tannins in Ipil-ipil barks. The tannin adhesive met the requirements for the mechanisms
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
36
toward the U.S. Commercial standard for Type 1 plywood. Aborleda, Bianchi, Eusebio, et.
al. (2015) developed tannin-based adhesive for fiberboard. Nimedez, Rojas, Tesoro, et. al.
(2017) observed the properties of selected Cocowood in the Philippines where it shows that
the value of yellow variety excelled in terms of wood length and strength while green variety
is more of moisture, ash and silica content.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
37
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the procedure of the researchers will use to gather data about
the corrosion inhibition property of residual synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracted
tannins from coco lumber sawdust. It also presents the research design, setting or locale,
instrumentation, sample selection, data processing, risk and safety measures, costing, and
ethical considerations used in this study.
Research Design
A quantitative research is a research that deals with statistics, mathematical or
numerical analysis of data. It is a step-by-step investigation of a phenomenon by gathering
numerical, computational and statistical data. This study is a quantitative research because
the researchers aim to investigate the corrosion inhibition property of silver nanoparticles to
mild steel. In addition to that, this study requires numerical data like the weight of mild
steel: initial weight and final weight, the immersion time of mild steel to HCl and the
statistical data that will show the results of SEM/EDX.
Experimental research design was used in this study. According to Mitchell, O.
(2015), experimental research design was specifically concerned with constructing study
which is high in causal validity. Causal validity focuses on the accuracy of the statements
regarding the cause and effect relationships. In this design, not only the independent variable
was manipulated but also the other variables such as control, which may be positive or
negative control. This study used experimental research design because the researchers have
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
38
control set ups and experimental set ups to differentiate and interpret the data of corrosion
inhibition property of the silver nanoparticles that gathered in each set up. Parallel group
design is an experimental design which consists of three or more groups: one is a control
group and two or more experimental group. This study used parallel group design since the
researchers have 7 groups: two controls and five experimental.
Settings
The study was done inside the Pacita Complex Senior High School. The
experimentation, testing and gathering of data of the corrosion inhibition property of silver
nanoparticles were done in the chemistry laboratory of the school. The sawdust of coco
lumber was only collected in Niel and Nitz Construction Supply, while the mild steel was
collected in one of the researchers’ house to lessen the expenses of the research study. The
chemicals are bought in a chemical store called Tadeo’s Marketing.
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique that the researchers used was convenience sampling
technique. This sampling technique is also called accidental sampling method since the
samples are selected based on what is available near the place of experimentation. Another
sampling used in this research is random sampling because the researchers do not have any
idea of the behavior of the coco lumber sawdust, which sawdust will give more tannin, and
which will not.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
39
Research Instrument
In this study, the researchers used the laboratory apparatuses available in the
chemistry laboratory for the experimentation of the study. Digital weighing scale was used
for the measuring of initial and final weight of the mild steel. Graduated cylinders, beakers,
vials, petri dishes, droppers, magnetic stirrer, electric stove, and glass containers. In
preparing the mild steel, the instruments used are mild steel, scissors, 1000-400 grade of
abrasive paper and distilled water. The chemicals used in this study are acetone,
commercialized paint, hydrochloric acid (HCl), ferric chloride liquid (FeCl3), and silver
nitrate (AgNO3). In gathering the data, the researchers have used cameras, scientific
calculator, papers and pens to evaluate and check the data of the corrosion inhibition property
of silver nanoparticles.
Research Materials
The researchers used the following materials and equipment in performing their
research study:
Laboratory Equipment
•
Beakers
•
Digital weighing Scale
•
Droppers
•
Electric Stove
•
Graduated Cylinders
•
Magnetic Stirrer
•
Petri Dishes
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
•
Vials
Chemicals
•
Acetone
•
Ferric Chloride
•
Hydrochloric Acid
•
Silver Nitrate
Other Materials
•
1000-400 Grade of Abrasive Paper
•
Commercialized Paint
•
Distilled Water
•
Mild Steel
•
Scissors
Figure 2.1 Flow Chart of the Research Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
• Acquisition of Materials
• Extraction of Tannins from the Sawdust of Coco Lumber (Cocos
nucifera L.)
• Phenols Testing using Ferric Chloride Test
• Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using the Extracted Tannins
• Preparation of Metal Coupons
• Preparation of Test Solution to Graduated Cylinders
• Testing of Corrosion Inhibition Property of Silver Nanoparticles
• Gravimetric Analysis Assay of the Corrosion Inhibition Property
of Silver Nanoparticles
40
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Research Procedure
The method used in extracting the tannins out of sawdust of coco lumber is
boiling or evaporation of sawdust, while phytochemical test for tannins and the process
used to test the corrosion inhibition property is gravimetric analysis from the study of
Condino (2016) which is entitled “Extraction and Comparison of Tannin from Lumber
Sawdust of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) And Big-Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King) and its Corrosion Inhibition Property”. From the study of Awang,
Rahim, Raja, and Qureshi (2014) entitled “Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using
Tannins,” the procedure of synthesizing the silver nanoparticles of the study was used
and changed the method name into residual synthesis since the researchers used a waste
product which is the sawdust to extract tannins and synthesize silver nanoparticles.
Extraction of Tannins from the Sawdust of Coco Lumber (Cocos nucifera L.)
The sawdust of coco lumber was put to a polyethylene bag and shade dried it
within ten days. 75 grams of sawdust were mixed with 300 mL distilled water and boiled
it at 80-degree temperature (ºC), then put on a magnetic stirrer to mix the sawdust and
distilled water well and filter the solution with filter paper three times.
Phenol Testing using Ferric Chloride
According to Nichols (2019) the solution have phenols when 5% of FeCl3 was
added to the solution, the color will change into dark blue, dark red, (Harper College, n.d)
reddish brown and green indicating that the solution is positive for phenols or yellow
when negative. The 5% FeCl3 solution was added to 1 mL of coco lumber sawdust
extract. Qualitative test was done for getting the data.
41
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using the Extracted Tannins
Using the residual synthesis of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and extracted tannins from
coco lumber sawdust, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized. With the same
temperature, the tannin solution and silver nitrate (AgNO3) will be put into variations.
Variation 1 has 100 mL of 80-degree temperature (ºC) TS and 0 mL AgNO3; Variation 2
has 75 mL of 80-degree temperature (ºC) TS and 25 mL 1 mM AgNO3; Variation 3 has
50 mL of 80-degree temperature (ºC) TS and 50 mL 1 mM AgNO3; Variation 4 has 25
mL of 80-degree temperature (ºC) TS and 75 mL 1 mM AgNO3; and Variation 5 has 0
mL of 80-degree temperature (ºC) TS and 100 mL 1 mM AgNO3. There are five
variations all in all: two control set ups and three experimental set ups. The samples were
tested and analyzed using the gravimetric analysis in Pacita Complex Senior High School
Chemistry Laboratory.
Preparation of Metal Coupons
Mild steel with a width and length of 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm is the metal that was used
in this study. The metal coupons are polished with a 400-grade abrasive paper, and then
immersed with distilled water and removed excess grease with acetone. After cleaning
the metal coupons, they were dried, weighed and put in a petri dish.
Preparation of Test Solution to Graduated Cylinders
Seven graduated cylinders containing 20mL 1M HCL solution were carefully
prepared. The first five graduated cylinders were labeled as V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5
while the remaining graduated cylinders were the negative control and positive control.
42
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Testing of Corrosion Inhibition Property of Silver Nanoparticles
The metal coupons were immersed in the seven graduated cylinders with the
solutions (HCl and Silver Nanoparticles), and one cylinder containing a painted mild
steel for the positive control. The researchers left it for two hours and removed the metal
coupons. Metal coupons were immersed in distilled water and removed the excess grease
with acetone and weighed.
Gravimetric Analysis Assay of the Corrosion Inhibition Property of Silver Nanoparticles
Gravimetric analysis was done to evaluate the efficiency of the inhibitor to the
1M HCl solution. Calculating the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency was done by
Condino (2016) by using the formula of ASTM (2004) and Sherif (2012).
Statistical Treatment
The corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency was calculated by the following equation:
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
Where:
K= Conversion Constant to mpy: 3.45 x 106
W˳= Initial Iron Weight
Wᵢ= Iron Weight after Immersion in HCl
𝐾(𝑊˳ − 𝑊ᵢ)
𝐷×𝐴×𝑇
43
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
D= Density of Iron (7.8g/cm3)
A= Surface Width (cm2)
T= Immersion Time (hour)
𝐼𝑛ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = (
𝐶𝑅˳ − 𝐶𝑅ᵢ
) × 100%
𝐶𝑅˳
Where:
CR˳= Corrosion Rate without Inhibitor (mpy)
CRᵢ= Corrosion Rate with Inhibitor (mpy)
The researchers used tables and statistical treatments to gather data, to analyze,
and to interpret the observed data, the research logbook noted by the researchers, the
testing done by the researchers and research centers, and statistical data. Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) or F-test was used in this study to statistically determine the
significant difference among the results of corrosion inhibition between three trials.
𝐹=
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝑇)
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝐸)
Where F is based on d.f.1 = (k – 1) and d.f.2 = (n – k)
44
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
This chapter deals with presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered
from the observed data, research logbook noted by the researchers, the testing done by
the researchers and research centers, and statistical data.
Results
This part of the research discusses the results and findings from the various tests and
experiments conducted as described in the methodology.
A. Phytochemical Test for Tannins
Ferric chloride test was used to examine if there is a presence of tannins in the
coco lumber sawdust extract. 1 mL of FeCl3 was added to 1 mL of coco lumber sawdust
extract. The color changed into reddish brown, indicating that the extract contains
phenols and tannins is one of the phenols as shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3.1 Phytochemical Test using Ferric Chloride Test: (a) dropping 5% FeCl3 to the
tannin solution; and (b) the result after the process, color was reddish brown indicating
that there are phenols in the solution.
a
b
45
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
B. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles were formed by gently mixing different amounts of tannin
solution and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The color changed into yellowish-brown which
indicates that there is a synthesis that happened. The tannins extract was used as a
catalyst to bring down the AgNO3 into silver atoms. The tannin extract also served as the
capping agent for the silver atoms not to be in clusters.
Figure 3.2 Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: (a) 100 mL vials with different
concentrations and labels; and (b) used samples after adding to the HCl and the mild
steels.
a
b
C. Morphology and Element Composition of Silver Nanoparticles
After getting the result of the gravimetric assay, the best residual synthesized
silver nanoparticles, which was the V1, was brought to Katrin Field Incorporated utilizing
their SEM and EDX. The SEM’s purpose is to determine the shape and size of the sample
whereas the sole purpose of the EDX is to analyze the elements that compose the grown
silver nanoparticles.
46
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Figure 4a-b. SEM images of silver nanoparticles magnified at 30,000x which shows the
irregular shapes of silver nanoparticles.
a
.
b
.
The images photographed by Katrin Field Incorporated shows the irregular shapes
of the silver nanoparticles as evident in the SEM images showed on the Figure 4a-b. The
synthesized nanoparticles have measurements ranging from 147 nm to 676 nm which is
shown on Figure 4b.
Another set of images photographed by Katrin Field Incorporated SEM showed
that the shapes of the residual synthesized silver nanoparticles of V1 were really
irregular: some are nanorods and hexagonal and some are indescribable chains of silver
nanoparticles as shown in the SEM images presented in Figure 5a-d.
47
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
48
Figure 5a-d. SEM of particles of residual synthesized silver nanoparticles V3: (a) silver
nanoparticles magnified at 300x; (b) residual synthesized silver nanoparticles magnified
at 3000x; (c) grown silver nanoparticles magnified to 5000x; (d) silver nanoparticles
magnified to 10000x.
a.
b.
c.
d.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Figure 6a-d. EDX identification of elements from the residual synthesized silver
nanoparticles at 1500x: (a) spot 1; (b) spot 2; (c) individual map of elements in spot 1;
and (d) individual map of elements in spot 2.
a
Element
Number
6
17
11
8
47
Element
Symbol
C
Cl
Na
O
Ag
Element Atomic Weight
Name Conc. Conc.
Carbon
33.98 16.82
Chlorine 29.94 43.74
Sodium
24.26 22.98
Oxygen
9.54
6.29
Silver
2.29 10.16
b
Element
Number
8
17
11
19
47
15
c
d
Element
Symbol
O
Cl
Na
K
Ag
P
Element
Atomic Weight
Name
Conc. Conc.
Oxygen
53.32 31.39
Chlorine
31.84 41.54
Sodium
5.13
4.34
Potassium
4.86
6.99
Silver
3.61 14.34
Phosphorus
1.24
1.41
49
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Figure 6a-b shows the elemental composition of the V1 residual synthesized
silver nanoparticles using extracted tannins. The EDX proved that silver nanoparticles
were formed using the extracted tannins from coco lumber sawdust. Spot 1 (a), the
nanoparticles contained 2.29 silver atomic concentration with weight concentration of
10.16 while spot 2 (b) the nanoparticles contained 3.61 silver atomic concentration and
weight concentration of 14.34. The graph shown on Figure 6c-d showcases the peak
element concentration of the samples for spot 1 and 2 respectively as silver.
Figure 7a-b displays the element composition of the V1 residual synthesized
silver nanoparticles in different region. The spot 1 (a) has a 2.51 silver atomic
concentration and weight concentration of 11.05 and spot 1 has biggerze of particles than
spot 2 (b) which have a silver atomic concentration of 5.42 and 24.76 weight
concentration. Figure 7c-d showed the peak element concentration of the samples for
spot 1 and 2 as silver.
50
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Figure 7a-d. EDX identification of elements from the residual synthesized silver
nanoparticles at 1500x: (a) spot 1 with bigger-sized particles; (b) spot 2 with smallersized particles; (c) individual map of elements in spot 1; and (d) individual map of
elements in spot 2.
Element
Number
11
6
17
8
47
b
Element Atomic Weight
Name Conc. Conc.
Sodium
31.24 29.30
Carbon
29.24 14.32
Chlorine 26.67 38.58
Oxygen
10.34
6.75
Silver
2.51 11.05
c
a
Element
Number
8
6
11
17
47
15
19
12
d
Element
Symbol
Na
C
Cl
O
Ag
Element
Symbol
O
C
Na
Cl
Ag
P
K
Mg
Element
Atomic Weight
Name
Conc. Conc.
Oxygen
33.54 22.72
Carbon
31.78 16.16
Sodium
13.21 12.85
Chlorine
10.82 16.24
Silver
5.42 24.76
Phosphorus
2.87
3.76
Potassium
1.73
2.86
Magnesium
0.63
0.65
51
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Figure 8a showcased the element composition of the V1 residual synthesized
silver nanoparticles using extracted tannins from coco lumber sawdust in one region of
the silver nanoparticles. There are 4.12 silver atomic concentration and 15.93 weight
concentration. Figure 8b shows the graph of the highest and lowest elemental
concentration of the samples for the region of silver nanoparticles.
Figure 8a-b. EDX identification of elements from the residual synthesized silver
nanoparticles at 1500x: (a) region 1 shows bigger and smaller-sized particles; and (b)
individual map of elements in region 1.
Element
Number
8
11
17
19
47
15
20
a
b
Element
Symbol
O
Na
Cl
K
Ag
P
Ca
Element
Atomic Weight
Name
Conc. Conc.
Oxygen
38.19 21.92
Sodium
25.46 21.00
Chlorine
22.68 28.85
Potassium
4.84
6.79
Silver
4.12 15.93
Phosphorus
3.84
4.27
Calcium
0.87
1.25
52
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
53
D. Inhibition Property of Silver Nanoparticles using Gravimetric Assay
The samples were tested in the chemistry laboratory of the school to test the
inhibition property of the silver nanoparticles through the method of gravimetric analysis
assay. There are seven graduated cylinders containing 20 mL of HCl each. There are four
control groups: (1) positive control, since the researchers used Bosny spray paint as
commercialized inhibitor; (2) negative control for HCl only with no inhibitor; (3) control
variable which only contained 100 mL pure tannin extract or TS; and lastly, (4) control
variable which only contained 100 mL pure AgNO3. There are three experimental
groups: (1) V1 containing 75 mL TS and 25 mL AgNO, (2) V2 containing 50 mL TS and
50 mL AgNO3, and last (3) 25 mL TS and 75 mL AgNO3.
Table 1.1 Result of Gravimetric Assay: Negative Control.
Group
Initial
Weight
(g)
Final
Weight
(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
Inhibition
Efficiency
(%)
0.96
0.54
37153.85
0%
Negative Control
Table 1.1 shows the computed values using the formula of ASTM (2004) and
Sherif (2012) for corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of negative control. The
negative control has a metal coupon weighted 0.96g before immersion in HCl. After
immersion, the weight of the metal coupons is 0.54. The corrosion rate of the positive
control is 37153.85 mpy and 0% inhibition efficiency, since there is no inhibitor.
Table 1.2 shows the computed values using the formula of ASTM (2004) and
Sherif (2012) for corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of positive control. The positive
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
54
control has a metal coupon weighing 0.99 before immersion in HCl. After immersion, the
weight of the metal coupons is 0.59. The corrosion rate of the positive control is
35384.62 mpy and 5% inhibition efficiency.
Table 1.2 Result of Gravimetric Assay: Positive Control.
Group
Positive Control
Using Bosny Spray Paint
̶ Commercial Inhibitor
Initial
Weight
(g)
Final
Weight
(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
Inhibition
Efficiency
(%)
0.99
0.59
35384.62
5%
Table 1.3 shows the computed values using the formula of ASTM (2004) and
Sherif (2012) for corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of the experimental groups. V1
has a corrosion rate of 5307.69 mpy and 86% inhibition efficiency; while the two vials
(V2 and V3) has the same corrosion rate of 6192.31 mpy and the same 83% inhibition
efficiency. This result presents that V1 containing 75 mL TS and 25 mL AgNO3 was the
best inhibitor.
Table 1.3 Result of Gravimetric Assay: Experimental Groups
Groups
Initial
Weight
(g)
Final
Weight
(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
Inhibition
Efficiency
(%)
0.93
0.87
5307.69
86%
0.94
0.87
6192.31
83%
0.91
0.84
6192.31
83%
V1 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
V2 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
V3 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
55
Table 1.4 Result of Gravimetric Assay: Summary
Groups
Initial
Weight
(g)
Final
Weight
(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
Inhibition
Efficiency
(%)
0.99
0.59
35384.62
5%
V1 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
0.93
0.87
5307.69
86%
V2 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
0.94
0.87
6192.31
83%
V3 – Residual Synthesized Ag
Nanoparticles Using Tannins
0.91
0.84
6192.31
83%
Negative Control – HCl
0.96
0.54
37153.85
0%
Positive Control
Using Bosny Spray Paint
̶ Commercial Inhibitor
Table 1.4 shows the summary of all the computed data using gravimetric analysis
in testing the corrosion inhibition property of the study. There is a big difference between
the positive control and the experimental group V1. It shows that the V1 has higher
inhibition efficiency than the positive control, which is a commercialized inhibitor. Even
for the remaining experimental group, a big difference can be observed from the positive
control, which also indicates that the silver nanoparticles can be a great corrosion
inhibitor.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
56
E. Statistical Analysis of Data
Table 2.1 and 2.2 presented the computed values for the gravimetric assay for the
corrosion rate of the mild steel as shown in Table 1. The F value is 34.051 which
exceeded F0.05 = 3.1059, thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. This proves that the residual
synthesized silver nanoparticles have significantly inhibited the corroding of mild steel.
Table 2.1 Result of ANOVA: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
HCl
3
1.62
0.54
0.0109
Tannin Solution
AgNO3
3
3
0.23
0.45
0.0767
0.15
0.0006
0.0009
V1 - Synthesized Ag Nanoparticles
Using Tannin Solution
3
0.26
0.0867
0.0005
V2 - Synthesized Ag Nanoparticles
Using Tannin Solution
3
0.39
0.13
0.0036
V3 - Synthesized Ag Nanoparticles
Using Tannin Solution
3
0.27
0.09
0.0004
F
P-value
F crit
1.09496E-06
3.1059
Table 2.2 Result of ANOVA: Single Factor
ANOVA
Source of Variation
SS
df
Between Groups
Within Groups
0.4814
0.0339
5
12
Total
0.5154
17
MS
0.0963 34.051
0.0028
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter contains the summary and findings along with the conclusions and
the researchers’ recommendations.
Summary of Findings
The study circulated on determining the corrosion inhibition property of residual
synthesized silver nanoparticles from extracted tannins of Coconut Lumber (Cocos
nucifera L.) Sawdust. Extraction of tannins was done by evaporation process wherein the
researchers mixed the Coconut Lumber sawdust with distilled water and boiled it up to 80
ºC. The phytochemical analysis was done by the process of ferric chloride (FeCl3) testing
wherein 5% FeCl3 was mixed with the tannin solution from the extraction. The solution
then turned into reddish brown. This then indicates that the solution has the presence of
phenols (Nichols, 2019).
In synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNP), tannin solution and liquid AgNO3
were mixed. The new solution then turned into yellow-brown which means that the
synthesizing is present. When the silver nanoparticles were synthesized, the researchers
then tested the inhibition property of the AgNP with four control groups and three
experimental groups. The latter had different variations to observe the best inhibitor.
The researchers used the gravimetric assay in order to assess the corrosion
inhibition of the samples (Condino, 2016). The analysis showed the V1, with 75:25
variations, has the best corrosion inhibition property. The AgNP solution of V1 was then
brought to Katrin Field Incorporated for the SEM-EDX analysis. The results of SEM
57
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
show that the AgNP of V1 measures 100-600nm and its shapes were irregular. The EDX
analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles in the solution along with other
elemental composition. The residual synthesized AgNP from Tannins of Coconut
Lumber (Cocos nucifera L.) sawdust is an effective corrosion inhibitor.
Conclusion
After conducting the research, the researchers conclude that the Coconut Lumber
(Cocos nucifera L.) Sawdust has tannin content and its extract can synthesize silver
nanoparticles which showed effective corrosion inhibition property.
Recommendations
The following suggestions are encouraged by the researchers based on the
conclusion and findings of the study.
1. Utilize sawdust of other woods of trees such as acacia, mahogany, etc.
2. Extract tannins from leaves and/or flowers of trees.
3. Silver nanoparticles should be experimented based on other testing such as
antimicrobial catalytic, and larvicidal activities (Firdhourse & Lalitha, 2015).
4. Determine the percentage of tannin content in the extracted samples.
5. Compare corrosion property of other plant extracts such as turpentine (William,
2013).
6. Strive on other methods of synthesizing nanoparticles to produce a more minuscular
particle size.
7. Test the samples on other metals such as alloy steels, stainless steels and etc.
58
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
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Appendix A
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
This section presents the pictures taken during the experimentation part of the
research which serve as documentation.
Acquisition of Materials
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) sawdusts were gathered from Niel and Nitz
Construction Supplies in Brgy. San Vicente, City of San Pedro, Laguna. The coconut
sawdusts were soon to be thrown out. The wood sample was authenticated by the
Department of Science and Technology – Forest Products Research and Development
Institute (DOST – FPRDI), Los Baños, Laguna.
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CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Preparation of Tannins Extract from Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Sawdust
To prepare the extract of coconut sawdust, the sawdust must be weighed 75g and
must be measured 400mL of distilled water. Mix the distilled water and sawdust
thoroughly with the use of magnetic stirrer and put it in electric stove to heat it up to
80ºC. After reaching 80ºC put it again in a magnetic stirrer and let it cool.
73
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Residual Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
After filtration the extract; the extract was mixed to silver nitrate (AgNO3)
carefully with magnetic stirrer and dropper. Different variations was made and observed.
During the mixing the color slowly changed into yellowish solution, showing that there is
formation of silver nanoparticles. After mixing, the variations were stored at room
temperature for 24 hours.
74
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Gravimetric Assay of Residual Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles
The three variations: V1, V2 and V3 together with the negative and positive
control were tested at Chemistry Laboratory of Pacita Complex Senior High School. The
negative control has no inhibitor at all, while the positive control has a commercialized
inhibitor. Using gravimetric assay, the researchers are able to test the corrosion rate and
the inhibition efficiency of the experimental and control groups.
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY of both
EXPERIMENTAL AND NEGATIVE CONTROL
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY of
POSITIVE CONTROL
75
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Characterization of Residual Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles
The V1 (75mL TS: 25mL AgNO3) sample was put in the oven to dry out liquid at
240ºC and set the time for 45 minutes and scrape the dried silver nanoparticles and place
it in a container.
The powdered silver nanoparticles (using oven) were brought to Katrin Field
Incorporated at Sto. Tomas, City of Biñan, Laguna. The residual synthesized silver
nanoparticles were placed in a slot then put inside the SEM and EDX machine.
SEM-EDX tested at Katrin Field Incorporated
76
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Appendix B
Form 1A & 1B
77
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
78
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
79
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
80
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Appendix C
Letters of Requests
81
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
82
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Appendix D
Testing Results
83
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
PCSHS 28AUG2019
User name: Phenom-World-PC\Phenom-World
Contains 2 images with a total of 5 analyses
01. NANO SILVER
2 analyses: 2x spot
02. NANO SILVER
3 analyses: 2x spot, 1x region
84
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
NANO SILVER
1. spot
Element
Number
6
17
11
8
47
Element
Symbol
C
Cl
Na
O
Ag
Element Atomic Weight
Name
Conc. Conc.
Carbon
33.98 16.82
Chlorine 29.94 43.74
Sodium
24.26 22.98
Oxygen
9.54
6.29
Silver
2.29 10.16
FOV: 17.3 µm, Mode: 15kV - Map, Detector: BSD Full, Time: AUG 28 2019 03:28
Disabled elements: B
85
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
86
2. spot
Elemen
t
Numbe
r
8
17
11
19
47
15
Elemen Element
t
Name
Symbol
O
Cl
Na
K
Ag
P
Oxygen
Chlorine
Sodium
Potassium
Silver
Phosphoru
s
FOV: 17.3 µm, Mode: 15kV - Map, Detector: BSD Full, Time: AUG 28 2019 03:28
Disabled elements: B
Atomi Weigh
c
t
Conc. Conc.
53.32
31.84
5.13
4.86
3.61
1.24
31.39
41.54
4.34
6.99
14.34
1.41
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
NANO SILVER
1. spot
Element
Number
11
6
17
8
47
Element
Symbol
Na
C
Cl
O
Ag
Element Atomic Weight
Name
Conc. Conc.
Sodium
31.24 29.30
Carbon
29.24 14.32
Chlorine 26.67 38.58
Oxygen
10.34
6.75
Silver
2.51 11.05
FOV: 26.9 µm, Mode: 15kV - Point, Detector: BSD Full, Time: AUG 28 2019 03:55
Disabled elements: B
87
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
88
2. spot
Elemen
t
Numbe
r
8
6
11
17
47
15
Elemen Element
t
Name
Symbol
19
12
K
Mg
O
C
Na
Cl
Ag
P
Oxygen
Carbon
Sodium
Chlorine
Silver
Phosphoru
s
Potassium
Magnesiu
m
FOV: 26.9 µm, Mode: 15kV - Point, Detector: BSD Full, Time: AUG 28 2019 03:55
Disabled elements: B
Atomi Weigh
c
t
Conc. Conc.
33.54
31.78
13.21
10.82
5.42
2.87
22.72
16.16
12.85
16.24
24.76
3.76
1.73
0.63
2.86
0.65
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
89
3. region
Elemen
t
Numbe
r
8
11
17
19
47
15
Elemen Element
t
Name
Symbol
20
Ca
O
Na
Cl
K
Ag
P
Oxygen
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Silver
Phosphoru
s
Calcium
FOV: 26.9 µm, Mode: 15kV - Point, Detector: BSD Full, Time: AUG 28 2019 03:55
Disabled elements: B
Atomi Weigh
c
t
Conc. Conc.
38.19
25.46
22.68
4.84
4.12
3.84
21.92
21.00
28.85
6.79
15.93
4.27
0.87
1.25
CORROSION INHIBITION PROPERTY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES…
Appendix E
Project Costing
The researchers’ costing of materials which is shown in Table 3.1, whereas the
materials, quantity and cost of the chemicals and equipment are enumerated in subject to
accomplish the experimentation procedure of the research study. The materials’ Ferric
Chloride and Silver Nitrate was bought in service of Tadeo’s Marketing in Quezon City,
while the rest of the listed materials were bought in different local markets in San Pedro,
Laguna. Additionally, the costing of the research sample’s Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis outlaid a 2000php for the overall
service of Katrin Field Incorporated towards the research study.
Table 3.1 Costing of Materials
Materials
Quantity
Cost
30ml Acetone
2
35php
300ml Hydrochloric Acid
1
80php
500ml Ferric Chloride
1
250php
1500ml Silver Nitrate
1
1500php
2L Distilled Water
3
60php
Abrasive Paper
2
12php
100ml Amber Bottles
2
40php
Total
1977php
90
Curriculum Vitae
Lacuesta, Zachary C.
B14 l5 Lanzones St. Calendola Village,
San Pedro City, Laguna
Cell No.: 09179994318
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth
:
June 12, 2002
Age
:
17
Place of Birth
:
San Pedro, Laguna
Height
:
162 cm
Father
:
Rodel G. Lacuesta
Mother
:
Cecilia C. Lacuesta
Religion
:
Born Again, Christian
Sex
:
Male
Civil Status
:
Single
Language / Dialect Spoken
:
English, Tagalog
SECONDARY
Pacita Complex Senior High School
Grade 11 – Grade 12
Pacita Complex National High School
Grade 7 – Grade 10
ELEMENTARY
Merit Winners Academy
Grade 1 – Grade 6
KINDERGARTEN Merit Winners Academy
Nursery & Kinder
Abellera, Trixie Anne R.
Blk 1 Lot 17 A Villa Consolacion, Magsaysay,
San Pedro City, Laguna
Cell No.: 09268802614
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth
:
July 11, 2002
Age
:
17
Place of Birth
:
Manila
Height
:
150 cm
Father
:
Mario G. Abellera
Mother
:
Imelda R. Abellera
Religion
:
Born Again, Christian
Sex
:
Female
Civil Status
:
Single
Language / Dialect Spoken
:
English, Ilocano, Tagalog
SECONDARY
Pacita Complex Senior High School
Grade 11 – Grade 12
Pacita Complex National High School
Grade 7 – Grade 10
ELEMENTARY
Merit Winners Academy
Grade 1 – Grade 6
KINDERGARTEN Little Intellectual Learning Center
Nursery & Kinder
Baraquel, Diana Angelique P.
Villa Paz Village, Barangay Landayan,
San Pedro City, Laguna
Cell No.: 09296217153
[email protected]
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth
:
August 18, 2001
Age
:
18
Place of Birth
:
San Pedro, Laguna
Height
:
158 cm
Father
:
Rodrigo A. Baraquel
Mother
:
Aleli P. Baraquel
Religion
:
Catholic
Sex
:
Female
Civil Status
:
Single
Language / Dialect Spoken
:
English, Tagalog
SECONDARY
Pacita Complex Senior High School
Grade 11 – Grade 12
Pacita Complex National High School
Grade 7 – Grade 10
ELEMENTARY
Golden Lampstand Grade School
Grade 1 – Grade 6
KINDERGARTEN Greatland School of San Pedro
Nursery – Preparatory
Pictures during the Final Oral Defense Board of Panel Review