Download B49CD MAY P2021-2022

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Chemical Engineering
B49CD
Separation Processes B
Semester 2 – 2021/2022
April/May 2022
Duration: 2 hours
Instructions to Candidates:
Attempt ALL questions.
Candidates are expected to make reasonable assumptions where necessary and
ensure these are clearly stated.
You need to explain your working fully as credit is given for method as well as for
numerical accuracy. Where a distribution of marks within a question is shown,
this should not be taken to be definitive but is for guidance only.
A document containing the Chemical Engineering Steam Tables and a High
Temperature Psychrometric Chart will be provided. Use these if required.
B49CD
Attempt ALL questions.
1.
An evaporator is to produce 35 % solids concentrated orange juice. The juice is
fed at a temperature of 20 ºC, a rate of 20000 kg hr-1 and a concentration of 11 %
solids. The single effect is operated at a pressure of 0.3 bar absolute.
Steam is supplied at a pressure of 1.5 bar gauge and costs £0.037 per kg.
Evaporator effects are available at a cost of £50,000 each.
(a)
Draw a single effect evaporator labelling all streams clearly.
(2 marks)
(b)
Draw a double effect forward fed evaporator labelling all streams clearly.
(3 marks)
(c)
If the evaporator is to run for 8000 hours per year for 20 years, should
a double effect, forward fed evaporator replace the single effect?
(Hint: You will need to calculate the steam required for both evaporator
arrangements which will involve both mass and heat balances.)
(35 marks)
Pressure in the first effect will be the same as for the single effect evaporator.
The pressure in the second effect is 0.07 bar absolute. The single effect and
double effect evaporator are to produce identical final concentrate streams. The
overall heat transfer coefficient for the second effect, U2 is 3000 W m-2 K-1 and
the heat exchanger area for this effect A2 = 50 m2. The specific heat of the juice
can be assumed to be 3.98 kJ kg-1 K-1, neglect any boiling point rise or heats of
solution.
Show all working. Excel spreadsheets, Mathcad sheets or similar will not be
marked. Properties of steam if required must be obtained from the steam tables
provided (note the online calculator ones some students used last year were
incorrect).
Page 2 of 4
B49CD
2.
6500 kg hr-1 wet solid with 10 wt% moisture (dry basis) is dried using a two-stage
dryer as shown in the diagram below. The moisture content of the interim dried
solid (S2) is 5 wt % (dry basis). Hot air (G1) with a temperature of 355 K and
humidity 0.01 kg kg-1 enters the first dryer. The humid air leaving the first dryer
(G2) is heated to a temperature of 335 K (G3) with no change in humidity.
Both dryers operate adiabatically where the solid is at its respective wet-bulb
temperatures with the air.
The whole system is maintained at constant
atmospheric pressure. Assume NTU = 1.5, and no heat of mixing or heat loss.
(a)
Calculate the temperature (in °C) of the gas stream (G2) leaving the first
dryer.
(5 marks)
(b)
Determine the dry gas flowrate (in kg hr-1).
(10 marks)
(c)
Calculate the flowrate (in kg hr-1) of the humid air (G2) leaving the first dryer.
(6 marks)
(d)
Calculate the moisture content (dry basis) in the final dried solid (S3).
(10 marks)
(e)
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of continuous co-current and
counter-current rotary dryers.
(4 marks)
Page 3 of 4
B49CD
3.
(a)
For settling of a single particle, determine the terminal settling velocity
starting from a force balance assuming the particle is a rigid sphere and
moving under Stoke’s regime.
Provide assumption(s) and diagram as
necessary.
(10 marks)
(b)
A sphere of density 3,300 kg m-3 falls freely under gravity in a fluid of density
980 kg m-3 and viscosity 0.66 x 10-3 Pa.s. Given that the terminal velocity
of the sphere is 0.18 m s-1, calculate the particle’s diameter in mm.
(5 marks)
(c)
What would be the length of the edge of a cube (in mm) of the same material
falling in the same fluid at the same terminal velocity?
(Hint: Standard drag curve is needed – see Figure 1 attached to this paper.)
(5 marks)
(d)
Describe why the arrangement of particles in a packed bed is highly
important in describing the characteristics and behaviour of the system.
(5 marks)
END OF PAPER
Page 4 of 4
Figure 1: The standard drag curve that is needed for Q3.
EPS Chemical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University
SI Unit Conversion Sheet
Common Dimensionless Groups
En
SI UNITS FOR CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERS
Euler number
Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Amount of substance
Electrical current
Luminous intensity
Quantity
Force
Work, energy, heat
Power
Electrical charge
Electrical potential
Electrical capacitance
Electrical resistance
Frequency
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density
Inductance
Pressure
Factor
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-1
name
pico
nano
micro
milli
deci
Density
Viscosity (18°C)
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Latent heat (1 atm)
Prandtl number (20°C)
The Basic SI Units
Name
metre
kilogram
second
Kelvin
mole
ampere
candela
Note: “kilo” is in small “k”. K stands for Kelvin
Derived Units
Name
newton
joule
watt
coulomb
volt
farad
ohm
hertz
Weber
tesla
henry
pascal
Prefixes for Unit Multiples
symbol
factor
p
10
n
102

103
m
106
d
109
Approximate Physical Properties
Water
103 kg/m3
Density at 20°C,
101.325kPa
-3
2
10 Ns/m
Viscosity at s.t.p.
4.186 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat capacity
0.6 W/m-K
Thermal conductivity
2.2567 MJ/kg
7
Prandtl number
Symbol
m
kg
s
K
mol
A
cd
Symbol
N = kgm/s2
J = Nm
W = J/s
C = As
V = W/A
F = As/V
  V/A
Hz = s-1
Wb = Vs
T=Wb/m2
H = Vs/A
Pa = N/m2
name
deca
hecto
kilo
mega
Giga
symbol
da
h
k
M
G
Air
1.204 kg/m3
1.78x10-5 Ns/m2
1x103 J/kg-K
0.024 W/m-K
0.7
Some Common Physical Constants
Avogadro’s Number
NA=6.023x1026 kmol-1
Gravitational Acceleration
g=9.807 m/s2
Ideal gas constant
R=8314 J/kmol-K (the same as 8.314 kJ/kmol-K)
Stefan-Boltzman constant
 = 5.6697x10-8 W/m2-K4
Volume of 1 kmol of an ideal gas at s.t.p.
22.4 m3
Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p)
101.3 kN/m2, 273.15 K
Revised 16 December 2019
P
u 2
Froude number
Fr
u2
gl
Grashof number
Gr
L3 gT 2 /  2
Nusselt number
Nu
hd / k
Reynolds number
Re
Peclet number for heat transfer
Peclet number for mass transfer
Prandtl number
Pe
Pe
Pr
ud / 
Re.Pr
Re.Sc
Cp  / k
Schmidt number
Sc

D
Sherwood number
Sh
Stanton number for heat transfer
Stanton number for mass transfer
j factor for heat transfer
j factor for mass transfer
St
St
jh
jd
h dd / D
Nu/(RePr)
Sh/(ReSc)
StPr0.67
StSc0.67
Cp =
g=
h=
hd or kc=
k=
d or l =
P=
u=
U=
T =
D=
=
Common symbols
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (J/kg-K)
Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) = 9.81 m/s2
Film heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
Film mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K)
Characteristic size (diameter or length)
Pressure (N/m2)
Velocity (m/s)
Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
Temperature difference (T2-T1)
Diffusivity (m2/s)
Viscosity (kg/ms)
=
Density (kg/m3)
C
Cl
Cu
F
Atomic Weights of Common Elements and names of Common Compounds
Carbon
12
He
Helium
4
I
Iodine
127
Chlorine
35.5
N
Nitrogen
14
O
Oxygen
16
Copper
63
Na
Sodium
23
S
Sulphur
32
Fluorine
19
O2
N2
H2
NaCl
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Salt
HNO3
H2SO4
NaOH
Nitric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Caustic Soda
CH4
C2H6
CH3OH
Methane
Ethane
Methanol
Prof. G.White
EPS Chemical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University
TIME
LENGTH
1
1
CONVERSION FACTORS
min
hr
SI Unit Conversion Sheet
60
3600
s
s
1
1
1
1
1
1
in
ft
yd
mile
micron
angstrom
25.4
0.3048
0.9144
1.6093
10-6
10-10
mm
m
m
km
m
m
AREA
1
1
1
in2
ft2
acre
645.16
0.092903
4046.856
mm2
m2
m2
VOLUME
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
in3
ft3
UK gal
US gal
litre
cm3
barrel
acre-ft
UK barrel
US barrel
16.387
0.02832
4546.1
3785.4
10-3
10-6
0.15899
1233.4818
34.9723
42
cm3
m3
cm3
cm3
m3
m3
m3
m3
UK gal
US gal
MASS
1
1
1
1
1
1
oz
lb
ton
short ton
tonne
grain
28.352
0.45395
1016.06
907.18
1000
0.0648
g
kg
kg
kg
kg
g
TEMPERATURE
(SINGLE READING)
o
F
C
R
K
= oC x 1.8 + 32
= (oF – 32) / 1.8
= oF + 459.7
= oC + 273.15
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE
1
°F or °R
1/1.8
°C or K
VELOCITY
1
1
ft/s
mile/hr
0.3048
0.44704
m/s
m/s
ACCELERATION
1
ft/s2
0.3048
m/s2
FORCE
1
1
1
1
pdl
lbf
kgf
dyn
0.13826
4.4482
9.8067
10-5
N
N
N
N
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ft – lbf
ft –pdl
cal
erg
Btu
Chu
kWhr
therm
tonne oil equivalent
ft3 natural gas equ (wet)
1.3558
0.04214
4.1868
10-7
1.05506
1.8991
3.6
105.51
11630
1025
J
J
J
J
kJ
kJ
MJ
MJ
kWhr
Btu
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
(LATENT HEAT etc)
1
1
Btu/lb
kcal/kg
2.326
4.1868
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
1
Btu/lb- oF
4.1868
kJ/kg-K
o
o
ENERGY, WORK, HEAT
Revised 16 December 2019
SPECIFIC ENTROPY
1
cal/g-oC
3
4.1868
kJ/kg-K
CALORIFIC VALUE
1
1
Btu/ft
Btu/lb
37.25 9
2.326
kJ/m3
kJ/kg
VOLUMETRIC FLOW
1
1
1
1
ft3/s
ft3/h
UK gal/h
US gal/h
0.028316
7.8658
1.2628
1.0515
m3/s
cm3/s
cm3/s
cm3/s
MASS FLOW
1
1
lb/h
ton/h
0.12600
0.28224
g/s
kg/s
DENSITY
1
1
1
1
1
lb/in3
lb/ft3
lb/UK gal
lb/US gal
g/cm3
27.680
16.019
99.776
119.83
1000
g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
MOLAR MASS
(MOLECULAR WEIGHT)
1
1
lb/lbmol
g/gmol
1
1
kg/kmol
kg/kmol
MOLAR VOLUME
1
1
ft3/lbmol
l/gmol
0.06243
1
m3/kmol
m/kmol
MOMENT OF INERTIA
MOMENTUM
PRESSURE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
lb – ft2
lb – ft/s
lb/in2 (psi)
lb/ft2
dyn/cm2
atm (standard)
bar
kg/cm2 (1 at)
ft water
in water
in Hg
mm Hg (1 torr)
0.042140
0.13826
6.8948
47.880
0.1
101.325
100
98.0665
2.9891
249.09
3.3864
133.32
kg – m2
kg – m/s
kN/m2
N/m2
N/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m2
N/m2
kN/m2
N/m2
POWER, HEAT FLOW
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
hp (British)
erg/s
ft – lbf /s
Btu/h
Chu/h
kcal/h
ton of refrigeration
745.70
10-7
1.3558
0.29307
0.5275
1.16306
3516.9
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
1
1
1
P (poise = 1 g cm-s)
lb/ft – h
lb / ft – s
0.1
0.41338
1.4882
N – s/m2
mN – s/m2
N – s/m2
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
1
1
S (stokes = 1 cm2/s)
ft2 / h
10 –4
0.25806
m2 / s
cm2 / s
SURFACE ENERGY
SURFACE TENSION
1
dyn/cm
(= 1 erg/cm2)
10-3
J / m2
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
1
1
Btu/hr-ft-°F
Kcal/hr-m-°C
1.7307
1.163
W/m-K
W/m-K
HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICENT
MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
1
Btu/hr-ft2-°F
5.6783
W/m2-K
1
ft/sec
0.3048
m/s
Prof. G.White
Steam Tables
Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam
Charts and Tables for Other Fluids
Saturated Water and Steam:
Temperatures from the Triple Point to 100deg C
Pressures from the Triple Point to 100kPa
Pressures from 100 to 3,000kPa
Pressures from 3,000kPa to Critical Point
Specific Enthalpy of Water and Steam
Specific Entropy of Water and Steam
Density of Water and Steam
Specific Internal Energy of Water and Steam
Enthalpy-Entropy diagram for Steam
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Steam
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Properties of R-12, CCl2F2
Properties of Ammonia, NH3
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Ammonia, NH3
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Butane, C4H10
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Carbon Dioxide, CO2
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Methane, CH4
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Propane, C3H8
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant R-410A
Psychrometric Chart
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Saturated Water and Steam
Temperatures from the Triple Point to 100deg C
Temp
ºC
Specific volume
m³/kg
Water
Steam
vf
vg
Specific internal
energy
Specific
entropy
kJ/kg.K
Water Steam
sf
sg
Temp
ºC
t
Pressure
kPa
p
0.01
2
4
6
8
0.610
0.704
0.812
0.933
1.070
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
206.5
180.2
157.5
138.0
121.1
0.0
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
2375.3
2378.1
2380.9
2383.6
2386.4
0.0
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
2501.4
2496.7
2491.9
2487.2
2482.5
2501.4
2505.0
2508.7
2512.4
2516.1
0.000
0.030
0.061
0.091
0.121
9.157
9.104
9.052
9.001
8.951
0.01
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1.225
1.399
1.595
1.814
2.060
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
106.6
94.0
83.0
73.5
65.2
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.6
2389.2
2391.9
2394.7
2397.4
2400.2
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.6
2477.8
2473.0
2468.3
2463.6
2458.9
2519.7
2523.4
2527.1
2530.8
2534.4
0.151
0.181
0.210
0.239
0.268
8.902
8.853
8.806
8.759
8.713
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
25
26
28
2.334
2.639
2.979
3.162
3.356
3.774
0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
57.9
51.6
46.0
43.5
41.1
36.8
83.9
92.3
100.7
104.9
109.0
117.4
2402.9
2405.7
2408.4
2409.8
2411.1
2413.9
83.9
92.3
100.7
104.9
109.0
117.4
2454.1
2449.4
2444.7
2442.3
2439.9
2435.2
2538.1
2541.7
2545.4
2547.2
2549.0
2552.6
0.297
0.325
0.353
0.367
0.381
0.409
8.668
8.624
8.580
8.559
8.538
8.496
20
22
24
25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
4.237
4.748
5.312
5.934
6.617
0.001004
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007
33.0
29.6
26.6
24.0
21.7
125.8
134.1
142.5
150.8
159.2
2416.6
2419.3
2422.0
2424.7
2427.4
125.8
134.1
142.5
150.8
159.2
2430.5
2425.7
2421.0
2416.3
2411.5
2556.3
2559.9
2563.5
2567.1
2570.7
0.437
0.464
0.492
0.519
0.546
8.454
8.414
8.374
8.335
8.296
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
7.367
8.190
9.091
10.075
11.151
0.001008
0.001009
0.001009
0.001010
0.001011
19.6
17.7
16.1
14.6
13.2
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
200.9
2430.1
2432.8
2435.5
2438.2
2440.8
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
2406.7
2402.0
2397.2
2392.4
2387.6
2574.3
2577.9
2581.4
2585.0
2588.5
0.572
0.599
0.625
0.652
0.678
8.258
8.221
8.184
8.148
8.112
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
12.323
13.599
14.987
16.495
18.130
0.001012
0.001013
0.001014
0.001015
0.001016
12.1
11.0
10.0
9.2
8.4
209.3
217.7
226.0
234.4
242.7
2443.5
2446.1
2448.8
2451.4
2454.0
209.3
217.7
226.0
234.4
242.7
2382.8
2377.9
2373.1
2368.2
2363.4
2592.1
2595.6
2599.1
2602.6
2606.1
0.704
0.729
0.755
0.781
0.806
8.077
8.043
8.009
7.976
7.943
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
19.901
21.818
23.889
26.125
28.536
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001022
7.7
7.1
6.5
6.0
5.5
251.1
259.5
267.8
276.2
284.6
2456.6
2459.2
2461.8
2464.4
2467.0
251.1
259.5
267.8
276.2
284.6
2358.5
2353.6
2348.7
2343.8
2338.8
2609.6
2613.1
2616.5
2620.0
2623.4
0.831
0.856
0.881
0.906
0.930
7.910
7.879
7.847
7.816
7.786
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
31.133
33.927
36.929
40.153
43.611
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001027
0.001028
5.1
4.7
4.3
4.0
3.7
292.9
301.3
309.7
318.1
326.5
2469.6
2472.1
2474.7
2477.2
2479.7
293.0
301.3
309.7
318.1
326.5
2333.9
2328.9
2323.9
2318.9
2313.8
2626.8
2630.2
2633.6
2637.0
2640.3
0.955
0.979
1.003
1.027
1.051
7.756
7.727
7.698
7.669
7.641
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
47.315
51.281
55.521
60.051
64.886
0.001029
0.001030
0.001032
0.001033
0.001035
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.5
334.8
343.2
351.6
360.0
368.4
2482.2
2484.7
2487.2
2489.6
2492.1
334.9
343.3
351.7
360.1
368.5
2308.8
2303.7
2298.6
2293.5
2288.4
2643.7
2647.0
2650.3
2653.6
2656.9
1.075
1.099
1.122
1.146
1.169
7.613
7.585
7.558
7.532
7.506
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
70.042
75.536
81.383
87.602
94.210
0.001036
0.001037
0.001039
0.001040
0.001042
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
376.8
385.2
393.7
402.1
410.5
2494.5
2497.0
2499.4
2501.8
2504.2
376.9
385.3
393.7
402.2
410.6
2283.2
2278.0
2272.8
2267.6
2262.3
2660.1
2663.3
2666.6
2669.7
2672.9
1.192
1.216
1.239
1.261
1.284
7.480
7.454
7.429
7.404
7.380
90
92
94
96
98
100
101.227
0.001044
1.7
418.9
2506.5
419.0
2257.0
2676.1
1.307
7.355
100
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
Water
uf
kJ/kg
Steam
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
Evaporation
Steam
hfg
hg
2
Water
hf
t
Saturated Water and Steam
Pressures from the Triple Point to 100kPa
Specific internal
energy
Pressure
kPa
p
0.611
0.8
Temp
ºC
t
0.0
3.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
7.0
9.7
12.0
14.0
15.9
0.001000
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
129.2
108.7
93.9
82.8
74.0
29.4
40.7
50.4
59.0
66.7
2385.0
2388.7
2391.9
2394.7
2397.3
29.4
40.7
50.4
59.0
66.7
2484.8
2478.5
2473.0
2468.2
2463.9
2514.2
2519.2
2523.4
2527.2
2530.5
0.106
0.146
0.181
0.211
0.237
8.976
8.909
8.853
8.805
8.762
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
17.5
19.1
20.5
21.8
23.0
0.001001
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
67.0
61.2
56.4
52.3
48.7
73.6
80.0
85.8
91.3
96.4
2399.5
2401.6
2403.5
2405.3
2407.0
73.6
80.0
85.8
91.3
96.4
2460.0
2456.4
2453.1
2450.0
2447.1
2533.6
2536.3
2538.9
2541.3
2543.5
0.261
0.283
0.303
0.322
0.339
8.724
8.689
8.658
8.629
8.603
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
24.1
26.7
29.0
31.1
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
0.001005
45.7
39.5
34.8
31.1
101.2
112.0
121.6
130.2
2408.6
2412.1
2415.2
2418.0
101.2
112.0
121.6
130.2
2444.4
2438.3
2432.8
2428.0
2545.6
2550.3
2554.4
2558.2
0.355
0.391
0.423
0.451
8.578
8.523
8.475
8.433
3
3.5
4
4.5
5.0
6
7
8
9
32.9
36.2
39.0
41.6
43.8
0.001005
0.001006
0.001007
0.001008
0.001009
28.2
23.7
20.5
18.1
16.2
138.0
151.7
163.5
174.0
183.4
2420.5
2425.0
2428.8
2432.2
2435.2
138.0
151.7
163.6
174.0
183.4
2423.6
2415.8
2409.0
2403.0
2397.6
2561.5
2567.5
2572.6
2577.1
2581.1
0.477
0.521
0.560
0.593
0.623
8.395
8.331
8.276
8.229
8.187
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
45.9
47.7
49.5
51.1
52.6
0.001010
0.001011
0.001012
0.001013
0.001013
14.7
13.4
12.4
11.5
10.7
192.0
199.8
207.1
213.8
220.1
2438.0
2440.5
2442.8
2444.9
2446.9
192.0
199.8
207.1
213.8
220.2
2392.7
2388.2
2384.0
2380.1
2376.5
2584.7
2588.1
2591.1
2594.0
2596.6
0.650
0.674
0.697
0.718
0.737
8.150
8.117
8.087
8.059
8.033
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
54.0
55.4
56.6
57.8
59.0
0.001014
0.001015
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
10.0
9.4
8.9
8.4
8.0
226.1
231.7
237.0
242.1
246.9
2448.8
2450.6
2452.2
2453.8
2455.3
226.1
231.7
237.0
242.1
246.9
2373.1
2369.8
2366.7
2363.7
2360.9
2599.1
2601.5
2603.7
2605.9
2607.9
0.755
0.772
0.789
0.804
0.819
8.009
7.986
7.965
7.945
7.927
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
60.1
62.2
64.1
65.9
67.6
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001021
7.7
7.0
6.4
6.0
5.6
251.5
260.2
268.3
275.7
282.8
2456.8
2459.5
2462.0
2464.3
2466.4
251.6
260.2
268.3
275.8
282.8
2358.2
2353.2
2348.4
2344.0
2339.9
2609.8
2613.4
2616.7
2619.8
2622.7
0.832
0.858
0.882
0.904
0.925
7.909
7.876
7.846
7.818
7.793
20
22
24
26
28
30
35
40
45
69.1
72.7
75.9
78.8
0.001022
0.001024
0.001026
0.001028
5.2
4.5
4.0
3.6
289.4
304.4
317.7
329.7
2468.5
2473.0
2477.1
2480.7
289.4
304.4
317.7
329.7
2336.0
2327.1
2319.1
2311.9
2625.4
2631.5
2636.8
2641.6
0.944
0.988
1.026
1.061
7.769
7.716
7.670
7.630
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
81.4
83.8
86.0
88.0
90.0
0.001030
0.001032
0.001033
0.001035
0.001036
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.4
340.6
350.6
359.9
368.6
376.8
2483.9
2486.9
2489.6
2492.2
2494.5
340.6
350.7
360.0
368.7
376.8
2305.3
2299.2
2293.6
2288.2
2283.2
2645.9
2649.9
2653.6
2656.9
2660.1
1.091
1.120
1.146
1.170
1.192
7.594
7.562
7.532
7.505
7.480
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
91.8
93.5
95.2
96.7
98.2
0.001037
0.001039
0.001040
0.001041
0.001042
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
384.4
391.7
398.6
405.2
411.5
2496.7
2498.8
2500.8
2502.7
2504.4
384.5
391.8
398.7
405.3
411.6
2278.5
2274.0
2269.7
2265.6
2261.7
2663.0
2665.8
2668.4
2670.9
2673.3
1.213
1.233
1.252
1.270
1.287
7.457
7.435
7.414
7.395
7.377
75
80
85
90
95
100
101.325
99.7
100.0
0.001043
0.001044
1.7
1.7
417.5
419.0
2506.1
2506.5
417.6
419.1
2257.9
2257.0
2675.5
2676.1
1.303
1.307
7.360
7.355
100
101.325
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
Water
uf
0.1
15.9
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
Water
Evaporation
Steam
hf
hfg
hg
0.1
2501.3
2501.4
15.9
2492.4
2508.3
Specific
entropy
kJ/kg.K
Water Steam
sf
sg
0.000 9.157
0.058 9.058
Specific volume
m³/kg
Water
Steam
vf
vg
0.001000
206.3
0.001000
159.7
kJ/kg
Steam
ug
2375.4
2380.6
3
Pressure
kPa
p
0.611
0.8
0.01 bar
0.1 bar
0.2 bar
0.5 bar
1 bar
Saturated Water and Steam
Pressures from 100 to 3,000kPa
Specific volume
m³/kg
Water
Steam
vf
vg
Steam
hg
Specific.entropy
kJ/kg.K
Water
Steam
sf
sg
2257.9
2250.8
2244.2
2237.9
2232.0
2675.5
2679.7
2683.6
2687.2
2690.5
1.303
1.333
1.361
1.387
1.411
7.360
7.327
7.298
7.271
7.247
100
110
120
130
140
467.2
475.5
483.3
490.8
498.0
2226.4
2221.1
2216.0
2211.1
2206.4
2693.6
2696.5
2699.3
2701.9
2704.4
1.434
1.455
1.475
1.495
1.513
7.223
7.202
7.182
7.162
7.144
150
160
170
180
190
2529.5
2532.8
2535.9
2538.6
2541.2
504.8
517.7
529.8
541.0
551.6
2201.9
2193.3
2185.3
2177.8
2170.6
2706.7
2711.1
2715.1
2718.8
2722.2
1.530
1.563
1.593
1.621
1.647
7.127
7.095
7.066
7.040
7.015
200
220
240
260
280
561.3
570.7
579.7
588.3
596.6
2543.6
2545.9
2548.0
2550.0
2551.8
561.6
571.1
580.1
588.7
597.0
2163.8
2157.3
2151.0
2145.1
2139.3
2725.4
2728.4
2731.2
2733.8
2736.3
1.672
1.695
1.717
1.738
1.758
6.992
6.971
6.950
6.931
6.913
300
320
340
360
380
0.4625
0.4418
0.4229
0.4055
0.3896
604.4
612.0
619.3
626.4
633.2
2553.6
2555.3
2556.9
2558.4
2559.9
604.9
612.5
619.8
626.9
633.7
2133.7
2128.4
2123.1
2118.1
2113.2
2738.6
2740.9
2743.0
2745.0
2746.9
1.777
1.795
1.813
1.829
1.845
6.896
6.880
6.864
6.849
6.835
400
420
440
460
480
0.001093
0.001097
0.001101
0.001104
0.001108
0.3749
0.3427
0.3157
0.2927
0.2729
639.8
655.5
670.0
683.7
696.6
2561.3
2564.5
2567.5
2570.1
2572.6
640.4
656.1
670.7
684.4
697.4
2108.4
2097.0
2086.2
2076.0
2066.2
2748.8
2753.0
2756.9
2760.4
2763.6
1.861
1.898
1.932
1.963
1.993
6.821
6.789
6.760
6.733
6.708
500
550
600
650
700
167.8
170.5
173.0
175.4
177.7
0.001112
0.001115
0.001118
0.001121
0.001124
0.2556
0.2405
0.2270
0.2150
0.2042
708.8
720.4
731.4
742.0
752.1
2574.8
2576.9
2578.8
2580.5
2582.2
709.6
721.3
732.4
743.0
753.2
2056.9
2048.0
2039.3
2031.0
2023.0
2766.5
2769.2
2771.7
2774.0
2776.2
2.020
2.047
2.071
2.095
2.118
6.685
6.663
6.642
6.623
6.604
750
800
850
900
950
1,000
1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
179.9
182.1
184.1
186.1
188.0
0.001127
0.001130
0.001133
0.001136
0.001139
0.1945
0.1856
0.1775
0.1702
0.1634
761.9
771.2
780.3
789.0
797.5
2583.7
2585.2
2586.5
2587.7
2588.9
763.0
772.4
781.5
790.3
798.8
2015.2
2007.6
2000.3
1993.1
1986.1
2778.2
2780.1
2781.8
2783.4
2784.9
2.139
2.160
2.180
2.199
2.217
6.587
6.570
6.554
6.538
6.524
1,000
1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
1,250
1,300
1,400
189.9
191.7
195.1
0.001141
0.001144
0.001149
0.1571
0.1513
0.1409
805.7
813.6
828.9
2590.0
2591.0
2592.9
807.1
815.1
830.5
1979.3
1972.6
1959.6
2786.4
2787.7
2790.1
2.235
2.252
2.285
6.509
6.496
6.469
1,250
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
198.4
201.5
204.4
207.2
209.9
0.001154
0.001159
0.001163
0.001168
0.001172
0.1318
0.1238
0.1167
0.1104
0.1048
843.4
857.1
870.3
882.9
895.0
2594.6
2596.1
2597.3
2598.5
2599.5
845.1
859.0
872.3
885.0
897.2
1947.2
1935.2
1923.6
1912.3
1901.3
2792.3
2794.2
2795.8
2797.3
2798.5
2.315
2.345
2.372
2.399
2.424
6.445
6.422
6.400
6.380
6.360
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
212.5
214.9
217.3
219.6
221.9
0.001177
0.001181
0.001185
0.001189
0.001193
0.0996
0.0950
0.0907
0.0869
0.0833
906.6
917.9
928.7
939.2
949.4
2600.4
2601.1
2601.8
2602.4
2602.9
909.0
920.3
931.3
942.0
952.3
1890.7
1880.3
1870.1
1860.2
1850.5
2799.7
2800.6
2801.4
2802.2
2802.7
2.448
2.471
2.493
2.514
2.535
6.341
6.323
6.306
6.289
6.273
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
224.0
226.1
228.2
230.1
232.1
0.001197
0.001201
0.001205
0.001209
0.001213
0.0800
0.0769
0.0741
0.0715
0.0690
959.3
968.9
978.3
987.4
996.3
2603.3
2603.6
2603.8
2604.0
2604.1
962.3
972.0
981.5
990.8
999.8
1840.9
1831.6
1822.4
1813.3
1804.4
2803.2
2803.6
2803.9
2804.1
2804.2
2.555
2.574
2.593
2.611
2.629
6.258
6.243
6.228
6.214
6.200
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
3,000
233.9
0.001217
0.0667
1005.0
2604.2
1008.6
1795.7
2804.3
2.646
6.187
3,000
Pressure
kPa
p
Temp
ºC
t
100
110
120
130
140
99.7
102.3
104.8
107.2
109.3
0.001043
0.001045
0.001047
0.001049
0.001051
150
160
170
180
190
111.4
113.4
115.2
117.0
118.7
200
220
240
260
280
Specific internal energy
kJ/kg
Water
uf
Steam
ug
Water
hf
1.6942
1.5497
1.4285
1.3255
1.2367
417.5
428.8
439.3
449.1
458.4
2506.1
2509.3
2512.2
2514.9
2517.4
417.6
428.9
439.4
449.3
458.5
0.001053
0.001054
0.001056
0.001058
0.001059
1.1594
1.0915
1.0313
0.9776
0.9294
467.1
475.3
483.1
490.6
497.8
2519.7
2521.9
2524.0
2525.9
2527.8
120.3
123.3
126.1
128.8
131.2
0.001061
0.001063
0.001066
0.001069
0.001071
0.8858
0.8102
0.7468
0.6928
0.6464
504.6
517.5
529.5
540.7
551.3
300
320
340
360
380
133.6
135.8
137.9
139.9
141.8
0.001073
0.001075
0.001078
0.001080
0.001082
0.6059
0.5703
0.5388
0.5106
0.4853
400
420
440
460
480
143.7
145.4
147.1
148.8
150.4
0.001084
0.001085
0.001087
0.001089
0.001091
500
550
600
650
700
151.9
155.5
158.9
162.0
165.0
750
800
850
900
950
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
4
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
Evaporation
hfg
Pressure
kPa
p
1 bar
2 bar
4 bar
7 bar
10 bar
20 bar
Saturated Water and Steam
Pressures from 3,000kPa to Critical Point
Specific volume
m³/kg
Water
Steam
vf
vg
Water
uf
Steam
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
Water
Evaporation
Steam
hf
hfg
hg
0.06669
0.06250
0.05878
0.05546
0.05248
1005.0
1021.7
1037.8
1053.3
1068.1
2604.2
2604.2
2604.0
2603.6
2603.1
1008.6
1025.7
1042.0
1057.7
1072.9
1795.7
1778.5
1761.8
1745.6
1729.6
2804.3
2804.2
2803.8
2803.3
2802.5
2.646
2.679
2.710
2.740
2.769
6.187
6.162
6.137
6.114
6.092
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
0.001252
0.001259
0.001266
0.001273
0.001279
0.04979
0.04734
0.04511
0.04306
0.04118
1082.5
1096.4
1109.8
1122.9
1135.6
2602.4
2601.6
2600.7
2599.6
2598.5
1087.5
1101.7
1115.4
1128.8
1141.7
1714.1
1698.8
1683.7
1669.0
1654.4
2801.5
2800.4
2799.1
2797.7
2796.2
2.797
2.823
2.849
2.873
2.897
6.070
6.050
6.030
6.011
5.992
4,000
4,200
4,400
4,600
4,800
264.0
266.5
268.9
271.2
273.5
0.001286
0.001293
0.001299
0.001306
0.001312
0.03945
0.03784
0.03635
0.03496
0.03366
1148.0
1160.0
1171.8
1183.3
1194.6
2597.3
2595.9
2594.5
2593.0
2591.5
1154.4
1166.8
1178.8
1190.6
1202.2
1640.1
1625.9
1612.0
1598.2
1584.5
2794.5
2792.7
2790.8
2788.8
2786.7
2.920
2.943
2.965
2.986
3.007
5.974
5.956
5.939
5.922
5.906
5,000
5,200
5,400
5,600
5,800
6,000
6,200
6,400
6,600
6,800
275.7
277.8
279.9
282.0
284.0
0.001319
0.001325
0.001332
0.001338
0.001345
0.03245
0.03131
0.03024
0.02923
0.02828
1205.6
1216.4
1227.0
1237.4
1247.6
2589.8
2588.1
2586.3
2584.5
2582.6
1213.5
1224.6
1235.5
1246.3
1256.8
1571.0
1557.6
1544.3
1531.1
1518.1
2784.5
2782.2
2779.9
2777.4
2774.9
3.027
3.047
3.066
3.085
3.103
5.889
5.874
5.858
5.843
5.828
6,000
6,200
6,400
6,600
6,800
7,000
7,200
7,400
7,600
7,800
285.9
287.8
289.7
291.5
293.3
0.001351
0.001358
0.001365
0.001371
0.001378
0.02738
0.02652
0.02572
0.02495
0.02422
1257.7
1267.6
1277.3
1286.9
1296.4
2580.6
2578.6
2576.5
2574.4
2572.2
1267.2
1277.4
1287.4
1297.4
1307.1
1505.1
1492.2
1479.4
1466.6
1454.0
2772.3
2769.6
2766.8
2764.0
2761.1
3.121
3.139
3.157
3.174
3.190
5.814
5.799
5.785
5.771
5.757
7,000
7,200
7,400
7,600
7,800
8,000
8,200
8,400
8,600
8,800
295.1
296.8
298.5
300.2
301.8
0.001384
0.001391
0.001398
0.001404
0.001411
0.02352
0.02286
0.02223
0.02162
0.02104
1305.7
1314.9
1324.0
1333.0
1341.9
2569.9
2567.6
2565.3
2562.9
2560.4
1316.8
1326.3
1335.8
1345.1
1354.3
1441.3
1428.8
1416.2
1403.8
1391.3
2758.1
2755.1
2752.0
2748.8
2745.6
3.207
3.223
3.239
3.255
3.271
5.743
5.730
5.717
5.703
5.690
8,000
8,200
8,400
8,600
8,800
9,000
9,200
9,400
9,600
9,800
303.4
305.0
306.6
308.1
309.6
0.001418
0.001425
0.001432
0.001439
0.001446
0.02049
0.01996
0.01945
0.01896
0.01848
1350.6
1359.3
1367.9
1376.4
1384.8
2557.9
2555.3
2552.7
2550.1
2547.3
1363.4
1372.4
1381.4
1390.2
1399.0
1378.9
1366.5
1354.2
1341.8
1329.5
2742.3
2738.9
2735.5
2732.0
2728.5
3.286
3.301
3.316
3.331
3.345
5.677
5.665
5.652
5.639
5.627
9,000
9,200
9,400
9,600
9,800
10,000
10,500
11,000
11,500
12,000
311.1
314.7
318.2
321.5
324.8
0.001453
0.001470
0.001489
0.001507
0.001527
0.01803
0.01697
0.01599
0.01509
0.01427
1393.2
1413.7
1433.8
1453.6
1473.1
2544.6
2537.4
2529.9
2522.1
2513.8
1407.7
1429.1
1450.2
1470.9
1491.4
1317.2
1286.4
1255.6
1224.7
1193.6
2724.9
2715.5
2705.8
2695.6
2685.0
3.360
3.395
3.430
3.463
3.496
5.614
5.583
5.553
5.523
5.493
10,000
10,500
11,000
11,500
12,000
12,500
13,000
13,500
14,000
14,500
327.9
331.0
333.9
336.8
339.6
0.001547
0.001567
0.001589
0.001611
0.001634
0.01350
0.01278
0.01212
0.01149
0.01090
1492.3
1511.3
1530.1
1548.7
1567.3
2505.3
2496.3
2486.9
2477.0
2466.6
1511.6
1531.6
1551.5
1571.3
1591.0
1162.4
1130.8
1098.9
1066.6
1033.7
2674.0
2662.5
2650.4
2637.8
2624.7
3.529
3.561
3.592
3.623
3.654
5.463
5.433
5.403
5.372
5.341
12,500
13,000
13,500
14,000
14,500
15,000
15,500
16,000
16,500
17,000
342.3
344.9
347.5
350.0
352.4
0.001658
0.001684
0.001711
0.001740
0.001771
0.01034
0.00981
0.00931
0.00883
0.00837
1585.8
1604.4
1622.9
1641.7
1660.6
2455.7
2444.2
2432.1
2419.2
2405.5
1610.7
1630.5
1650.3
1670.4
1690.7
1000.2
965.9
930.8
894.6
857.2
2610.9
2596.4
2581.1
2565.0
2547.9
3.685
3.716
3.746
3.777
3.808
5.310
5.279
5.246
5.213
5.179
15,000
15,500
16,000
16,500
17,000
17,500
18,000
18,500
19,000
19,500
354.8
357.1
359.4
361.6
363.7
0.001804
0.001841
0.001881
0.001926
0.001978
0.00793
0.00750
0.00708
0.00667
0.00626
1679.8
1699.4
1719.6
1740.7
1762.8
2390.9
2375.1
2358.0
2339.3
2318.5
1711.4
1732.6
1754.4
1777.3
1801.4
818.3
777.6
734.6
688.8
639.3
2529.7
2510.1
2489.1
2466.1
2440.7
3.840
3.872
3.905
3.940
3.976
5.143
5.106
5.067
5.025
4.980
17,500
18,000
18,500
19,000
19,500
20,000
20,500
21,000
21,500
22,000
22,105
365.9
367.9
369.9
371.9
373.8
374.1
0.002039
0.002114
0.002213
0.002365
0.002766
0.002717
0.00585
0.00543
0.00498
0.00446
0.00363
0.00272
1786.6
1812.9
1843.7
1883.9
1966.0
1959.0
2294.9
2267.4
2233.6
2187.5
2094.9
1959.0
1827.4
1856.3
1890.1
1934.7
2026.9
2019.1
584.6
522.5
448.1
348.6
147.8
0.0
2412.0
2378.8
2338.2
2283.4
2174.6
2019.1
4.016
4.059
4.110
4.178
4.318
4.306
4.930
4.874
4.807
4.718
4.547
4.306
20,000
20,500
21,000
21,500
22,000
22,105
Pressure
kPa
p
Temp
ºC
t
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
233.9
237.5
241.0
244.3
247.4
0.001217
0.001224
0.001231
0.001238
0.001245
4,000
4,200
4,400
4,600
4,800
250.4
253.4
256.2
258.9
261.5
5,000
5,200
5,400
5,600
5,800
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
Specific internal energy
kJ/kg
5
Specific entropy
kJ/kg.K
Water Steam
sf
sg
Pressure
kPa
p
30 bar
50 bar
70 bar
100 bar
150 bar
200 bar
Critical point
Specific Enthalpy of Water and Steam
Pressure (kPa)
Pressure (bar)
Sat. temp. (º C)
Sat. specific
enthalpy
(kJ/kg)
0
10
50
100
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
22,105
25,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Critical
Pressure
100,000
0.1
45.9
81.4
1
99.7
151.9
10
179.9
212.5
250.4
275.7
295.1
100
311.1
342.3
365.9
374.1
Water
Steam
192.0
2584.7
340.6
2645.9
417.6
2675.5
640.4
2748.8
763.0
2778.2
909.0
2799.7
1087.5
2801.5
1213.5
2784.5
1316.8
2758.1
1407.7
2724.9
1610.7
2610.9
1827.4
2412.0
2117.4
2117.3
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
2502
2548
2595
2642
0.0
104.9
2593
2640
0.0
104.9
209.3
313.9
0.1
105.0
209.4
314.0
0.5
105.3
209.7
314.3
1.0
105.8
210.2
314.7
2.0
106.7
211.0
315.5
4.0
108.6
212.7
317.1
6.0
110.4
214.5
318.7
Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
8.0
10.0
15.0
112.3
114.1
118.7
216.2
217.9
222.2
320.3
322.0
326.0
20.0
123.2
226.5
330.0
22.1
125.2
228.2
331.7
24.9
127.8
230.7
334.0
29.8
132.3
235.0
338.1
39.5
141.3
243.5
346.1
49.0
150.3
251.9
354.2
95.0
194.1
293.8
394.2
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
2689
2736
2784
2832
2687
2735
2783
2831
2683
2731
2780
2829
2676
2727
2776
2826
419.3
525.2
632.2
2801
419.7
525.5
632.5
741.2
420.5
526.2
633.1
741.7
422.0
527.6
634.4
742.8
423.5
529.0
635.6
743.9
425.0
530.4
636.9
744.9
426.5
531.7
638.1
746.0
430.3
535.2
641.3
748.8
434.0
538.8
644.5
751.6
435.6
540.2
645.8
752.8
437.8
542.3
647.7
754.4
441.6
545.8
650.9
757.3
449.2
552.9
657.4
763.1
456.9
560.1
664.0
769.1
495.1
596.2
697.9
800.3
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
2880
2929
2978
3027
2880
2928
2977
3027
2878
2927
2976
3026
2875
2925
2974
3024
2855
2908
2961
3013
2828
2886
2943
2997
852.6
2836
2902
2964
853.4
967.1
1085.4
2886
854.3
967.6
1085.3
1210.0
855.1
968.1
1085.3
1209.2
856.0
968.7
1085.4
1208.4
858.2
970.2
1085.8
1206.9
860.5
971.8
1086.4
1205.9
861.5
972.5
1086.7
1205.6
862.8
973.5
1087.2
1205.3
865.2
975.3
1088.1
1205.0
870.3
979.2
1090.6
1205.2
875.5
983.5
1093.5
1206.3
903.7
1008.1
1113.6
1220.4
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
3077
3127
3177
3228
3077
3127
3177
3228
3076
3126
3176
3227
3074
3125
3175
3227
3064
3116
3168
3220
3051
3105
3158
3211
3024
3081
3137
3192
2961
3029
3092
3154
2884
2968
3043
3112
2785
2897
2987
3066
1342.3
2809
2923
3016
1337.2
1484.8
2692
2859
1333.3
1474.3
1645.6
2603
1331.9
1470.7
1635.0
2310
1330.2
1466.3
1623.5
1848
1327.8
1460.1
1608.4
1791
1324.6
1451.1
1588.2
1743
1323.0
1445.2
1575.2
1717
1328.8
1439.4
1552.6
1669
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
3280
3331
3384
3436
3280
3331
3383
3436
3279
3331
3383
3436
3278
3330
3382
3435
3272
3324
3377
3430
3264
3317
3371
3424
3248
3303
3357
3412
3214
3272
3330
3388
3177
3240
3302
3362
3138
3206
3272
3336
3096
3171
3241
3308
2975
3071
3156
3235
2818
2953
3060
3153
2733
2895
3016
3117
2580
2806
2950
3064
2151
2614
2821
2965
1931
2198
2513
2740
1875
2060
2284
2519
1790
1915
2044
2177
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
3489
3596
3705
3816
3489
3596
3705
3816
3489
3596
3705
3816
3488
3596
3705
3816
3484
3592
3702
3813
3478
3587
3698
3810
3468
3578
3690
3803
3445
3560
3674
3790
3422
3541
3658
3776
3398
3521
3642
3762
3374
3501
3625
3748
3309
3449
3582
3712
3238
3393
3538
3675
3207
3369
3518
3660
3162
3336
3491
3637
3081
3275
3444
3599
2903
3149
3346
3521
2720
3020
3248
3442
2313
2590
2860
3108
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
3929
4043
4159
3929
4043
4159
3929
4043
4159
3928
4043
4159
3926
4041
4157
3923
4038
4155
3917
4033
4150
3906
4023
4142
3894
4013
4133
3882
4003
4124
3871
3993
4115
3840
3967
4092
3809
3940
4070
3796
3929
4060
3778
3914
4047
3746
3887
4024
3681
3833
3979
3617
3780
3934
3332
3537
3726
700
750
800
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
6
1000
Specific Entropy of Water and Steam
Pressure (kPa)
Pressure (bar)
Sat. temp. (º C)
Sat. specific
entropy
(kg/kg.K)
10
50
100
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
22,105
25,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Critical
Pressure
100,000
0.1
45.9
81.4
1
99.7
151.9
10
179.9
212.5
250.4
275.7
295.1
100
311.1
342.3
365.9
374.1
0.650
8.150
1.091
7.594
1.303
7.360
1.861
6.821
2.139
6.587
2.448
6.341
2.797
6.070
3.027
5.889
3.207
5.743
3.360
5.614
3.685
5.310
4.016
4.930
4.458
4.458
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
0.000
0.367
8.175
8.316
0.000
0.367
0.704
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.704
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.014
0.000
0.366
0.702
1.013
0.000
0.366
0.701
1.012
Specific Entropy (kJ/kg.K)
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.365 0.365
0.363
0.700 0.699
0.697
1.010 1.009
1.006
0.000
0.362
0.694
1.003
0.000
0.361
0.693
1.002
0.000
0.361
0.692
1.000
0.000
0.359
0.690
0.997
0.000
0.356
0.685
0.991
-0.001
0.353
0.681
0.985
-0.010
0.337
0.658
0.958
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
8.448
8.572
8.688
8.799
7.695
7.821
7.940
8.052
7.361
7.492
7.613
7.727
1.306
1.581
1.842
6.941
1.306
1.581
1.841
2.091
1.305
1.580
1.840
2.089
1.304
1.578
1.838
2.087
1.302
1.576
1.836
2.084
1.301
1.574
1.833
2.082
1.299
1.572
1.831
2.079
1.295
1.568
1.826
2.073
1.292
1.563
1.821
2.067
1.290
1.561
1.819
2.064
1.288
1.559
1.816
2.061
1.284
1.555
1.811
2.055
1.277
1.546
1.801
2.043
1.270
1.538
1.791
2.032
1.237
1.500
1.747
1.983
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
8.904
9.004
9.100
9.192
8.158
8.259
8.356
8.448
7.834
7.936
8.033
8.126
7.059
7.168
7.271
7.368
6.694
6.815
6.925
7.027
2.330
6.415
6.545
6.661
2.327
2.561
2.793
6.228
2.324
2.557
2.788
3.021
2.321
2.554
2.783
3.014
2.318
2.550
2.778
3.008
2.310
2.541
2.767
2.994
2.303
2.532
2.757
2.980
2.300
2.529
2.752
2.974
2.296
2.524
2.747
2.967
2.289
2.516
2.737
2.955
2.276
2.500
2.718
2.932
2.263
2.486
2.701
2.912
2.207
2.422
2.629
2.828
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
9.281
9.367
9.450
9.530
8.537
8.623
8.706
8.786
8.216
8.302
8.385
8.465
7.460
7.548
7.633
7.715
7.123
7.214
7.301
7.385
6.766
6.864
6.956
7.044
6.361
6.477
6.582
6.679
6.067
6.211
6.333
6.442
5.791
5.983
6.130
6.254
3.247
5.757
5.944
6.089
3.226
3.478
5.442
5.705
3.207
3.448
3.728
5.227
3.200
3.437
3.706
4.755
3.190
3.422
3.680
4.032
3.174
3.400
3.643
3.930
3.145
3.361
3.586
3.829
3.120
3.329
3.542
3.764
3.021
3.210
3.396
3.579
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
9.608
9.683
9.757
9.828
8.864
8.940
9.013
9.085
8.543
8.619
8.693
8.764
7.794
7.870
7.945
8.017
7.465
7.543
7.618
7.691
7.127
7.207
7.284
7.359
6.769
6.855
6.936
7.015
6.541
6.633
6.719
6.802
6.363
6.463
6.555
6.642
6.212
6.320
6.419
6.510
5.881
6.021
6.140
6.247
5.554
5.751
5.902
6.028
5.399
5.636
5.806
5.943
5.142
5.472
5.674
5.829
4.473
5.150
5.442
5.637
4.113
4.503
4.946
5.255
4.003
4.273
4.588
4.908
3.762
3.944
4.125
4.306
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
9.898
10.032
10.161
10.284
9.155
9.289
9.418
9.541
8.834
8.969
9.098
9.221
8.087
8.223
8.352
8.476
7.762
7.899
8.029
8.154
7.432
7.571
7.702
7.828
7.090
7.234
7.369
7.497
6.880
7.029
7.168
7.299
6.724
6.878
7.021
7.155
6.597
6.756
6.903
7.040
6.344
6.520
6.678
6.822
6.140
6.335
6.505
6.658
6.062
6.266
6.441
6.599
5.959
6.176
6.360
6.523
5.790
6.034
6.233
6.406
5.470
5.778
6.011
6.205
5.173
5.549
5.818
6.034
4.485
4.833
5.151
5.427
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
10.403
10.517
10.628
9.660
9.774
9.885
9.340
9.454
9.565
8.595
8.710
8.821
8.273
8.388
8.500
7.949
8.065
8.177
7.620
7.737
7.850
7.423
7.542
7.657
7.281
7.402
7.517
7.169
7.291
7.408
6.957
7.084
7.204
6.799
6.931
7.054
6.742
6.876
7.001
6.671
6.807
6.935
6.561
6.702
6.833
6.375
6.527
6.666
6.219
6.382
6.529
5.664
5.870
6.050
700
750
800
Water
Steam
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
7
1000
Density of Water and Steam
Pressure (kPa)
Pressure (bar)
Sat. temp. (º C)
Sat. density
(kg/m³)
10
50
100
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
20,000
22,105
25,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Critical
Pressure
100,000
0.1
45.9
990
0.0681
81.4
971
0.309
1
99.7
959
0.590
151.9
915
2.67
10
179.9
887
5.14
212.5
850
10.04
250.4
799
20.09
275.7
758
30.8
295.1
722
42.5
342.3
603
96.7
365.9
490
170.8
374.1
368
368
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
1000
997
0.0673
0.0624
1000
997
988
975
1000
997
988
975
1000
997
988
975
1000
998
988
975
1001
998
989
976
1002
999
990
977
1003
1000
991
977
Density (kg/m³)
1004
1005
1007
1001
1002
1004
991
992
994
978
979
981
1010
1006
997
983
1011
1007
997
984
1012
1008
999
986
1015
1010
1001
988
1019
1014
1005
992
1024
1018
1009
996
1045
1038
1028
1015
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
0.0582
0.0545
0.0512
0.0484
0.293
0.274
0.257
0.243
0.590
0.550
0.516
0.487
958
939
917
2.504
959
939
917
892
959
940
918
893
960
941
919
894
961
942
920
896
962
943
921
897
963
944
922
898
965
946
925
901
967
949
928
904
968
950
929
906
970
951
930
907
972
954
933
910
976
958
938
916
980
963
943
921
1000
983
965
945
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
0.0458
0.0435
0.0414
0.0395
0.230
0.218
0.207
0.198
0.460
0.437
0.416
0.396
2.353
2.223
2.108
2.006
4.86
4.55
4.30
4.07
865
9.64
8.97
8.43
867
835
799
18.33
868
837
802
760
870
839
804
763
871
841
806
766
875
845
812
773
878
849
817
779
880
851
819
782
882
853
822
786
885
857
826
792
891
864
835
802
897
871
843
812
924
901
877
851
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
0.0378
0.0362
0.0348
0.0334
0.189
0.181
0.174
0.167
0.379
0.363
0.348
0.335
1.914
1.830
1.754
1.684
3.88
3.70
3.54
3.39
7.97
7.57
7.22
6.90
17.00
15.93
15.05
14.29
28
25.40
23.68
22.28
41.2
36.5
33.4
31.0
716
50.3
44.6
40.8
726
665
87.2
72.0
736
680
601
130.4
739
686
613
220.1
744
693
626
507
752
704
644
559
765
723
672
610
778
739
694
641
824
795
764
731
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
0.0322
0.0310
0.0300
0.0290
0.161
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.322
0.311
0.300
0.290
1.620
1.561
1.506
1.454
3.26
3.14
3.03
2.92
6.61
6.35
6.12
5.90
13.62
13.03
12.50
12.01
21.10
20.08
19.18
18.38
29.1
27.6
26.2
25.0
37.9
35.5
33.6
32.0
63.9
58.4
54.2
50.9
100.6
87.3
78.8
72.6
122.4
102.2
90.7
82.7
166.5
126.9
109.1
98.0
358.4
188.6
148.5
128.3
524.2
394.9
270.8
209.9
577.7
498.2
402.2
315.0
694.5
655.7
614.8
572.3
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
0.0280
0.0263
0.0248
0.0235
0.140
0.132
0.124
0.117
0.280
0.263
0.248
0.235
1.407
1.320
1.244
1.176
2.82
2.65
2.49
2.36
5.69
5.33
5.01
4.73
11.57
10.79
10.12
9.53
17.65
16.39
15.33
14.41
24.0
22.1
20.6
19.4
30.5
28.1
26.1
24.4
48.1
43.6
40.1
37.3
67.7
60.4
55.0
50.8
76.7
67.9
61.5
56.6
89.9
78.6
70.7
64.8
115.2
98.3
87.4
79.4
177.9
143.2
123.5
110.3
256.9
195.4
163.6
143.6
529.0
445.2
374.3
321.0
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0.0223
0.0212
0.0202
0.111
0.106
0.101
0.223
0.212
0.202
1.115
1.060
1.011
2.23
2.12
2.02
4.48
4.26
4.05
9.01
8.55
8.14
13.60
12.89
12.25
18.2
17.3
16.4
22.9
21.7
20.6
35.0
32.9
31.2
47.3
44.4
41.9
52.6
49.3
46.5
60.1
56.2
52.9
73.2
68.2
64.0
100.6
93.0
86.8
129.4
118.7
110.2
282.0
252.9
230.5
700
750
800
Water
Steam
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
100
311.1
688
55.5
15,000
8
1000
Specific Internal Energy of Water and Steam
Pressure (kPa)
Pressure (bar)
Sat. temp. (ºC)
Sat. specific
internal energy
(kJ/kg)
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0
10
50
100
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
22,105
0.1
45.9
81.4
1
99.7
151.9
10
179.9
212.5
250.4
275.7
295.1
100
311.1
342.3
365.9
374.1
Water
Steam
192.0
2438.0
340.6
2483.9
417.5
2506.1
639.8
2561.3
761.9
2583.7
906.6
2600.4
1082.5
2602.4
1205.6
2589.8
1305.7
2569.9
1393.2
2544.6
1585.8
2455.7
1786.6
2294.9
2045.3
2045.3
2375
2410
2446
2481
2516
2552
2588
2625
2662
2699
2736
2774
2812
2851
2890
2929
2969
3009
3050
3091
3132
3217
3303
3390
3480
3571
3664
0.0
104.9
2444
2480
2516
2552
2588
2624
2661
2698
2736
2774
2812
2851
2890
2929
2969
3009
3050
3091
3132
3217
3302
3390
3480
3571
3664
0.0
104.9
209.3
313.9
2512
2549
2586
2623
2660
2697
2735
2773
2811
2850
2889
2929
2968
3009
3049
3090
3132
3216
3302
3390
3479
3571
3664
0.0
104.9
209.3
313.9
2507
2545
2583
2620
2658
2696
2734
2772
2810
2849
2888
2928
2968
3008
3049
3090
3132
3216
3302
3390
3479
3571
3664
0.0
104.8
209.2
313.8
418.8
524.6
631.7
2601
2643
2684
2724
2763
2803
2843
2883
2923
2963
3004
3045
3087
3128
3213
3300
3388
3478
3569
3662
0.0
104.8
209.1
313.7
418.7
524.4
631.4
740.1
2622
2667
2710
2752
2793
2834
2875
2916
2957
2999
3040
3082
3124
3210
3297
3385
3475
3567
3660
0.0
104.7
209.0
313.4
418.4
524.1
630.9
739.5
850.3
2628
2680
2727
2773
2817
2860
2903
2945
2988
3030
3073
3116
3203
3291
3380
3471
3563
3657
0.0
104.6
208.7
313.0
417.8
523.3
630.0
738.3
848.8
962.3
1080.3
2668
2725
2778
2827
2874
2920
2965
3010
3055
3100
3189
3279
3370
3462
3555
3650
Specific Internal Energy (kJ/kg)
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
104.4
104.3
104.1
103.7
208.4
208.1
207.8
207.1
312.6
312.2
311.7
310.7
417.2
416.7
416.1
414.7
522.6
521.9
521.2
519.4
629.1
628.2
627.3
625.1
737.2
736.0
734.9
732.1
847.4
845.9
844.5
841.0
960.5
958.6
956.8
952.4
1077.8 1075.4 1073.0 1067.3
1202.1 1198.7 1195.4 1187.5
2667
2591
1328.3 1316.6
2732
2678
2610
1462.3
2790
2748
2699
2520
2843
2808
2770
2651
2893
2864
2832
2741
2941
2916
2889
2814
2989
2967
2943
2879
3036
3016
2995
2940
3082
3064
3046
2997
3175
3160
3145
3105
3267
3254
3242
3209
3360
3349
3338
3310
3453
3444
3435
3411
3548
3540
3532
3511
3643
3636
3629
3611
0.2
103.4
206.4
309.7
413.4
517.7
622.9
729.4
837.7
948.2
1061.9
1180.2
1306.1
1444.9
1612.3
2449
2619
2724
2806
2878
2943
3062
3174
3281
3386
3490
3593
0.2
103.2
206.1
309.3
412.8
517.0
622.0
728.3
836.3
946.5
1059.7
1177.3
1302.0
1438.5
1599.0
2210
2552
2679
2772
2850
2919
3044
3159
3269
3376
3481
3585
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
9
25,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Critical
pressure
100,000
1000
0.2
103.0
205.7
308.7
412.1
516.0
620.8
726.8
834.5
944.2
1056.7
1173.4
1296.6
1430.3
1583.6
1799
2430
2609
2721
2808
2884
3018
3138
3252
3361
3469
3574
0.3
102.6
205.0
307.7
410.8
514.4
618.7
724.3
831.3
940.3
1051.8
1167.1
1287.9
1417.5
1561.9
1738
2067
2455
2619
2731
2821
2970
3101
3221
3336
3447
3556
0.3
101.9
203.7
305.8
408.3
511.2
614.8
719.4
825.4
932.9
1042.6
1155.3
1272.3
1395.7
1528.7
1677
1855
2097
2365
2549
2678
2870
3023
3158
3284
3403
3518
0.2
101.2
202.4
304.0
405.9
508.1
611.0
714.8
819.7
926.1
1034.2
1144.7
1258.7
1377.5
1503.2
1639
1788
1960
2160
2361
2525
2764
2942
3094
3231
3358
3480
-0.7
97.8
196.5
295.7
395.1
494.6
594.3
694.5
795.4
897.1
999.6
1103.0
1207.5
1313.6
1421.8
1532
1646
1762
1881
2002
2124
2366
2593
2796
2978
3142
3292
Temp (º C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
4200
4200
4000
4000
Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg) .
Enthalpy - Entropy diagram for Steam
3800
3800
3600
3600
3400
3400
3200
3200
3000
3000
2800
2800
2600
2600
2400
2400
2200
2200
2000
2000
1800
1800
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
Specific Entropy (kJ/kg.K)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
10
7.5
8
8.5
9
0
500
1000
1500
Steam
2000
2500
3000
3500
100
4000
1000
100
1
10
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
10
0.1
1
0.01
0.1
0.001
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
11
2500
3000
3500
0.01
4000
Properties of R-12, CCl2F2
Specific entropy
(kJ/kg.K)
Liquid Vapour
Superheated
by 20K
by 40K
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
Pressure
(MPa)
t
P
vf
vg
hf
hg
sf
sg
h
s
h
s
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
0.0643
0.0808
0.1004
0.1237
0.1509
0.00066
0.00067
0.00067
0.00068
0.00069
0.2428
0.1963
0.1603
0.1320
0.1097
164.0
168.4
172.8
177.3
181.7
334.0
336.4
338.8
341.2
343.5
0.8583
0.8769
0.8951
0.9132
0.9309
1.5875
1.5824
1.5779
1.5738
1.5701
345.2
347.8
350.3
352.8
355.4
1.6334
1.6281
1.6233
1.6189
1.6151
356.7
359.4
362.1
364.8
367.5
1.6771
1.6715
1.6665
1.6619
1.6578
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0.1825
0.2189
0.2607
0.3083
0.3621
0.00069
0.00070
0.00071
0.00072
0.00072
0.0918
0.0773
0.0656
0.0559
0.0480
186.2
190.8
195.4
200.0
204.7
345.9
348.2
350.4
352.7
354.9
0.9485
0.9658
0.9830
1.0000
1.0168
1.5668
1.5639
1.5613
1.5590
1.5569
357.9
360.4
362.9
365.3
367.7
1.6117
1.6087
1.6060
1.6035
1.6014
370.1
372.8
375.4
378.1
380.6
1.6542
1.6510
1.6481
1.6456
1.6434
10
15
20
25
30
0.4228
0.4907
0.5665
0.6507
0.7438
0.00073
0.00074
0.00075
0.00076
0.00077
0.0413
0.0358
0.0311
0.0271
0.0238
209.4
214.2
219.0
223.9
228.9
357.1
359.2
361.2
363.2
365.2
1.0335
1.0501
1.0665
1.0829
1.0992
1.5550
1.5532
1.5516
1.5501
1.5487
370.1
372.5
374.8
377.1
379.3
1.5995
1.5978
1.5963
1.5950
1.5938
383.2
385.8
388.3
390.8
393.2
1.6414
1.6396
1.6381
1.6367
1.6356
35
40
45
50
0.8464
0.9591
1.0824
1.2171
0.00079
0.00080
0.00081
0.00082
0.0209
0.0184
0.0162
0.0143
233.9
239.0
244.2
249.5
367.0
368.8
370.5
372.1
1.1154
1.1315
1.1477
1.1638
1.5473
1.5459
1.5445
1.5431
381.5
383.6
385.6
387.6
1.5927
1.5917
1.5907
1.5898
395.6
397.9
400.3
402.5
1.6345
1.6336
1.6327
1.6320
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
Specific volume
(m3/kg)
Liquid Vapour
Saturated
Specific enthalpy
(kJ/kg)
Liquid Vapour
Saturation
temperature
(deg C)
12
Properties of Ammonia, NH3
Superheated
Saturation
temperature
(deg C)
Pressure
(MPa)
t
P
vf
vg
hf
hg
sf
sg
h
s
h
s
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
0.0717
0.0931
0.1194
0.1515
0.1901
0.00145
0.00146
0.00148
0.00149
0.00150
1.553
1.217
0.964
0.772
0.624
59.4
78.9
98.5
118.1
137.7
1448
1453
1458
1463
1467
0.438
0.521
0.602
0.682
0.760
6.394
6.292
6.194
6.100
6.010
1527
1533
1538
1544
1549
6.701
6.595
6.494
6.398
6.306
1597
1603
1609
1614
1620
6.930
6.821
6.717
6.618
6.523
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0.2362
0.2907
0.3548
0.4294
0.5158
0.00152
0.00153
0.00155
0.00157
0.00158
0.509
0.418
0.347
0.289
0.243
157.4
177.2
197.0
216.9
236.9
1471
1474
1477
1479
1481
0.837
0.912
0.986
1.060
1.132
5.923
5.840
5.759
5.681
5.605
1554
1558
1563
1567
1570
6.218
6.134
6.053
5.975
5.900
1625
1630
1635
1639
1644
6.433
6.347
6.265
6.185
6.109
10
15
20
25
30
0.6151
0.7285
0.8575
1.0032
1.1672
0.00160
0.00162
0.00164
0.00166
0.00168
0.205
0.175
0.149
0.128
0.110
257.0
277.1
297.3
317.7
338.2
1483
1483
1484
1483
1483
1.202
1.272
1.341
1.409
1.476
5.531
5.459
5.388
5.319
5.252
1574
1577
1579
1582
1584
5.828
5.758
5.691
5.625
5.561
1648
1652
1655
1659
1662
6.036
5.966
5.898
5.832
5.768
35
40
45
50
1.3508
1.5554
1.7827
2.0340
0.00170
0.00173
0.00175
0.00178
0.096
0.083
0.072
0.063
358.8
379.6
400.6
421.9
1481
1479
1476
1472
1.543
1.609
1.674
1.739
5.185
5.119
5.054
4.990
1585
1586
1587
1587
5.499
5.439
5.379
5.322
1664
1667
1669
1671
5.707
5.647
5.589
5.532
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
Specific volume
(m3/kg)
Liquid Vapour
Saturated
Specific enthalpy
(kJ/kg)
Liquid Vapour
Specific entropy
(kJ/kg.K)
Liquid Vapour
13
by 20K
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
by 40K
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)
Ammonia NH3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1000
2000
10000
1000
10
100
1
10
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
100
1
0.1
0.01
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
14
1400
1600
1800
0.1
2000
Butane C4H10
-300
10
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
700
100
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
10
0.1
0.01
-300
1
-200
-100
0
100
200
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
15
300
400
500
600
0.1
700
Carbon Dioxide CO2
400
100
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1000
100
1
10
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
10
0.1
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
16
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1
1200
Methane CH4
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1000
10
100
1
10
1
0.1
0.01
-1000
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
17
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.1
800
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
-1000
100
Propane C3H8
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1000
10
100
1
10
1
0.1
0.01
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
18
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1
1000
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
-400
100
R-410A (50/50 CH2F2 / CHF2CF3 by mass)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
10
10
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (MPa)
1
600
100
0.1
1
0.01
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
19
400
450
500
550
0.1
600
0.030
0.028
Psychrometric Chart
0.026
Barometric Pressure 101.325 kPa
Basis - per kg of dry air
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.000
-10
0
10
20
30
Dry Bulb Temperature (ºC)
H-W U. For internal teaching use only.
20
40
50
Specific Humidity - Moisture Content (kg/kg)
0.024