Download Holt study guide

ES04_SG_TOC.qxd
9/19/06
8:51 PM
Page i
HOLT
Environmental Science
Study Guide
.
ES04_SG_TOC.qxd
9/19/06
8:51 PM
Page ii
TO THE STUDENT
This Study Guide contains Concept Review worksheets, which can be used in
several ways to guide you through your textbook. The worksheets can be used as
a pre-reading guide to each chapter to help you identify the main concepts of
each chapter before your initial reading. You can also use the worksheets after
reading each chapter to test your understanding of the chapter’s main concepts
and terminology. Finally, you can use the worksheets to prepare for your environmental science exams. Regardless of how you and your teacher use the Holt
Environmental Science Study Guide, it will help you determine which topics
you have learned well and which topics you need to study further.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,
or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
Teachers using HOLT ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE may photocopy complete pages in
sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale.
HOLT and the “Owl Design” are trademarks licensed to Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions.
Printed in the United States of America
If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Holt, Rinehart
and Winston retains title to the materials and they may not be resold. Resale of
examination copies is strictly prohibited.
Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this
publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format.
ISBN-13: 978-0-03-093112-3
ISBN-10: 0-03-093112-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 862 09 08 07 06
ES04_SG_TOC.qxd 12/13/02 7:39 PM Page iii
Contents
Concept Review Worksheets
Science and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tools of Environmental Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Dynamic Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Organization of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
How Ecosystems Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Understanding Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Human Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Atmosphere and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Food and Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Mining and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Nonrenewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Environment and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Economics, Policy, and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
iii
Study Guide
ES04_SG_TOC.qxd 12/13/02 7:39 PM Page iv
ES04_Ch01_001-007.qxd
12/13/02
6:33 PM
Page 1
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. practice of growing, breeding, and caring for
plants and animals used for a variety of
purposes
______ 2. study of how living things interact with each
other and with their nonliving environments
______ 3. conflict between short-term interests of
individuals and long-term welfare of society
______ 4. declining number and variety of the species
in an area
______ 5. study of how humans interact with the
environment
______ 6. law describing the relationship between an
item’s availability and its value.
a. loss of biodiversity
b. supply and demand
c. “The Tragedy of the
Commons”
d. agriculture
e. developed nation
f. environmental
science
g. ecology
h. developing nation
i. renewable resource
j. sustainability
______ 7. characterized by low population growth rate,
high life expectancy, and diverse industrial
economies
______ 8. characterized by high population growth rate,
low energy use, and very low personal wealth
______ 9. state in which a human population can survive indefinitely
______10. natural material that can be replaced relatively
quickly through natural processes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Which of the following sciences contribute to the field of environmental
science?
a. physics and chemistry
c. social sciences
b. biology and earth science
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
1
Science and the Environment
ES04_Ch01_001-007.qxd
12/13/02
6:33 PM
Page 2
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______12. All of the following make up the three major categories of environmental
problems except
a. loss of biodiversity.
c. resource depletion.
b. overpopulation.
d. pollution.
, human
______13. During the period of human history known as the
populations grew rapidly because of advances in farming methods.
a. Industrial Revolution
c. “Tragedy of the Commons”
b. agricultural revolution
d. hunter-gatherer period
______14. Which major changes in human society and the environment occurred
during the Industrial Revolution?
a. People lived in small tribes; many mammals went extinct.
b. Domesticated plants were altered; forest was replaced with farmland.
c. Fossil fuel consumption, technological efficiency, and environmental
pollution increased.
d. Common grazing areas were replaced with closed fields.
______15. What did hunter-gatherers do to alter the environment?
a. introduce plants to new
c. burn prairie to maintain
regions
grassland
b. overhunt large mammals d. all of the above
______16. Developed nations make up about
population and consume about
a. 20, 75
c. 75, 20
b. 50, 75
d. 75, 50
percent of the world’s
percent of its resources.
______ 17. Hardin’s “Tragedy of the Commons” essay addressed the conflicts
associated with which environmental challenge?
a. preventing pollution
c. curbing overpopulation
b. preserving biodiversity
d. protecting shared resources
______18. The ecological footprint for a person in a particular country takes into
account what requirements of supporting that individual?
a. land used for crops
c. forest area that absorbs pollution
b. land taken up by housing d. all of the above
______19. Attempts to create a sustainable society strive to achieve what?
a. greater resource consumption c. negative population growth
b. stable resource consumption d. restrictions on technology
______20. A cost-benefit analysis balances the cost of an action against
a. those who benefit from the action.
b. those who perform the analysis.
c. what consumers and taxpayers are willing to pay.
d. the benefits one expects to receive.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
2
Science and the Environment
ES04_CH02_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:06 PM
Page 3
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. control group
______ 2. prediction
a. a logical statement about what will happen
in an experiment
______ 3. physical model
b. a verbal or graphical explanation for how
a system works or how it is organized
______ 4. risk
c. in an experiment, that which does not
receive the experimental treatment
______ 5. conceptual model
d. a three-dimensional model you can touch
______ 6. value
e. principles or standards considered to be
important
______ 7. experiment
f. the probability of an unwanted outcome
______ 8. statistics
g. information gathered during an experiment
______ 9. data
h. procedure designed to test a hypothesis
i. collection and classification of data
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Choose the best response. Write the letter of that choice in the space provided.
______10. When it is not possible to conduct an experiment, scientists test their
predictions by
a. examining correlations.
c. testing for one variable.
b. using a control.
d. remaining skeptical.
______11. An essential feature of every good experiment is that it should
a. use a control.
c. graph data.
b. test a single variable.
d. Both (a) and (b)
______12. The experimental method includes which of the following steps?
a. remaining skeptical, organizing data, and analyzing data
b. drawing conclusions, being open to new ideas, and communicating
results
c. observing, hypothesizing, predicting, experimenting, and communicating results
d. being curious, imagining, being able to see patterns, observing, and
predicting
______13. What is not a description of a good hypothesis?
a. It makes logical sense.
b. It is a testable explanation of an observation.
c. It follows from what you already know about a situation.
d. It is a guess based on previous experiments.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
3
Tools of Environmental Science
ES04_CH02_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:06 PM
Page 4
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______14. One of the key habits of mind of scientists is
, which
allows scientists to expand the boundaries of what we know.
a. intellectual honesty
c. replication
b. imagination
d. correlation
______15. A road map is an example of a
a. graphical model.
b. mathematical model.
c. conceptual model.
d. physical model.
______16. Statistics are not used by scientists to
a. compare data.
c. gather data.
b. analyze data.
d. All of the above
______ 17. In a scientific investigation, the size of the sample population should be
large enough to
a. reflect the probability of an unwanted outcome.
b. give an accurate estimate of the whole population.
c. closely resemble the system they represent.
d. All of the above
______18. If you consider what will add to our understanding of the natural
world in making an environmental decision, you are examining a(n)
value.
a. ethical/moral
c. environmental
b. aesthetic
d. scientific
______19. What is the first step in an environmental decision-making model?
a. Explore the consequences of each option.
b. Consider which values apply to the issue.
c. Make a decision.
d. Gather information.
______20. When you examine a scientific value in making an environmental decision, you
a. consider what is right or wrong.
b. consider what will maintain human health.
c. use your understanding of the natural world.
d. think about what will promote learning.
______21. Which of the following is a possible short-term consequence of creating a nature preserve?
a. decrease in habitat destruction
b. an increase in property values near the preserve
c. a restriction of recreational activities on private land within the preserve by state officials
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
4
Tools of Environmental Science
ES04_CH03_001_006.qxd
12/13/02
5:11 PM
Page 5
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. boundary between warm and cold water in an
ocean or a lake
______ 2. the pieces that compose the lithosphere
______ 3. a mountain built from magma
______ 4. transfer of energy through space
a. mantle
b. ozone
c. fault
d. salinity
e. tributaries
______ 5. water movements in the ocean that are driven
by the wind
f. tectonic plates
______ 6. layer of Earth between the crust and the core
g. thermocline
______ 7. a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
h. volcano
______ 8. smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger
ones
i. surface currents
j. radiation
______ 9. the total quantity of dissolved salts in the ocean
______10. break in Earth’s crust
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. The part of Earth that contains the air we breathe is called the
a. hydrosphere.
c. geosphere.
b. atmosphere.
d. envirosphere.
______12. The thin outermost layer of the solid Earth is called the
a. asthenosphere.
c. outer core.
b. mantle.
d. crust.
______13. An earthquake of magnitude 5.0 releases how much more energy than
an earthquake of magnitude 4.0?
a. twice the energy
b. three times the energy
c. one hundred times the energy
d. none of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
5
The Dynamic Earth
ES04_CH03_001_006.qxd
12/13/02
5:11 PM
Page 6
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______14. Volcanoes occur at tectonic
plate boundaries that are
a. colliding.
b. slipping past one another.
c. separating from one
another.
d. Both (a) and (c)
______20. The warmest temperature
zone of the ocean is the
a. thermocline.
b. deep zone.
c. open ocean.
d. surface zone.
______21. Stream-like movements of
cold, dense water near the
ocean floor are called
a. surface currents.
b. deep currents.
c. bottom currents.
d. mixing currents.
______15. The removal and transport
of surface material by wind
and water is called
a. seismicity.
b. erosion.
c. tectonics.
d. vulcanism.
______22. One of the most important
roles of the ocean is to
a. add oxygen to the atmosphere.
b. trap heat near Earth.
c. regulate temperatures in
Earth’s atmosphere.
d. absorb ultraviolet radiation.
______16. The stratosphere is the
atmospheric layer above the
a. troposphere.
b. ionosphere.
c. mesosphere.
d. thermosphere.
______ 17. Which of the following gases
is an important greenhouse
gas?
a. hydrogen
b. nitrogen
c. carbon dioxide
d. oxygen
______23. The narrow layer of Earth
where life-supporting conditions exist is called the
a. crust.
b. surface zone.
c. troposphere.
d. biosphere.
______18. The most abundant gas in
Earth’s atmosphere is
a. oxygen.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. nitrogen.
d. hydrogen.
______24. With respect to matter,
Earth is mostly
a. an open system.
b. a closed system.
c. an ecosystem.
d. a biosphere.
______19. The transfer of heat by air
currents (or currents in a
liquid) is called
a. radiation.
b. conduction.
c. convection.
d. condensation.
______25. The most important dissolved
elements in ocean water are
a. calcium and magnesium.
b. calcium and potassium.
c. calcium and sodium.
d. sodium and chlorine.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
6
The Dynamic Earth
ES04_CH04_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:09 PM
Page 7
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
a. ecosystem
______ 1. an individual living thing
______ 2. a group of various species that live in the
same place and interact with each other
______ 3. living or once living part of an ecosystem
______ 4. unequal survival and reproduction that
results from the presence or absence of
particular traits
b. population
c. natural selection
d. organism
e. resistance
f. abiotic factor
g. evolution
h. species
______ 5. all the organisms living in an area and
their physical environment
i. community
j. biotic factor
______ 6. change in the genetic characteristics
of a population from one generation to
the next
______ 7. all the members of the same species that
live in the same place at the same time
______ 8. nonliving part of an ecosystem
______ 9. ability of one or more organisms to
tolerate a particular chemical designed
to kill it
______10. group of organisms that are closely
related and that can mate to produce
fertile offspring
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. What kind of habitat does a red backed salamander need to survive?
a. damp forest floor
b. sunny top of a tree
c. dry forest floor
d. sunny desert rock
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
7
The Organization of Life
ES04_CH04_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:09 PM
Page 8
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______12. Which of the following kingdoms include organisms that
can make their own food?
a. protists and plants
b. plants and animals
c. fungi and plants
d. fungi and protists
______ 17. One way that bacteria and
fungi are important to the
environment is that they
a. produce oxygen.
b. use the sun’s energy to
make their own food.
c. are a major food source
in many ecosystems.
d. break down dead
organisms.
______13. The Chihuahua is a dog that
exists because of
a. natural selection.
b. artificial selection.
c. resistance.
d. abiotic factors.
______18. Phytoplankton are important
protists because they are the
initial source of
a. food in most land
ecosystems.
b. food in most ocean and
freshwater ecosystems.
c. oxygen in the atmosphere.
d. Both (a) and (b)
______14. Humans have promoted the
evolution of insects that are
resistant to insecticides by
a. trying to control pests
with chemicals.
b. using insecticides that are
outdated.
c. using the wrong
insecticide.
d. breeding more useful
insects.
______19. Many angiosperms depend
on
a. other animals in the
oceans.
b. gymnosperms for
reproducing.
c. plants for food.
d. animals to carry pollen
and disperse seeds.
______15. Which of the following is not
true of an adaptation?
a. It is an advantage to an
organism in certain
environments.
b. It increases an organism’s
chance of reproducing.
c. It increases an organism’s
chance of survival.
d. It decreases an organism’s chance of evolving.
______20. Which of the following characteristics is shared by bacteria, fungi, and plants?
a. They usually have cell
walls.
b. They have cell nuclei.
c. They are single celled.
d. They have the ability to
make their own food.
______16. Which of the following is
not one of the kingdoms of
living things?
a. archaebacteria
b. protobacteria
c. eubacteria
d. protists
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
8
The Organization of Life
ES04_CH05_001-007.qxd
12/13/02
5:12 PM
Page 9
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
a. photosynthesis
______ 1. two types of consumers
______ 2. a diagram showing the many feeding
relationships that are in an ecosystem
______ 3. the process in which energy from the
sun is used by plants to make sugar
molecules
______ 4. illustrates the loss of energy from one
trophic level to the next
______ 5. organisms that get their energy by
eating other organisms
______ 6. stored carbon from the remains of
plants and animals that died millions
of years ago
b. rabbit and coyote
c. fossil fuels
d. producers
e. food web
f. consumers
g. atmospheric CO2
h. energy pyramid
i. algal bloom
j. atmospheric N2
k. food chain
l. old-field succession
m. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
______ 7. organisms that make their own food
______ 8. change that occurs on an abandoned
farm
______ 9. a part of the carbon cycle
______10. results from excessive use of fertilizers
______11. organisms that transform atmospheric
nitrogen into usable nitrogen
compounds
______12. part of the nitrogen cycle
______13. transfer of energy from one organism
to another
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
9
How Ecosystems Work
ES04_CH05_001-007.qxd
12/13/02
5:12 PM
Page 10
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______14. What are the first organisms
to colonize any newly available area called?
a. climax species
b. ferns
c. pioneer species
d. mosses
______19. Which of the following is an
herbivore?
a. cow
b. lion
c. bear
d. grass
______20. Which of the following is a
producer?
a. oak tree
b. raccoon
c. cockroach
d. human
______15. Which of the following is a
producer that breaks down
rock?
a. pioneer producer
b. fungal species
c. algae
d. lichen
______21. Which of the following is a
process in the cell whereby
glucose and oxygen produce
carbon dioxide, water, and
energy?
a. photosynthesis
b. cellular respiration
c. synthesis
d. decomposition
______16. Humans are affecting the balance of the carbon cycle by
a. burning fossil fuels.
b. using carbonates at an
alarming rate.
c. using fertilizers.
d. replanting the rain
forests.
______22. Which of the following
organisms would be found
at the top of an energy
pyramid?
a. alga
b. krill
c. leopard seal
d. killer whale
______ 17. What is a pattern of change
that occurs on a surface
where an ecosystem has
previously existed?
a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. tertiary succession
d. climax community
______23. Humans usually get the
phosphorus that their
bodies need from
a. eating plants and animals
that contain phosphorus.
b. mining.
c. food additives.
d. drinking water.
______18. What do deep-ocean bacteria use to make their food?
a. the sun
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. carbon dioxide
d. sugar molecules
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
10
How Ecosystems Work
ES04_CH06_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:14 PM
Page 11
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
Match each example in the left column with the appropriate term from the right
column.
______ 1. regions that have distinctive climates
and organisms
a. latitude
b. understory
c. savanna
______ 2. the broad band of coniferous forest
located just below the Arctic Circle
d. estivation
______ 3. plant with thick, fleshy stems
e. succulent
______ 4. sleeping through the dry season
______ 5. characterized by dry conditions, short
summers, and thin soil
______ 6. tropical and subtropical grasslands,
wet summers, dry winters
f. altitude
g. biomes
h. tundra
i. permafrost
j. taiga
______ 7. includes trees and shrubs adapted to
shade
______ 8. the distance north or south of the
equator, measured in degrees
______ 9. lies beneath the topsoil of the tundra
______10. height of an object above sea level
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the word or statement that best answers
the question or completes the sentence.
______11. Thin soil, high humidity, and high rainfall represent a
a. tropical rain forest.
b. temperate rain forest.
c. desert.
d. grassland.
______12. Birds that migrate during winter, coniferous plants, and cold temperatures represent
a. the South Pole.
b. taiga.
c. a temperate rain forest.
d. a chaparral.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
11
Biomes
ES04_CH06_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:14 PM
Page 12
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. The top layer in a tropical rain forest is the
a. canopy.
b. understory.
c. emergent layer.
d. tree line.
______14. Extreme temperatures, abundant precipitation, rich, deep soils, and a
growing season of four to six months represent a
a. tropical rain forest.
b. taiga.
c. temperate deciduous forest.
d. savanna.
______15. The biome with the highest species diversity is the
a. taiga.
b. tundra.
c. tropical rain forest.
d. savanna.
______16. Hot summers and cold winters, low to moderate rainfall, few trees,
and rich, fertile soil represent a
a. tundra.
b. temperate grassland.
c. temperate deciduous forest.
d. desert.
______ 17. As you move from the equator toward the North Pole, you would be
likely to see
a. rain forests, then deserts, then taiga.
b. tundra, then deserts, then grasslands.
c. grasslands, then tundra, then rain forests.
d. temperate deciduous forests, then taiga, then rain forests.
______18. Factors that influence where plants grow include
a. longitude.
b. climate.
c. biome maps.
d. Both (a) and (b)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
12
Biomes
ES04_CH07_01-06_CO.qxd
12/13/02
5:15 PM
Page 13
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches
the description.
______ 1. wetland dominated by nonwoody plants
______ 2. precipitation that can carry pollutants into
aquatic ecosystems
______ 3. amount of dissolved salts in water
a. swamp
b. benthic zone
c. dams
d. decomposers
e. littoral zone
______ 4. wetland dominated by woody plants
f. eutrophication
______ 5. area where fresh water mixes with salt water
g. overfishing
______ 6. limestone ridges built by tiny animals
h. salinity
i. runoff
______ 7. located near the bottom of a pond or lake
j. marsh
______ 8. organisms that break down dead organisms
k. coral reefs
______ 9. increase in nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem
l. estuary
______10. aquatic zone found near the shore
______11. threat against a river ecosystem
______12. threat against marine organisms
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______13. Estuaries are productive ecosystems because they constantly receive
nutrients from
a. rivers and oceans.
b. coral reefs.
c. lakes and ponds.
d. photosynthesis.
______14. Which of the following is a factor that influences where an organism
lives in an aquatic ecosystem?
a. sunlight
b. nutrient availability
c. temperature
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
13
Aquatic Ecosystems
ES04_CH07_01-06_CO.qxd
12/13/02
5:15 PM
Page 14
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______15. In which of the following aquatic ecosystems are both littoral and benthic zones most likely found?
a. open ocean
b. coral reef
c. lake
d. none of the above
______16. What is the source of most ocean pollution?
a. activities on land
b. climate changes
c. aquatic animals
d. none of the above
______ 17. Estuaries
a. are always saltwater ecosystems.
b. are always freshwater ecosystems.
c. are ecosystems where both fresh water and salt water are present.
d. prevent the development of salt marshes.
______18. All of the following are examples of saltwater ecosystems except
a. mangrove swamps.
b. coral reefs.
c. salt marshes.
d. the Florida Everglades.
______19. One way in which wetlands control flooding is by
a. filtering out water pollutants.
b. absorbing water from rivers.
c. providing habitats for migratory wildlife.
d. reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air.
______20. Which of the following is not a threat to coral reefs?
a. silt runoff
b. excessive nutrients
c. growth of algae
d. zooplankton
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
14
Aquatic Ecosystems
ES04_CH08_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:17 PM
Page 15
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. interaction between two species in
which both are harmed
a. density
b. growth rate
c. reproductive potential
______ 2. the functional role of a species within an
ecosystem
d. carrying capacity
______ 3. one of the three main properties of a
population
e. density independent
regulation
______ 4. development of adaptations as a result
of symbiotic relationships
f. niche
g. habitat
h. competition
______ 5. maximum population that an ecosystem
can support indefinitely
i. parasitism
j. coevolution
______ 6. close interaction between two species in
which one organism benefits while the
other organism is harmed
______ 7. the ratio of births to deaths in a population
______ 8. maximum number of offspring that each
member of a population can produce
______ 9. a reduction in population size caused by
a natural disaster
______10. the location where an organism lives
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. A territory is
a. a place where one animal lives.
b. a place where people eat.
c. an area defended by one or more individuals.
d. a place for sleeping.
______12. Which of the following is an example of a parasite?
a. worm in your intestine
c. bee stinger in your arm
b. a lion hunting zebras
d. honeybee on a flower
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
15
Understanding Populations
ES04_CH08_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:17 PM
Page 16
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Bacteria in your intestines are an example of mutualism if they
a. make you sick.
b. have no effect on you.
c. are destroyed by digestive juices.
d. help you break down food.
______14. Predators ____________ kill their prey.
a. always
c. never
b. usually
d. try not to
______15. What property of a population may be described as even, clumped, or
random?
a. dispersion
c. size
b. density
d. growth rate
______16. What can occur if a population has plenty of food and space, and has
no competition or predators?
a. reduction of carrying capacity c. zero population growth
b. exponential growth
d. coevolution
______ 17. A grizzly bear can be all of the following except a
a. parasite.
c. mutualist.
b. competitor.
d. predator.
______18. The “co-” in coevolution means
a. apart.
b. together.
c. two.
d. predator-prey.
______19. Which of the following has the greatest effect on reproductive
potential?
a. producing more offspring at a time
b. reproducing more often
c. having a longer life span
d. reproducing earlier in life
______20. Members of a species may compete with one another for
a. running faster.
c. giving birth.
b. social dominance.
d. mutualism.
______21. A robin that does not affect the tree in which it nests is an example of
a. parasitism.
c. mutualism.
b. commensalism.
d. predation.
______22. Two species can be indirect competitors for food if they
a. use the same food source at different times.
b. have different food sources.
c. fight over food.
d. eat together peacefully.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
16
Understanding Populations
ES04_CH09_001-06.qxd
12/13/02
5:19 PM
Page 17
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. highest birth rates
a. demography
______ 2. the distribution of ages in a specific
population at a certain time
______ 3. percentage of members of a group that
are likely to survive to a given age
______ 4. movement of individuals out of a
population
b. age structure
c. emigration
d. infrastructure
e. arable land
f. least-developed countries
g. survivorship
h. demographic transition
______ 5. the study of populations
i. urbanization
______ 6. movement of people into cities from
rural areas
j. total fertility rate
______ 7. the basic facilities and services that support a community
______ 8. land that can be used to grow crops
______ 9. a model that describes how changes in a population may occur
______10. average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the word or statement that best answers
the question or completes the sentence.
______11. The human population doubled from 2 billion to 4 billion people in
a. about 130 years.
b. about 44 years.
c. about 95 years.
d. about 175 years.
______13. Suburban sprawl, overcrowded schools, polluted
rivers, and inadequate housing are symptoms of
a. stable population size.
b. overwhelming population
growth.
c. declining population size.
d. slow population growth.
______12. Some under-developed
countries have tried to control population growth by
a. increasing fertility rate.
b. decreasing fertility rate.
c. increasing emigration.
d. decreasing emigration.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
17
The Human Population
ES04_CH09_001-06.qxd
12/13/02
5:19 PM
Page 18
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______14. Access to adequate food,
clean water, and safe
sewage disposal have
resulted in a decline in
a. life expectancy.
b. the birth rate.
c. the death rate.
d. infant health.
______20. Infant mortality rates are
least effected by
a. average income.
b. parents’ access to
education.
c. clean water.
d. adequate food.
______21. Life expectancy in subSaharan Africa has declined
due to the epidemic of
a. tuberculosis.
b. AIDS.
c. influenza.
d. bubonic plague.
______15. According to the theory of
demographic transition, populations in Stage 1 tend to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. be large.
______22. A population will shrink if
deaths emigrants exceeds
a. deaths births.
b. immigration emigration.
c. births immigrants.
d. the carrying capacity of a
nation.
______16. Suburban sprawl results in
a. traffic jams.
b. inadequate infrastructure.
c. reduction of land for
farms, ranches, and
wildlife habitat.
d. All of the above
______ 17. A population’s age structure
is represented by a
a. population pyramid.
b. survivorship curve.
c. total fertility rate.
d. migration rate.
______23. Which of the following is
not part of a community’s
infrastructure?
a. public water supply
b. power plants
c. sewer lines
d. arable land
______18. What is the main source of
energy in the poorest
countries?
a. coal
b. solar collectors
c. wood
d. nuclear reactors
______24. The movement of individuals between areas is called
a. migration.
b. life expectancy.
c. survivorship.
d. urbanization.
______19. The graph of human population growth since 1200 BCE
looks like
a. a J-curve.
b. an S-curve.
c. a horizontal line.
d. a straight 45° line.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
18
The Human Population
ES04_CH10_001-006.qxd 12/7/02 6:40 PM Page 1
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches
the description.
______ 1. a species that is not native to a
particular region
a. keystone species
b. exotic species
c. extinct species
______ 2. any species that is likely to
become endangered if it is
not protected
d. endangered species
e. threatened species
______ 3. species that are very important to
the functioning of an ecosystem
______ 4. any species whose numbers have
fallen so low that it is likely
to become extinct in the
near future
f. sustainable land use
g. vertebrates
h. habitat conservation plan
i. insects
j. fungi
k. biodiversity hotspot
______ 5. a species when the very last individual dies
______ 6. most unknown species belong to
this group
______ 7. growing crops among native
plants instead of on cleared land
______ 8. humans and familiar animals
belong to this group
______ 9. designed to protect groups of
animal species by managing lands
in a protected area
______10. critical ecosystems with high
species diversity
______11. many antibiotics are derived from
chemicals that come from this
group
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
19
Biodiversity
ES04_CH10_001-006.qxd 12/7/02 6:40 PM Page 2
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______12. Members of a population may be prone to inherited genetic diseases if
a. the level of genetic diversity of the population is high.
b. inbreeding takes place frequently within the population.
c. a variety of habitats are available to the population.
d. interaction between populations takes place in an ecosystem.
______13. The human diet has been enriched with native food products such as
sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, and corn that come from
a. Pacific islands.
c. Madagascar and Africa.
b. Southwest Asia.
d. Central and South America.
______14. What level of biodiversity is most commonly equated with the overall
concept of biodiversity?
a. genetic diversity
c. ecosystem diversity
b. species diversity
d. all of the above
______15. What groups of organisms are most in danger of extinction?
a. those with small populations
b. those that migrate or need special habitats
c. those with large populations that breed quickly
d. both (a) and (b)
______16. Which of the following is not one of the ways in which coral reefs are
threatened by human activities?
a. development along waterways
b. creation of artificial reefs
c. overharvesting of fish
d. pollution
______ 17. How does preserving biodiversity come into conflict with human
interests?
a. Additional land is used for agriculture or housing in response to
population growth.
b. Species may represent food or a source of income.
c. both (a) and (b)
d. none of the above
______18. Which of the following is not a provision of the Endangered
Species Act?
a. No products from endangered or threatened species may be sold.
b. Protected plants may be uprooted.
c. Government projects may not further endanger endangered species.
d. A species recovery plan must be created.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
20
Biodiversity
ES04_CH11_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:24 PM
Page 21
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches
the description.
______ 1. Mississippi River
a. pathogen
b. recharge zone
______ 2. area above an aquifer
c. nonpoint-source pollution
______ 3. bottled water
d. potable
______ 4. bacteria
e. watershed
f. artificial eutrophication
______ 5. multiple sources
g. 1972 Clean Water Act
______ 6. fertilizer runoff
h. groundwater
______ 7. law designed to improve water quality
______ 8. surface water that percolates through soil
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 9. Ninety-seven percent of the world’s water resources are found in
a. fresh water.
c. icecaps and glaciers.
b. salt water.
d. groundwater.
______10. Earth’s surface water is found in
a. lakes.
b. rivers.
c. streams.
d. All of the above
______11. Most of the oil that pollutes the ocean comes from
a. operating boats and personal watercraft.
b. spills from oil tankers.
c. runoff from cities and towns.
d. leaking underground storage facilities.
______12. The three major global uses of fresh water are
a. manufacturing goods, wastewater disposal, and irrigation.
b. drinking, bathing, and growing crops.
c. drinking, manufacturing goods, and generating power.
d. residential, agricultural, and industrial uses.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
21
Water
ES04_CH11_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:24 PM
Page 22
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. What is the purpose of
adding alum to water
during the water treatment
process?
a. to filter and remove large
organisms and trash
b. to form flocs that bacteria
and other impurities will
cling to
c. to prevent bacterial
growth
d. to remove unwanted
gases
______ 17. Which of the following is
one way that a person can
conserve water?
a. Take a bath instead of
a shower.
b. Wash laundry in small,
partial loads.
c. Use a low-flow shower
head to take short
showers.
d. Water the lawn daily and
at mid-day.
______18. Which of the following is a
source of point-pollution?
a. unlined landfill
b. runoff from city streets
c. precipitation containing
air pollution
d. runoff from farms
______14. How is fresh water used
in industry?
a. in manufacturing
processes
b. in the disposal of waste
products
c. to generate power
d. all of the above
______19. Animal feces would be
classified as which type of
water pollutant?
a. pathogens
b. organic matter
c. inorganic chemicals
d. heavy metals
______15. Many areas of the world
that do not have adequate
fresh water have become
habitable because
a. rainfall patterns have
changed.
b. water management
projects have diverted
water to the areas.
c. icebergs have been
towed in to provide
fresh water.
d. people have practiced
water conservation.
______20. Polluted groundwater is
difficult to clean up because
a. groundwater is deep in
the ground and dispersed
through large areas
of rock.
b. pollutants cling to
the materials that make
up the aquifer and
contaminate the
clean water.
c. the recycling process of
groundwater can take
hundreds or thousands
of years.
d. All of the above
______16. A hole that is dug into the
ground to obtain fresh
water is called
a. the recharge zone.
b. a well.
c. an aquifer.
d. a watershed.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
22
Water
ES04_CH12_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:25 PM
Page 23
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. ground-level ozone
a. primary pollutant
b. secondary pollutant
______ 2. scrubber
c. indoor air pollution
______ 3. radon gas
d. pollution control
______ 4. nitrogen oxides
e. acid precipitation
f. temperature inversion
______ 5. decreased pH
g. lung cancer
______ 6. possible long-term effect of
air pollution
h. deafness
i. international agreement
______ 7. necessary to control
acid precipitation
j. nausea
______ 8. atmospheric condition trapping
pollution
______ 9. possible short-term effect of
air pollution
______10. possible long-term effect of
noise pollution
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Which of the following is an
example of a primary
pollutant?
a. ground-level ozone
b. soot from smoke
c. radon
d. All of the above
______12. Which of the following
would be a potential cause
of sick-building syndrome?
a. acid precipitation
b. smog
c. fungi
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
23
Air
ES04_CH12_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:25 PM
Page 24
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Catalytic converters, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators are examples of
a. technologies used to treat
sick-building syndrome.
b. technologies used to
counteract the effects of
acid precipitation on
aquatic ecosystems.
c. technologies used to capture radon gas.
d. technologies used to control pollution emissions.
______ 17. Oil refineries and gasoline
stations are both sources of
a. particulate matter.
b. volatile organic
compounds.
c. smog.
d. All of the above
______18. Uranium-bearing rocks
underneath a house can be a
source of
a. ozone.
b. asbestos.
c. radon.
d. formaldehyde.
______14. During a temperature
inversion,
a. sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides combine with
water in the atmosphere.
b. an influx of acidic water
causes a rapid change in
the pH of water.
c. levels of ground-level
ozone decrease.
d. pollutants are trapped
near Earth’s surface.
______19. An increase in the pH of a
lake would most likely
indicate
a. the lake suffers from acid
shock.
b. calcium carbonate has
been released into the
lake.
c. the area in which the lake
is located suffers from
acid precipitation.
d. higher than average sulfur
oxide levels in the
atmosphere.
______15. What is not a consequence
of acid precipitation?
a. an increase in the pH of
soil and water
b. the death of aquatic
plants and animals
c. the destruction of calcium carbonate in building materials
d. a change in the balance of
soil chemistry
______20. Acid precipitation is formed
when
a. sulfur oxides or nitrogen
oxides combine with
water.
b. sulfur oxides combine
with nitrogen oxides.
c. ozone combines with
automobile exhaust.
d. nitric or sulfuric acids
combine with ozone.
______16. High blood pressure and
stress are both human
health effects linked to
a. smog.
b. air pollution.
c. light pollution.
d. noise pollution.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
24
Air
ES04_CH13_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:26 PM
Page 25
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. international agreement to limit
CFC production
a. El Niño
b. atmospheric CO2
c. stratospheric ozone
______ 2. destroyed by CFCs
______ 3. caused by wind and influenced by
Earth’s rotation
d. winter
e. Montreal Protocol
f. greenhouse effect
______ 4. increases when fossil fuels
are burned
g. DNA damage
h. surface ocean currents
______ 5. low-angle sunlight
i. prevailing winds
______ 6. winds push warm water eastward
in the Pacific Ocean
j. La Niña
______ 7. heat trapped by atmosphere near
Earth’s surface
______ 8. potential result of high UV radiation
at Earth’s surface
______ 9. water is cooler than usual in the
eastern Pacific Ocean
______10. trade winds, westerlies, and
polar easterlies
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Climate in a region is
a. the long-term, prevailing
atmospheric conditions.
b. determined only by seasonal daylight hours.
c. the atmospheric conditions on a given day.
d. never affected by ocean
currents.
______12. Rain frequently results
whenever
a. cold, moist air rises.
b. warm, moist air rises.
c. warm, dry air sinks.
d. cold, dry air sinks.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
25
Atmosphere and Climate Change
ES04_CH13_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:26 PM
Page 26
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Latitude strongly influences
climate because
solar energy falls on areas
that are closer to the
equator than to the poles.
a. less
b. the same amount of
c. more
d. sometimes less
______18. Ozone in the stratosphere
a. causes skin cancer.
b. prevents DNA repair.
c. absorbs UV light.
d. destroys CFCs.
______19. Ozone holes appear in polar
regions during springtime
when ozone-destroying
a. chlorine atoms are
released from polar
stratospheric clouds.
b. chlorine atoms are
captured by polar
stratospheric clouds.
c. CFCs are synthesized on
polar stratospheric clouds.
d. CFCs magnify ultraviolet
light.
______14. An important property of air
circulation is
a. warm air is denser than
cold air.
b. cold air and warm air
have the same density.
c. cold air is denser than
warm air.
d. air has no mass.
______15. Which of the following gases
is most responsible for the
greenhouse effect?
a. nitrous oxide
b. methane
c. oxygen
d. water vapor
______20. Once in the atmosphere,
CFCs
a. quickly become harmless.
b. destroy ozone for only a
short time.
c. persist but stop
destroying ozone.
d. persist and continue to
destroy ozone for decades.
______16. Which of the following
reduce(s) CO2 in the
atmosphere?
a. phytoplankton
b. tropical rain forests
c. oceans
d. all of the above
______21. La Niña is the
phase of the El NiñoSouthern Oscillation
(ENSO) cycle.
a. warm c. neutral
b. cold
d. mixing
______ 17. During the summer, sunlight
in the Northern Hemisphere
shines
a. obliquely for long days.
b. slanting for short days.
c. more directly for
long days.
d. less directly for
short days.
______22. The average global temperature has
during
the 20th century.
a. remained the same
b. increased every year
c. risen some years and
fallen other years but
has increased overall
d. risen some years and
fallen other years but
has decreased overall
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
26
Atmosphere and Climate Change
ES04_CH14_001-06.qxd
12/13/02
5:27 PM
Page 27
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
a. infrastructure
______ 1. damaged rangeland
b. urbanization
______ 2. protected land
c. deforestation
______ 3. purified water
d. rural
e. wilderness
______ 4. bridges
f. ecosystem services
______ 5. low population density
g. overgrazing
______ 6. development
h. human uses of land
______ 7. clear-cutting
______ 8. rangeland and urban land
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the word or statement that best answers
the question or completes the sentence.
______ 9. Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space
is considered
a. rural.
b. urban.
c. suburban.
d. rangelands.
______10. All of the following is allowed in wilderness except
a. research.
b. camping.
c. development.
d. fishing.
______11. The timber industry classifies forestlands into three categories called
a. softwoods, hardwoods, and mixed woods.
b. pine, redwood, and mixed.
c. evergreen, deciduous, and mixed.
d. virgin forest, native forest, and tree farms.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
27
Land
ES04_CH14_001-06.qxd
12/13/02
5:27 PM
Page 28
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______12. A heat island can
a. affect weather patterns over a city.
b. reduce the average temperatures in a city.
c. absorb less heat than vegetation.
d. have a lower temperature than the surrounding countryside.
______13. Tree harvesting methods include
a. selective cutting.
b. reforestation.
c. clear-cutting.
d. Both (a) and (c)
______14. A fire station is an example of
a. infrastructure.
b. suburbanization.
c. land-use planning.
d. renovation.
______15. Which of the following is not a method of preventing overgrazing?
a. limiting herd size
b. rotating the breed of cattle
c. removing herds to allow vegetation to recover
d. replanting native vegetation
______16. Which of the following is not an environmental benefit of open spaces?
a. moderation of temperatures
b. absorption of rainwater runoff
c. provision of aesthetic value
d. source of lumber for homes
______ 17. Which of the following is a benefit of preserving farmland?
a. prime locations for home sites
b. soil erosion protection
c. productive land for growing crops
d. a greenbelt for crowded urban areas
______18. Which of the following uses the largest amount of land in the United
States?
a. forestland
b. rangeland and pasture
c. cropland
d. parks and preserves
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
28
Land
ES04_CH15_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:28 PM
Page 29
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. less erosion
a. green revolution
b. overuse of land
______ 2. resistance to pesticides
c. fertile soil
______ 3. poverty
d. high pesticide use
______ 4. desirable traits transferred
e. integrated pest management
f. no-till farming
______ 5. desertification
g. irrigation and evaporation
______ 6. action of living organisms
h. genetic engineering
______ 7. new crop varieties,
increased yields
i. overharvesting
j. malnutrition
______ 8. minimize economic damage
from pests
______ 9. depleted fish populations
______10. salinization
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. A given plot of land can
produce more food when
used to grow plants than
when used to raise animals
because
a. 1 Cal animal protein
requires 10 Cal from
plants.
b. one-tenth of a plant’s
mass can be used as food.
c. plants provide more
nutrients per gram.
d. Both (a) and (b)
______12. The green revolution
depended on
a. new biodegradable
pesticides.
b. high-yielding grain
varieties.
c. clearing forest for
crop land.
d. organic fertilizers.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
29
Food and Agriculture
ES04_CH15_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:28 PM
Page 30
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Most of the living organisms in fertile soil are
found in
a. the surface litter and
topsoil.
b. the leaching zone.
c. the subsoil.
d. the bedrock.
______18. Biological pest control aims
to do all the following except
a. maintain tolerable
pest levels.
b. reduce all insects to
low levels.
c. leave non-pest species
unharmed.
d. boost plants’ natural
defenses.
______14. Erosion is a danger
whenever the soil is
a. bare and exposed to
wind and rain.
b. plowed along the contour of the land.
c. covered with grass.
d. covered by forest.
______19. Plowing with machines,
irrigating with drip systems,
and
are all modern agricultural methods.
a. using manure
b. applying chemical
fertilizers
c. irrigating with ditches
d. Both (a) and (b)
______15. The development of
pesticide resistance is an
example of
a. malnutrition.
b. persistence.
c. pest control.
d. evolution.
______20. Earth’s available arable land
is being reduced by
a. fast-growing human
populations.
b. soil erosion.
c. desertification.
d. All of the above
______16. All of the following describe
typical types of malnutrition
except
a. amino acid deficiency.
b. insufficient variety of
foods.
c. diet of mostly vegetables
and grains.
d. low Calorie
consumption.
______21. All of these contribute
to famine except
a. crop failure.
b. green revolution.
c. unequal distribution
of food.
d. drought.
______ 17. Livestock in developing
countries provide
a. manure.
b. eggs and meat.
c. leather and wool.
d. All of the above
of the
______22. Almost
seafood consumed in the
world is produced through
aquaculture.
a. one-half
b. one-third
c. one-fourth
d. three-fourths
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
30
Food and Agriculture
ES04_CH16_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:29 PM
Page 31
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
Write the letter of the term or phrase on the right that best matches the description
on the left in the space provided.
______ 1. process of returning land to its original or better
condition after mining
b. surface mining
______ 2. the wall of a coal seam
c. longwall
a. alloy
d. subsidence
______ 3. minerals that contain valuable substances
e. ore minerals
______ 4. two or more metals that are combined
f. aggregates
______ 5. open pit used to mine materials near the surface
g. reclamation
______ 6. process by which crushed ore is melted at high
temperatures to separate impurities from
molten metal
h. quarry
i. smelting
j. placer deposits
______ 7. mining method used when ore deposits are
located close to Earth’s surface
______ 8. sand, gravel, and crushed rock
______ 9. minerals concentrated by wind and water
movement into surface deposits
______10. the sinking of regions of the ground with little
or no horizontal movement
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. The first step in surface coal mining is
a. to remove and set aside the soil that covers the area to be mined.
b. to use heavy equipment to take core samples.
c. to test to see if quarrying would be more effective.
d. to make cuts in the coal for easier removal.
______12. A serious hazard of coal mining is
a. a high-pressure water blast.
b. an aggregation.
c. excess overburden.
d. an underground mine fire.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
31
Mining and Mineral Resources
ES04_CH16_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:29 PM
Page 32
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Dredging streambeds may be an effective technique for mining
a. silica.
c. gold.
b. coal.
d. sulfur.
______14. Before mining a site, a mining company must do all of the following
except
a. obtain permits from state agencies.
b. comply with federal regulations.
c. obtain bonding.
d. cut into a section of the longwall.
______15. What is the arrangement of atoms in a mineral?
a. porous, woven patterns
b. regular, repeating geometric patterns
c. irregular patterns
d. clumped groups of like elements
______16. Nonmetallic minerals prized mainly for their beauty, rarity, or durability
are called
a. aggregates.
c. native elements.
b. overburden.
d. gemstones.
______ 17. Which of the following is not affected when soil is removed from a
surface mine?
a. plant life
c. animal habitat
b. soil nutrients
d. deep coal seams
______18. Mining companies can identify areas of valuable mineral resources by
a. mineral exploration.
c. mineral excavation.
b. smelting.
d. dredging.
______19. Solar evaporation is practical in order to obtain salt from sea water in
climates where rainfall is exceeded by
a. evaporation.
c. high-speed winds.
b. snowfall.
d. humidity.
______20. Which of the following is not a way that ore minerals may form?
a. cooling of magma
b. circulation of hydrothermal solutions through rocks
c. flooding of empty streambeds and rivers
d. evaporation of water that contains salts
______21. Which of the following is one reason why undersea mining has been
largely unsuccessful to date?
a. Deposits at great water depths are difficult to work.
b. Ocean water is too salty.
c. There is too much aggregate on the ocean floor.
d. Magma exists under the ocean floor.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
32
Mining and Mineral Resources
ES04_CH17_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:30 PM
Page 33
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
a. Middle East
______ 1. fossil fuels
______ 2. region with the most coal deposits
b. fission and fusion
______ 3. electric generator
c. oil, natural gas,
and coal
______ 4. site of world’s worst nuclear reactor
accident
d. magnetic fields and
rotating turbines
e. gasoline and plastics
______ 5. nuclear energy
f. Asia
______ 6. used in a nuclear reaction
g. uranium
______ 7. made from petroleum
h. Chernobyl
______ 8. region with the most oil deposits
i. Europe
j. deuterium and tritium
______ 9. used in nuclear fusion
______10. region with the most natural gas deposits
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Which of the following is not a main use of fuel?
a. transportation
c. heating and cooling buildings
b. manufacturing
d. cooking
______12. The energy in fossil fuels is often converted into
a. electricity.
c. uranium.
b. magnetic fields.
d. power plants.
______13. Which country uses the least amount of energy per person?
a. Argentina
c. United States
b. Japan
d. Canada
______14. Much of the oil and natural gas in the United States is located in
a. Alaska, Minnesota, New York, and Texas.
b. Alaska, California, Michigan, and Nevada.
c. Texas, Colorado, New York, and the Gulf of Mexico.
d. Alaska, Texas, California, and the Gulf of Mexico.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
33
Nonrenewable Energy
ES04_CH17_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:30 PM
Page 34
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______15. Most of the world’s fossil fuel reserves are made up of
a. oil.
c. coal.
b. natural gas.
d. waste rock.
______16. Crude oil is another name for
a. fossil fuel.
b. natural gas.
c. petroleum.
d. methane.
______ 17. Internal combustion engines release
a. carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
b. nuclear waste into the atmosphere.
c. iodized oil into the atmosphere.
d. methane into the atmosphere.
______18. Oil production is still increasing, but it
a. will start decreasing in the next year.
b. is increasing much more dramatically than it did in the past.
c. will start decreasing in the next five years.
d. is increasing much more slowly than it did in the 1960s.
______19. A large oil reserve
a. was discovered in Morocco in the year 2000.
b. has not been discovered in the past decade.
c. has only been discovered in Saudi Arabia.
d. will probably be discovered on the moon.
______20. Which of the following is not a consequence of using nuclear energy?
a. production of electricity
b. reduction in the use of fossil fuels
c. a safer environment for humans
d. release of less radioactivity into the atmosphere than burning coal
______21. Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission are different because
a. fusion releases no energy.
b. fission is a consequence of fusion.
c. nuclei unite during fusion and split during fission.
d. fission does not produce nuclear waste.
______22. Which of the following is not true?
a. Uranium-bearing rocks are in unlimited supply.
b. Building and maintaining a safe reactor is very expensive.
c. It is difficult to find a safe place to store nuclear waste.
d. The fission process can get out of control.
______23. The most serious nuclear accident in the United States occurred at
a. Chernobyl.
c. Diablo Canyon.
b. Yucca Mountain.
d. Three Mile Island.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
34
Nonrenewable Energy
ES04_CH18_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:32 PM
Page 35
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. plant material, manure, and wood
a. passive solar heating
______ 2. uses collectors with moving parts
to capture the sun’s energy
b. ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC)
______ 3. saves energy
c. alternative energy
______ 4. energy sources that are still in
development
d. biomass fuel
______ 5. energy produced from moving
water
______ 6. uses the sun’s energy to heat
something directly, without moving parts
e. fuel cell
f. active solar heating
g. energy efficiency
h. energy conservation
i. hydroelectric energy
______ 7. energy from heat in Earth’s
interior
j. geothermal energy
______ 8. uses low pressure and warm
ocean water to boil colder ocean
water
______ 9. percentage of energy that does
useful work in a system
______10. uses hydrogen as an energy
source
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Wind, moving water, sunlight, and heat from Earth’s interior are
sources of
a. alternative energy.
c. renewable energy.
b. geothermal energy.
d. ocean thermal energy.
______12. Which of the following uses solar collectors to heat water?
a. passive solar heating
c. photovoltaic cells
b. active solar heating
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
35
Renewable Energy
ES04_CH18_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:32 PM
Page 36
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Which of the following is the fastest-growing source of energy in the
world?
a. passive solar heating
c. fuel cells
b. photovoltaic cells
d. wind power
______14. Which of the following is a major source of biomass fuel in developing
countries?
a. wood
c. corn
b. dung
d. both (a) and (b)
______15. A geothermal power plant gets energy by
a. pumping heated water or steam from rock formations.
b. circulating fluid underground.
c. holding water behind a dam.
d. using methane from decomposition.
______16. Tidal power, hydrogen fuel cells, and ocean thermal energy conversion
are sources of
a. alternative energy.
c. nonrenewable energy.
b. geothermal energy.
d. hydroelectric energy.
______ 17. Which of the following descriptions of hybrid cars is correct?
a. Hybrid cars do not use gasoline engines.
b. Hybrid cars have not been made yet.
c. Hybrid cars are energy-efficient.
d. Hybrid cars rely on biomass fuel.
______18. Which of the following statements about hydrogen as a fuel source is
correct?
a. The amount of hydrogen on Earth is too small to meet our fuel needs.
b. Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or used to produce electricity
chemically.
c. When hydrogen is burned, it releases pollutants.
d. Generating hydrogen by burning fossil fuels is inexpensive.
______19. Sunlight falls on a semiconductor, causing it to release electrons, in a
a. photovoltaic cell.
c. battery.
b. fuel cell.
d. solar collector.
______20. People can conserve energy in their daily lives by driving a vehicle
a. mostly for short distances.
b. instead of taking a bus or train.
c. with a large gas tank.
d. that is fuel-efficient.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
36
Renewable Energy
ES04_CH19_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
6:35 PM
Page 37
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches
the description.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f. Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA)
g. incinerator
h. mining waste
i. leachate
j. surface impoundment
compost
biodegradable
landfill
solid waste
hazardous waste
______ 1. any discarded solid material
______ 2. can be broken down by biological processes
______ 3. requires producers of hazardous waste to keep records of how wastes
are handled
______ 4. place to dispose of waste by burying it
______ 5. water that contains dissolved chemicals from wastes that have been
buried
______ 6. rocks and minerals left over from excavation and processing
______ 7. facility for burning trash
______ 8. nutrient-rich material made from decomposed plant and animal materials
______ 9. any toxic, corrosive, or explosive waste
______10. process used for disposing of wastes involving a pond with a sealed
bottom
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the word or statement that best answers
the question or completes the sentence.
______11. Solid waste includes all of the following except
a. agricultural waste.
c. plastics.
b. methane.
d. food waste.
______12. The ash produced when solid waste is incinerated is
the original solid waste.
a. less toxic
c. as toxic
b. more toxic
d. more recyclable
than
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
37
Waste
ES04_CH19_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
6:35 PM
Page 38
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. If an owner of a business illegally dumps hazardous waste, which law
allows the EPA to sue the owner and force the owner to pay for the
cleanup?
a. the Superfund Act
b. the Incinerator Act
c. RCRA
d. the Love Canal Act
______14. Surface impoundment includes which physical process?
a. decontamination
b. evaporation
c. injection
d. all of the above
______15. One disadvantage of biodegradable plastic is that
a. it has to be blended with plant sugars in order to be useful.
b. it has to be left in the sun for months before it can begin to degrade.
c. it is toxic and useful only in industry.
d. the plastic parts are reduced to smaller pieces but are not
completely degraded.
______16. Which regulation requires producers of hazardous wastes to document
how their wastes are handled?
a. the Superfund Act
b. the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
c. the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
d. the Love Canal Act
______ 17. Which of the following is the most important function of a landfill?
a. to provide leachate for other industrial processes
b. to contain buried waste and prevent it from contaminating the
environment
c. to be as inexpensive as possible to build
d. all of the above
______18. Which of the following would not reduce the amount of municipal
solid waste going to landfills?
a. composting yard waste
b. eliminating recycling programs
c. reusing products
d. all of the above
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
38
Waste
ES04_CH20_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:34 PM
Page 39
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the
term or phrase.
______ 1. organism that causes disease
a. toxicology
______ 2. study of the harmful effects of substances
on organisms
b. dose
c. dose-response curve
d. epidemiology
______ 3. study of the spread of disease
e. risk assessment
______ 4. particles in the air that are small enough to
breathe into the lungs
______ 5. amount of a particular chemical to which a
person is exposed
______ 6. transmitter of a disease to people
f. particulates
g. pathogen
h. host
i. vector
j. emerging virus
______ 7. organism in which a pathogen lives all or
part of its life
______ 8. estimate of the risk posed by an action
or substance
______ 9. previously unknown cause of disease
______10. shows the relative effect of various doses
of a drug or chemical on an organism
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______11. Which of the following
pollutants is used in
agriculture and landscaping
and might cause nerve
damage, birth defects, and
cancer in humans?
a. particulate matter
b. lead
c. pesticides
d. bacteria
______12. Which of the following
pollutants is found in old
paint and gasoline and can
cause brain damage and
learning problems?
a. particulate matter
b. lead
c. coal dust
d. pesticides
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
39
The Environment and Human Health
ES04_CH20_001-006.qxd
12/13/02
5:34 PM
Page 40
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
______13. Toxicology is used
to determine
a. the classification of a
pathogen.
b. the vectors of a disease.
c. how poisonous a
substance is.
d. what emerging viruses
cause disease.
c. Laws regulating waste
disposal have put an end
to pollution problems
caused by wastes.
d. Much of the pollution in
our environment is a
byproduct of inadequate
waste disposal.
______18. The environment is an
important factor in the
spread of cholera and
dysentery because
a. air can carry the
pathogens.
b. water provides a habitat
in which the pathogens
breed.
c. the pathogens reproduce
in soil.
d. the disease is transmitted
by mosquitoes.
______14. After an outbreak of an
illness, scientists use
epidemiology to try to find
a. the origin of the disease.
b. how the disease spreads.
c. how to prevent the disease from spreading.
d. All of the above
______15. Radon, a pollutant that
causes cancer, comes from
a. cigarette smoke.
b. granite bedrock.
c. processed foods.
d. drinking water.
______19. Which of the following
environmental changes is
most likely to lead to the
spread of parasites such
as hookworm?
a. overuse of pesticides
b. global warming
c. overuse of antibiotics
d. soil erosion
______16. What percentage of
commercial chemicals have
been tested for toxicity?
a. 10 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 90 percent
______20. Which of the following is an
emerging virus?
a. West Nile
b. measles
c. diphtheria
d. schistosomiasis
______ 17. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. Landfills solved pollution
problems caused by
waste disposal.
b. Wastewater from cities no
longer carries toxic chemicals into waterways.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
40
The Environment and Human Health
ES04_Ch21_001_006.qxd
12/13/02
5:35 PM
Page 41
Name
Class
Date
Skills Worksheet
Concept Review
MATCHING
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches the
description.
______ 1. when environmental and social conditions are
linked worldwide
______ 2. allows individuals to affect environmental
policy
a. markets
b. Earth Summit
of 1992
c. economics
d. The Population
Bomb
______ 3. increase in the flow of money and products
within a market
e. Silent Spring
______ 4. document that assesses the environmental
impact of projects or policies
f. globalization
g. lobbying
______ 5. resulted in Agenda 21—a plan to address a
range of environmental issues while allowing
economic growth
h. recycling
______ 6. enforces Endangered Species Act
k. Kyoto Protocol
______ 7. self-contained economic systems
l. EIS
i. voting
j. economic incentive
m. environmental
problems
______ 8. organized attempt to influence lawmakers’
decisions
n. economic growth
______ 9. payment for actions that benefit society
o. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service
______10. Economists view these as market failures.
______11. the study of the choices people make as they
use and distribute limited resources
p. Theodore
Roosevelt
______12. leader in the conservation of natural areas
______13. resulted in an agreement to reduce global
emissions of greenhouse gases
______14. Paul Ehrlich was its author.
______15. something individuals can do to help the
environment
______16. Rachel Carson was its author.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
41
Economics, Policy, and the Future
ES04_Ch21_001_006.qxd
12/13/02
5:35 PM
Page 42
Name
Class
Date
Concept Review continued
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 17. Which tends to be most
responsive to citizen input?
a. local government
b. state government
c. federal government
d. an international agency
always agree on how to
solve environmental
problems.
c. international agreements
are not binding.
d. globalization is increasing.
______22. What is the Nature
Conservancy?
a. an organization that collects resources to buy
land and establishes
nature preserves
b. an organization that rescues endangered species
c. an organization that runs
breeding programs for
endangered species
d. an agency of the EPA that
manages wilderness areas
______18. Which is not an international
environmental agreement?
a. Agenda 21
b. Kyoto Protocol
c. EIS
d. Law of the Sea
______19. Which of the following is an
example of a private effort
to help the environment?
a. An individual donates
money for a park.
b. A business recycles its
waste.
c. A nonprofit group buys
land for preservation.
d. all of the above
______23. Economic systems
natural systems.
a. operate within
b. are independent of
c. have no relation to
d. are equal to
______20. What factors can limit the
usefulness of television
news as a source of information on environmental
issues?
a. News reports are brief.
b. News reports may leave
out information.
c. The information comes
from only one source.
d. all of the above
______24. A policy that rewards a
company financially for
reducing the amount of
waste produced is an
example of
a. the relationship
between economics
and the environment.
b. an economic incentive.
c. economic growth.
d. globalization.
______21. It is difficult to achieve
global sustainability
because
a. it is an unrealistic goal.
b. governments do not
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt Environmental Science
42
Economics, Policy, and the Future