Download Introduction to Power Electronics

Introduction to Power Electronics
國立交通大學電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Elect ronics IC D esign & DSP Cont rol Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
http://powerlab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/
電 力 電 子簡介
鄒 應 嶼
教 授
國立交通大學 電機與控制工程研究所
2004年9月12日
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Elec tro nics I C Des ig n & DSP C on tro l La b.
POWERLAB
NCTU
台 灣新 竹交通 大學 • 電機 與控制 工程研 究所
File nam e: :\投影片：電力電 子 (研究所)\PE- 01.電力 電子簡介. ppt
pag e 1
Introduction to Power Electronics
1. Introduction
2. Linear vs. Switching Power Supply
3. Power Conversion Process
4. Unique Aspects of Power Electronics
5. Power Semiconductor Devices
6. Applications
7. Power Converters for Power Supplies
8. Power Converters for Motor Drives
9. Future Development of Power Electronics
pag e 2
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Introduction
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 3
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
1
Introduction to Power Electronics
Foundations of Modern Civilization
瓦特發明蒸汽機 (第一次工業革命)
能源 與 控制
資訊 與 通訊
微電子 (microelectronics)
功率電子 (power electronics)
1971 INTEL, 4004 Microprocessor
1956 General Electric, SCR
資訊處理 (information processing)
能源處理 (energy processing)
Signa l Pr ocessing
Power Pr ocessing
pag e 4
What is Power Electronics?
Power electr onics ca n be defined as technology in application of
electronics to power processing.
Power e lectronics is a branc h of electrica l e ngineering that is
concer ned with the c onversion and c ontr ol of electrica l power for
various a pplications , suc h as heating and lighting contr ol,
electroc hemical processes, dc a nd ac regulated power s upplies ,
induc tion heating, dc a nd ac e lectrical machine drives, e lectrica l
welding, active power line filtering, static VAR c ompe nsation, a nd
many m ore.
pag e 5
Characteristics of Power Electronics
Power Electronics is a Synergy Tec hnology
Power Electronics is an Enabling Technology
Power Electronics technology inhere ntly inte grates signal (ana log &
digita l) process ing technology.
Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Pow er Control
pag e 6
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
2
Introduction to Power Electronics
電力電子是多重工程規範整合的綜效技術(synergy technology)
Computer
Simulation
Solid-State
Physics
Circuit
Theory
Converter
Circuits
Electronics
µP/DSP
Magnetics
Pow er
Electronics
EMI/EMC
Control
Electrical
Machines
Thermal
Design
Saf ety
Package
Design
Reliability
pag e 7
Approaches to Advanced Power Electronics Technology
Power
Electronics
Theor y
Si mulation
Practice
pag e 8
Power Electronics Technologies and Applications
Artificial Limbs
SIC
Bipolar T ransistor
T hyristor
SIT
IGBT
III-N
MCT
ASD
T ransportation
Hybrid &
Electric
Vehicles
IPEM
Wide Spread
Use of
Superconductors
Domestic
Robots
IGCT
Power MOSFET
GT O
8-bit Microprocessor
Silicon T ransistor
ASD
HVAC
Custom Power
FACTs
Integrated
Circuit
1960
1970
1980
1990
2020
2000
2010
pag e 9
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
3
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Electronics in Modern Life
Power electronics plays a ke y role in all these
products for energy saving, high power density,
and quite operation requirements!
pag e 10
Applications of Power Electronics
Power Supply
SPS for C&C
DC- DC Converters
VRM/LDO
Charger
Adaptor
Ballast
UPS, AV R, Pow er Source
PV Inverter, Fuel- Cell Inverter
EDM/Sputter/Wielding
………
Motor Drive
Inverter
Servo Drive
FA N Drive
Infor mation Appliance Drive
White Goods Dr ive
Toy Drive
E- Bike/Sport Dr ive
Sport/Rehabilitation Dr ive
Automobile/EV /HEV Drive
………
Power
Electronics
pag e 11
The Worldwide Electronics Marketplace (1997)
Power Semiconductor Devices $8B
Power
Electronic s
is an Enabling
Technology
Equipment Sales:
$60 B
Hard ware Ele ctr onic s
$1000B
To tal Elec tro nics Marke t $2,00 0B
pag e 12
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
4
Introduction to Power Electronics
Energy and Power Electronics
20
18
To tal Energy
16
14
12
10
8 Electrical Energy
6
4
2
0
1800
1900
2000
20 40 60 80
20 40 60 80
20 40
30% sav ings with
improv ed power
electronics
*Outpu t of 84 0
po wer pla nts
Year
2100
60 80
To tal E nerg y
Electrical E ner g y
Motor
55%
Compute rs
Lighting
4%
21%
Electrical
Energ y
1997: 40%
2010: 80%
Other
20%
*EPRI
pag e 13
高效率電源轉換是科技發展的原動力
1997年
世界總能源消耗：36×1012 KWH
電能使用比率：23%
電源轉換使用比率：16%
電源轉換半導體元件營業額：81億美金
pag e 14
電力電子革命
微處理器的發展引發了以個人電腦為基礎的資訊革命
，高效率功率開關與高密度電能儲存元件的發展，則
開啟了以功率轉換模組(PEBB)為基礎的第二次電子革
命。
pag e 15
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
5
Introduction to Power Electronics
電力電子的研究範疇
電能變換/供應
馬達驅動/控制
電力品質控制
負載配電/管理
pag e 16
電力電子技術與產品的特質
) 電力電子是核心技術
• 高效電能利用 ─ 節約電能
• 整合科技 ─ 開創新產品，增加附加價值
• 自動化 ─ 提高生產力與品質，增加競爭力
) 電力電子市場大
• 產品相關產業市場大
• 國內業界已佔有相當市場
• 國內業界有潛力
) 電力電子技術創新
• 革新性技術
pag e 17
電力電子發展的原動力
電源需求
不可或缺的、與日成長的、客戶定製的
環境保護
高效率的能源轉換與電能使用
pag e 18
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
6
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Electronic for Efficient Energy Conservation
Ou tpu t
Ou tpu t
Thr ottli ng
v alv e
Motor
Line in p ut
Line in p ut
Adj ustable spee d driv e
Inp ut
Inp ut
Pum p
Pum p
(a) conventional drive
(b) adjustable-speed drive
pag e 19
Power Semiconductor Application Functions
S TA TIC SWI TC HIN G
Solid-state rela ys, contactors, a nd circuit brea ke rs
Logic systems
Circuit protecto rs---cro wba rs, limit activated inte rrupt ers
AC PH ASE C ON TR OL
Light dimmers
Mo tor spee d controls
Voltage regulato rs
VAR regulato rs
PHASE-C ON TR OL LED REC TI FIER/I NVER TER
dc motor d rives
Regulated dc po wer supplies
HVDC
Wind generat or con ve rters
CYCL OC ONVER TER
Aircraft VSC F syste ms
Variable-frequenc y ac moto r d rives
Freq uency multiplier
Induction-heating sup plies
High-frequenc y lighting
TRA NSIS TOR L INEA R A MPLI FIER
dc-dc buck, boost, and buck-boost con ve rters
High-pe rformance regulated po wer supplies
THYR IS TOR CH OPPE R
Electric transportation prop ulsion control
Gene rato r e xciters
High-pe rformance, high -powe r regulated supplies
INVER TER
Aircraft and space powe r supplies
Uninterruptible powe r supplies
pag e 20
Historic Review of Power Electronics Development
1897
1901
1913
1923
1926
1931
1933
1936
1942
1948
1956
1958
1970
DEV ELOPMENT OF GRA ETZ CIRCUIT
COOPER HEWITT PA TENT ON MERCURY-ARC RECTIFIER
DISCOV ER OF GRID CONTROL
DEV ELOPMENT OF COOL- CATHODE “THY RATRON”
DEV EI OPMENT OF HOT- CATHODE “THY RATRON”
CY CLOCONV ERTER INTRODUCED FOR RAILWAY SERV ICE
DISCORY OF IGNITION PRINCIPLE
HV DC TRA NSMISSION LINE INTRODUCED
FREQUENCY CHA NGER FOR 25/60Hz, 20MW
INV ENTION OF T RANSISTOR ( Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley, Bell Lab.)
INV ENTION OF PNPN T RANSIST OR ( Bell Lab.)
GE Comm ercialize the FIRST T HYRISTOR
500V,20A SILICON TRANSISTOR
pag e 21
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
7
Introduction to Power Electronics
Historic Review of Power Electronics Development ..
1971
1972
1975
1978
1980
1982
1986
1988
1997
2001
2002
2004
8008 MICROPROCESSOR ANNOUNCED BY INT EL
FIELD-ORIENT ED V ECTOR CONTROL PRINCIPLE
300V, 400A TOSHIBA GIA NT TRA NSISTOR
100V, 25A POWER MOSFET BY INTERNA TIONAL RECTIFIER
2500V, 1000A GTO ( HITACHI, MITSUBISHI, AND TOSHIBA)
400V, 20A GE IGBT
1000V, 200A TOSHIBA IGBT
600V, 50A GE MCT
Development of Low-Cost Single- Chip DSP Controller ( TMS320C240)
VPEC Development of Pow er Electronics Building Block ( PEBB)
Development of VRM for Advanced Microprocessors (Pentium IV)
Digital PWM Control IC and Digital Pow er Management ICs
pag e 22
Summary of Chronology of Electronic Power Conversion
Dates
Device or Technology
Conversion Technologies
1880s
T ransforme r, M-G sets
Electromechanical units for ac-dc con ve rsion, volta ge level shifting fo r ac.
1900s
Vacuum diodes
Develop ment of major a pplications.
1920s
Me rcury-arc tub es
Electronic rectification. Electronic circuits for ac-dc and dc-ac conve rsion.
Basic techniques worked out f or ac -ac conve rsion.
1930s
Selenium rectifiers, grid cont rol
“Semiconductor” rectifier technologies in regula r production.
1940s
Ma gnetic amplifiers
Electronic power a mplifiers. Fu rthe r ad vances in electronic con version.
1950s
Semiconductors
Inception of electronic con version fo r high-voltag e dc powe r t ransmission.
Growing need for sm all power sup plies for electronic gea r.
1960s
Silicon-controlled rectifier (SC Rs)
High-pow er semiconducto r de vices. T hese quickly replaced gas tu bes,
and made cont rollable ac-dc con vert ers p ractical and cheap.
1970s
Power bipola r tra nsistors
Substantial simplification of dc-ac and dc-dc conversion techniques.
Emergence o f powe r electronics as a separate discipline.
1980s
Power field-effect t ransistors
New me thods fo r dc-dc con version. T he influence o f de vice prope rties
on powe r electronics begins to w ane. R apid e xpansion of m arkets fo r
miniature pow er supplies.
1990s
IGBT
Nearl y an y application now p ossible. Emphasis on the best
alternative for a given application.
pag e 23
開關式電源供應器
傳統電源供應器的積體化電力電子與功率半導體元件技術的最大挑戰！
Smaller! …
The Biggest
Smaller! …
Smaller! … Smaller! …
… Biggest … Biggest
Smaller! …
Challenges!
pag e 24
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
8
Introduction to Power Electronics
模組化電源轉換器
pag e 25
關鍵元件與技術的發展
蓄電池 (battery)
超級電容 (ultracapacitor)
MOS控制閘流體 (MOS-controlled thyristor, MCT)
智慧型功率模組 (intelligent power module, IPM)
數位信號處理器(digital signal processor, DSP)
積體電源模組的發展
pag e 26
Driving Forces for Modern Power Electronics
開關式電源供應器(SPS) Î 資訊家電設備
不斷電系統(UPS) Î 通訊設備、資料中心
綠色能源 Î 風力發電、太陽能發電、燃料電池發電
節約能源 Î 變頻式空調、變頻式壓縮機、變頻式抽水機
製造自動化 Î 變頻器、伺服驅動器
現代運輸 Î 電動車輛、磁浮列車、高速電梯
電工應用Î 感應加熱、電銲、電鍍、放電加工
電力輸配 Î 功因改善、HVDC、電能儲存
電力發電 Î 分散式發電系統、Micro Turbine
pag e 27
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
9
Introduction to Power Electronics
Research Thrusts
Adjusta ble Speed AC Dr ives
Resonant Power Converters
Autom otive Power Electr onics
Electr onic Autom obiles
High-Spee d Electr ic Railways
HVDC Power Trans mission
Ener gy Stora ge
FEM Analys is of Electrica l Machines
Active Power Factor Correction
Power Electr onics Control ICs
Intelligent Contr ol Strate gies Using DSP/µPs
Intelligent Power De vices/Modules
Superc onduc ting Power Electronics
pag e 28
電力電子產業的明日之星產品
電動車：電動軌道車輛、電動汽車、電動機車、電動腳踏車
馬達驅動：變頻器、交流伺服驅動器、高效率變頻器
電源供應：SPS、UPS、動態旋轉不斷電系統、特殊應用電力轉換器
照明：電子安定器、智慧型照明控制系統
電力品質控制：功因控制器、三相主動功因修正器
電力輸配與監控：HVDC、電子變壓器、智慧型電錶、配電管理系統
能源轉換：日光能、風力發電
電池儲能：充電器、電池系統儲能、 燃料電池
pag e 29
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Linear vs. Switching Power Supply
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 30
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
10
Introduction to Power Electronics
切換式與線性電源穩壓器的比較
交換式電源比較線性電源的優缺點：
優 點：
缺 點：
• 體積小
• 輸出漣波大
• 重量輕
• 功率密度高
• 雜訊大
• 電路較複雜
• 功率轉換效率高
• 寬廣的輸入電壓範圍
pag e 31
Linear DC Power Supply
+
Line-freq uency
transformer
+
vd
Vo
Controller
Utility
supply
Vo ,
−
ret
Rload
−
Rectifier Filter-capacitor
vd (t)
vd range
vd min
Vo
t
0
pag e 32
工作於主動區的電晶體有如可變電阻
iC
C
E
B
iB
飽和區
iC
transistor
主動區
AC TIVE
SA TU RA TI ON, v CE = 0
i C = hFE ⋅ i B
截止區
CU T-OF F, iC ≈ 0
vCE
pag e 33
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
11
Introduction to Power Electronics
線性電源穩壓器的系統方塊圖
input
60 H z
transformer
output
unregulated DC
base
drive r
AC
input
OP
load
V ref
DC outp ut
AC
input
load
equivalent circuit
pag e 34
+5V輸出的定電壓源線性電源供應器
3-terminal regulator
橋式 整流 器
保險 絲
三端 子整 流器
50V 1.5A
AC 12 5V
400 mA
~
780 5 (5V 1.0 A)
5V, 1A
−
390 0 µ F/16V
低頻變壓器
+
+
AC 10 0V
~
損失大，須加散熱片
+
47 µ F/16V
GND
0.1 µ F/50V
變壓 器
8V 2A
pag e 35
線性電源穩壓器的基本特性
效率低、功率密度低、笨重
功率晶體的行為類似可變電阻
功率晶體工作於主動區
沒有電磁輻射干擾的問題
控制簡單
頻寬高、穩壓良好、漣波低
pag e 36
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
12
Introduction to Power Electronics
Switch-Mode DC Power Supply
Power processor
Power processor
+
+
Vo
−
Utility
supply
Vo
Rload
−
+ v
− d
Low-pass
filter
High frequency Rectifier
transformer
−
+
Rload
Vd
Filter
Rectifier capacitor
Vo
Controller
Controller
Vo , ret
Vo , ret
(b)
(a)
pag e 37
等效電路與波形
voi
Voi
0
t
ton
Ts =
L
+
vd
+
−
C
vo
(b)
vripple(t)
+
voi
b
a
toff
1
fs
Rload
0
−
t
−
(c)
(a)
(Voi )rms
h
Harmo nic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
h
(d)
pag e 38
交換式電源的特點
為何稱為 “交換式電源 ” 呢？
主要因為其電路中至有少有一個電晶體"開關" (Sw itch) ， 稱開關是因為這種開關元件
只工作在電晶體的"飽和區" (Saturation Region) 和"截止區" (Cut-Off Region)。
飽和與截止相當與"關" (CLOSED)與"開" (OPEN)
藉由電晶體開關的切換(開關)動作，將輸入端的能量送到輸出端；且藉由回授電路控制
開關動作，使輸出端維持在固定的電壓準位。所以此類電源稱為 “切換式”、 “交換式”
、或“開關式”電源供應器。
pag e 39
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
13
Introduction to Power Electronics
交換式電源的成本分析
Cos t(Doll ars per Wstt)
20KHz SPS versus Linear Perform ance
P arameter
cost comparison
LPS
SPS
?W
Power
Efficiency
Size
Weight
Line ＆ Load Regulation
Output Ripple V
Noise V
Transient Response
Hold-Up Time
SP S
LP S
75 ％
2.0W/in
40 W/lb
0.1 ％
50 mV
100 mV
500 µS
20 mS
30 ％
0.5W/in
10 W/lb
0.1 ％
5 mV
-----20 µS
1mS
在成本價格方面，約略的說，功率愈高，採用切換式電源愈有利；反之一
、兩瓦功率輸出的電源，由於電路複雜性的不同，當然以採用線性電源的
成本較低。至於其交界點的功率為何，須視設計及規格而定。以同樣的效
能，交界點的功率可能在10瓦左右，而且有逐年下降的趨勢。
pag e 40
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Conversion Process
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 41
Basis in Power Electronics
‰
Requireme nts (Specifications)
z
z
z
z
z
z
‰
Modern Power De vices
z
z
z
z
z
z
‰
Pow er MOSFET
Insulated Gated Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Static Induction Thyristor (SIT)
MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
Insulated Gated Control Thyristor (IGCT)
Inj ection Enhanced Gate Thyristor (IEGT)
Power Switc hing Techniques
z
z
z
z
z
High Efficiency (>90%)
High Pow er Density (> 100W/in3)
High Reliability (MTBF > 10 5 Hrs)
Low Cost (< 0.1-0.5 US/Watt)
EMC Regulations (FCC Class B)
Safety Regulations (UL)
‰
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Resonant Sw itching
Quasi-Resonant Switching
Soft PWM Switching
Phase Shift PWM
Basic Power Converters
z
z
z
z
AC/DC Converter
DC/DC Converter
DC/AC Converter
AC/AC Converter
(Rectifier)
(Chopper)
(Inverter)
(Cycloconverter)
pag e 42
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
14
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Conversion Process
Input Power
Power Conversion
Output Power
battery
DC
AC
m ains
Photo
voltaic
Passive Power Com ponents
Active Power Devices
Control and Sensing Devices
pag e 43
Power Electronic Systems
What is the power
source?
What is the power
requirement?
Specs.
Efficiency
Power Density
Specs.
INPUT
POWER
POWER
CONVERTER
OUTPUT
POWER
What are the applications?
LOAD
CONTROLLER
Regulation
Dynamics
Power Supply Design
Power Electronics = Efficie nt Power Convers ion + Robust Power Contr ol
pag e 44
Control of Power Electronic Syste ms
Power Input
Controlling
Sy stem
Digital Circuit
Power Circuits
Controlled
Sy stem
控制＝回授感測(feedback sensing)＋迴路增益配適(loop gain shaping)＋實現(realization)
pag e 45
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
15
Introduction to Power Electronics
功率半導體元件
Power MOSFET
IGBT
pag e 46
高功率半導體元件的發展
500V, 3000A GTO
6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR
1000V, 400A BJT
400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET
500V, 400A and 1000V, 300A IGBT
SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)
MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)
IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)
IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)
pag e 47
Unique Aspects of Power Electronics
Switching Losses Analysis
Switching of Power Devices
Power Semiconductor Device Characteristics
pag e 48
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
16
Introduction to Power Electronics
Assumed Transistor Switching Waveforms
v(t)
i(t)
I Saturated drop
E Leakage
+
v(t)
−
i(t)
t
0
(b)
p(t) = v(t) i(t)
E
“ off”
dissipation
“ on”
dissipation
(a)
t
0
T SW
(Time to switch)
(c)
pag e 49
Switching Loss Analysis
T he instantaneous power dissipated during the switching interval can be
expressed as
PT = v(t )i (t ) = [
E (T SW − t )
t
EI
][I ⋅
]=
(TSW − t )t
TSW
T SW
(TSW ) 2
In the expressions for v(t) and i(t), the beginning of the switching interval is
assumed to be t=0. Also, the saturated voltage drop and collect leakage
current are both assumed to be negligible.
PTSW =
1
TSW
∫
TSW
0
v ( t )i (t ) dt
pag e 50
Average Switching Loss
The average power dissipated durin g a switching interval is important since it determines
the maximum number of switchings possible in a given time interval. The average
dissipation during the interval TSW is given by
PTSW =
TSW
EI
EI (TSW ) 3 (TSW )3
EI
(TSW − t ) tdt =
[
−
]=
(TSW ) 3 ∫0
(TSW ) 3
2
3
6
The total average dissipation in a switching element is obtained by adding the on-state, offstate, and switching losses. For example, with a switching period of T, assuming linear
switching with a switching times of TSW for both turn-on and turn-off and an on-time and
off-time of TON and TOFF respectively.
pag e 51
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
17
Introduction to Power Electronics
Total Device Losses
Total device average dissipation = PT
PT ≅
2 ( EI 6 ) TSW + (VCE ( SAT ) I ) TON + ( EI leakage ) TOFF
T
If VCE(S AT) and Ileakage can be neglected, then
PT ≅
EI TSW
⋅
3 T
pag e 52
Switching of Power Devices
Commutation of Thyristor
Gating of Power Transistor/MOSFET
Switching Technique
PWM Control Strategy
Thermal Effect
EMI/EMS
pag e 53
Power Semiconductor Devices Characteristics
Temperature Effect
Voltage and Current Rating
dv/dt and di/dt Effect
Forward and Reverse Recovery
Secondary Breakdown
FBSOA and RBSOA
pag e 54
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
18
Introduction to Power Electronics
Basic T ypes of Power Converters
z
z
z
z
AC/DC Converter (Rectifier)
DC/DC Converter (Chopper)
DC/AC Converter (Inverter)
AC/AC Converter (Cycloconverter)
AC
AC
DC
DC
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
CURRENT
pag e 55
Basic Power Converters
AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)
DC- DC Converter (Chopper)
DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
AC-AC Converter (Cycloconverter)
pag e 56
The Core of Power Electronics is Power Converter
Input Power
battery
mains
Power Conversion
Output Pow er
DC
AC
PV
DC-DC vs. DC-AC Converters
Single-Quadrant vs. Multiple-Quadrant Converters
Single-Phase vs. Multiple-Phase Converters
Hard-Switching vs. Soft-Switching Converters
Uni-Directional vs. Bi-Directional Converters
pag e 57
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
19
Introduction to Power Electronics
Basic Components in a Switching Power Supply
Inductor
Capacitor
MOSFET
Diode
PWM Control IC
pag e 58
Power Conversion in V-I Plane (Four-Quadrant)
4
1
2
3
Load
DC-AC Converter
is
1
Inverter
2
Rectifier
3
Inverter
0
v
s
4
Rectifier
pag e 59
Basic PWM Converter Topologies
Single-Ended
Half-Bridge
Full-Bridge
Three-Phase
Multi-Phase
Multi-Level
pag e 60
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
20
Introduction to Power Electronics
Bidirectional AC-to-DC Converters
Rectifier Mode
io
is
3
Inverter
0
v
1
2
1
Inverter
2
Rectifier
AC
DC
CONV ERT ER
0
3
s
4
Rectifier
vo
4
Inverter Mode
4
1
2
3
Q1
GD
is
L1
V dc 1
C2
Vdc2
RL
AC in put
(hot)
Input
180-260V
50/60H z
C1
iL 1
vo
Q2
C1
vs
GD
AC in put
(neutr al)
pag e 61
Common-Neutral Bidirectional AC-to-AC Converters
4
1
2
3
4
Q1
is
L1
AC in put
(hot)
Input
180-260V
50/60H z
C1
2
3
V dc 1 GD
C1
iL 1
i Lo
Lo
io
Q4
Q2
vs
1
Q3
GD
GD
Co
Vdc2 GD
C2
vo
RL
AC in put
(neutr al)
Inherent bi-directional
i
3
Inverter
s
Universal pow er converter
1
Inverter
2
Rectifier
0
v
DC-link capacitor as energy buffer
Com plex dynam ic control
s
4
Rectifier
3
Inverter
Critical traces
io 1
2
Rectifier
Inverter
0
v
o
4
Rectifier
pag e 62
Block Diagram of an AC Drive
Power Processor
+
ac
Utility
Converter 1
DC
C
Converter 2
ac
ac
motor
−
pag e 63
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
21
Introduction to Power Electronics
Control of Power Converters and Motor Drives
Input
conv erter
u’1
u’2
u’3
Outpu t
conv erter
ud
Cd
N
S
to switches
to switches
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Pow er Factor Control
• Regenerativ e Braking Control
• DC-Link Voltage Regulation
• DC-Link Cap. Minimization
ud
εu
PWM Control
Inv erter Control
DTC Vector Control
Sensorless Control
Serv o Control
Auto-Tuning
pag e 64
Multi-Level Bi-Directional High-Power Induction Motor Drives
Va
c
ib
vb
ic
P1
iv
vv
IM
c
Vc L
c
Five -Le vel
Rectifier
N1
c
N2
iw
Five -Le vel
Rectifier
Vw
Encoder
3/2
3/2
A/D Converter
Direct Digital
Control Circuit
Direct Digital
Control Circuit
FPGA/DSP-Based Controller
pag e 65
Control Sche me for a 5-Level Double-Converter Induction Drive
Va
Sa 1
S a2
Sb 1
Sb 2
Sc 1
S c2
Su1
Su 2
Sv 1
S v2
S w1
Sw 2
Sa 3
Sa 4
Sb3
Sc 3
S u3
Sv3
Sw 3
Sb 4
S c4
S u4
Sv 4
Sw 4
Sa 5
Sa 6
S b5
Sb 6
S c5
S c6
S u5
Su 6
S v5
S v6
Sw 5
Sw 6
Sa 7
Sa 8
S b7
S b8
S c7
S c8
Su 7
Su 8
Vb
IM
Vc
ia
ib
ic
+
−
−
MHC
+ −
+
∆i
Voa
S v7
S v8
Vou
S w7
S w8
Vov Vow
MHC
MHC
MHC
MHC
iw
iu iv
MHC
iw*
iv *
iu*
Vdc
PI
PI
PI
Vdc *
pag e 66
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
22
Introduction to Power Electronics
Matrix Converter as a Power Processor
Power Pr ocessor
Utility source
.
.
.
Voltage
source
Inputs
Outputs
. . .
(a) matrix converter
(b) voltage source
pag e 67
Power Switch is the Core of Power Converter
Power Converter
.
.
.
Inputs
Outputs
. . .
pag e 68
Power Semiconductor Devices
3200V, 3000A GTO
6000V, 2500A Light Triggered SCR
12000V, 400A BJT
400V, 20A and 50V, 100A Power MOSFET
600V, 400A and 1200V, 300A IGBT
SIT and SITH (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)
MCT (MOS Controlled Thyristor)
IGCT (Insulated Gate Controlled Thyristor)
IEGT (Injection Enhanced Gate Thyristor)
pag e 69
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
23
Introduction to Power Electronics
Switching trajectories of the power transistor with inductive load
load line
iC
switc h
turn off
turn on
Switch wi th
ind uc tiv e loa d
+ V CC
current
sensing
0
VCC
iC
turn off
turn on
vCE
Measurement of load line
v CE
Switch wi th in du ctiv e loa d
shu nted b y a di od e
0
VCC
turn off
Switch wi th in du ctiv e
load sh u nte d b y a dio de
and cap acitor
turn on
0
pag e 70
VCC
Classification of Converters by Switching
Line Frequency (naturally commutated) Converters
Switching (forced-commutated) Converters
Pulse Width Modulated Converters
Resonant/Quasi/Multi-Resonant Converters
Soft Switching Converters
Phase Shift PWM Converters
pag e 71
Basic Switches
Single
Qua drant
Voltage
Unidirectional
Current
Unidirectional
Four
Qua drant
Parallel
Series
Time constants: 1-100 ns
(Determined by parasitics, i.e. not by the power conversion functionality.)
Variables: ON/O FF, Fault
(Binary amplitude, continuous timing of transition instants, i.e. analog.)
Ö A switch is NO T an ele mentary control cell !
pag e 72
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
24
Introduction to Power Electronics
Functional Switch Asse mblies: Full-Bridge Example
Voltage
Unidirectional
Tw o
Signal-Pole
Double-Throw
Voltage
Unidirectional
Sw itches
+
+
AC
+
–
AC
+
–
+
Tw o
Signal-Pole
Double-Throw
Current
Unidirectional
Sw itches
+
DC
DC
Current
Unidirectional
Topological Restrictions:
z No shorted voltage sources (capacitors)
z No open current sources (inductors)
pag e 73
Singe-Pole Multiple-Throw Switch: An Ele mentary Control Cell
Current
Unidirectional
Voltage
Unidirectional
Four
Quadrant
Faults : Ca n a nd MUST be Ha ndle d at SPMT Le ve l
(Catastrophic faults: shorted capacitors and opened inductors.)
Time Consta nts : 1-10 μs
(Determ ined by outside com ponents, i.e. converter filtering functions.)
Control Varia bles : Sw itch Position, Pulse Widths
(Digital am plitude, updated every sw itching period, i.e. digital & discrete.)
Controlle d Var iables : Pole Current, Thr ow Volta ges
(Either input sources or state variables; can be sam pled and digitized.)
Models : Switc hing a nd Average Mode ls Well Define d
(Power conversion function is com pletely described by SPMT operation.)
pag e 74
“Intelligent” Unidirectional Single-Pole Double-Throw Switch
+
PWM
Generator
Optical
Isolation
Fault & Error
Logic
Communication
Control
Gate
Drive
Floating
Power
Supplies
Optical
Isolation
Gate
Drive
Snubber
V
T
Current
Sensor
AC
Snubber
Current &
Temperature
Measurement
–
Serial Comm unications Link & Contr ol Power Supply
pag e 75
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
25
Introduction to Power Electronics
PES-Net: Daisy Chained Fiber Optic Control Network
H
i
g
h
e
r
Single Fiber Bus
Universal
Controller
(AM)
Communication
Interface & PWM
L
e
v
e
l
PEBB
& HM
Gate
Drives
M
A
B
U
S
PEBB
& HM
V
T
Signal Processing
PEBB & HM
PEBB & Hardw are Manager
=
‘Sm art,’ Digitally Interfaced
Single-Pole Multiple-Throw Sw itch
pag e 76
Signal Communication in PES-Net
pag e 77
Network-Controlled Power Converting Syste m
Universal Controller/
Application Manager
Soft-Switc hed, SPDT Voltage Unidirectional PEBBs
pag e 78
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
26
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Conversion Measured in Time
pag e 79
Power Conversion Measured in Watts
<1W
100W
10kW
1MW
Inter net
Wireless
Building
Net
E21
H21
H2000 : 1 GOPS,
10MB DRAM,
100MB Flash
Desktop
Machine Room
Data Center
( Electr icity is
25% of running
costs )
H2010 : 100 GOPS,
1 GB DRAM, 10 GB
Flas h/Ferro
pag e 80
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Supply for mP & Portable IA
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 81
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
27
Introduction to Power Electronics
Powering PC
Processor Power
Delivery
System
3.3V
AC Power 5V
Supply
12V
3.3V
12V
3.3V
12V
AGP
5V
12V
PCI
VRM
VRM
2.5V
Memory
1.7V
CPU
pag e 82
Development Status of Switching Power Supplies
Changes in technology are APPLICATION driven…
– Distributed Power Supplies
50V, 100A
Power Factor
Correction
PREREGULATO RS
with
PFC
High power de nsity
on boar d c onverters
Soft sw itching techniques
Low voltage converters
(1V)
Planar m agnetics
pag e 83
Power Supplying for Microprocessor
Development of Microprocessors
Power Dissipation Inside CPU
CPU Power Losses Reduction Sche mes
Power Supply Voltage for Advanced Microprocessors
Roadmap for Semiconductor Technology Development
di/dt Decoupling in Power Supplying for High-Speed µPs
DRAM Power Supply Development Trend
Switching Frequencies Roadmap of SPS
Possible Power Supply for Future (2010) Microprocessors
Technology Roadmap for Advanced SPS
pag e 84
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
28
Introduction to Power Electronics
Powering Advanced Microprocessors
Intel Pentium IV
Pentium IV: 5,500萬顆電晶體, .13 µ m
3.2GHz, 1.7V
Rated: 92W, Peak: 110W
New specs demand new power solutions!
pag e 85
VRM for Advanced Microprocessors
Custom process or power
100W - 56Vin
1.2 - 2 .0 4 bit programma ble
55 Amps
Standard pr ocessor power
Tita nia Division
up to 30 A
Parallela ble
Output 5 bit VID pr ogrammable
pag e 86
Distributed Power Syste ms & Architecture
On-board
Converter
60Hz
AC
Power
Factor
Correction
Preregulator
Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)
High Volt
VRM
On-board
Converter
Low Volt
VRM
Processor
Testbe d Partners :
• Intel
• IBM
• Artesyn Tec hnologies
• Celestica
pag e 87
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
29
Introduction to Power Electronics
Realization of Distributed Power Architecture
pag e 88
Possible Power Supply for Future (2010) Microprocessors
Multiple Systems
ONA Chip
Filter
Capacitor
Possible Specs:
Distributed power supply w ithin the
chip package
DC input range: 0.5V
DC-DC
Converter
Maximum Current: 250A
Input Voltage: 48VDC or 12VDC
Efficiency > 90%
Size: 0.1x044x0.1 inch
Power Density: 1000W/in3
pag e 89
Power Supplies for Portable Information Appliances
資訊儲存裝置
LCD-Display
筆記型電腦
CPU:~1~4W
主機板 :~2W
LCD:~1W
背光板 :~1W
CPU:~1~2W
控制:5~10W
CPU:~1~2W
LCD:~1W
背光板 :~6W
控制:5~10W
CPU:10~15W
主機板 :~10W
LCD:~3W
背光板 :3~6W
數位相機
消費性電子
PDA
CPU:~1~2W
LCD:~1W
CCD:~1W
背光板： ~3W
CPU:~1~2W
LCD:~1W
CCD:~1W
無線通訊
CPU:~1W
T/R:~1W
pag e 90
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
30
Introduction to Power Electronics
Human Energy Generation
Piezoceramics:
Piezoceramics: PZT
PZT
Heel
yy Efficiency:
Efficiency: 50
50 %
%
P peak ≅ 50 mW
<P> ≅ 10 mW
Piezopolimers:
Piezopolimers:
PVDF
PVDF ((Polifluoruro
Polifluoruro de
de Vinilideno)
Vinilideno)
Sole
yy Efficiency
Efficiency (25%)
(25%)
yy More
More flexible
flexible (embedded
(embedded systems)
systems)
MIT
MIT Media
Media Lab
Lab
P peak ≅ 10 mW
<P> ≅ 1 mW
IBM
IBM
UPC
UPC
pag e 91
Power Supplying for Mobile Phones
Battery
Charger
Power distribution: Vg = 2.8–5.5V
DC-DC
DC-DC
3.6V
Display
DC-DC
Vibrator
Buck SMPS
regulators
1.5V
µP/DSP
core
I/O
A/D
Baseband digital
3.6V
Antenna
PA
LO
LNA
Analog/RF
2.5V
DC-DC
DC-DC
1-3.6V
D/A
Audio
2.7-5.5V
DC-DC
DC-DC
2.5V
2.5V
DC-DC
2.5V
DC-DC
pag e 92
Standard Module Platforms
1W to 330W: over 500 codes
Filter Modules
DIP Non Isolated
Flat Ope n Frame
SIP Non Isolate d
Surface Mount
Processors
1/4 & 1 /2 Brick
Full Brick
Source: Locent 2003
pag e 93
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
31
Introduction to Power Electronics
Technology Direction
Technology direction:
Ope n frame
Thr ough hole
Surface m ount
From Power Electronics to Power IC Design
pag e 94
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Supply for Data Centers
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 95
不斷電系統
pag e 96
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
32
Introduction to Power Electronics
UPS for Servers
pag e 97
利用機械飛輪儲能的動態旋轉式UPS實體照片
DRUPS: Dynamic Rotary UPS
The flywheel (center) mounted between the motor and generator in the dynamic energy storage
system converts stored rotational energy into DC bus voltage. The dynamic energy storage
system may be used to either replace or supplement the lead-acid batteries of any conventional
static or rotary UPS. (Courtesy of International Computer Power Co.)
pag e 98
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Supply for Green Energy
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 99
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
33
Introduction to Power Electronics
PV Inverter for Green House
The End of Cheap Oil
A Grid-Connected PV Syste m
World PV Module Shipments
The USA National PV Program Plan for 2000-2004
Million Solar Roofs
pag e 10 0
The End of Cheap Oil
ANN UA L OIL P R ODU C TION (BIL LI ON OF BAR R OERS)
2004
GLOBAL PRODUCTION
OF OIL both conventional
and unconventional (red),
recovered after falling in
1973 and 11979. But a
more permanent decline
is less than 10 y ears
away , according to the
authors’ model, based in
part on multiple Hubbert
curves (lighter lines). U.S.
and Canadian oil (brown)
topped out in 1972;
production in the f ormer
Sov iet Union (yellow) has
fallen 45 percent since
1987. A crest in the oil
produced outside the
Persian
Gulf
region
(purple) now appears
imminent.
C. Campbell and J. Laherrere, “The end of cheap oil,” Science American, vol. 278, pp. 78–83, Mar. 1998.
pag e 10 1
World PV Module Shipments 1988–2000 ( in megaw atts)
S. R. B ull, "Re ne wa ble e ner g y tod a y a nd to m orro w, " Proc eedi n gs o f the IEEE, v ol. 89, n o. 8, pp. 1216 -1226, Au g. 2 001.
pag e 10 2
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
34
Introduction to Power Electronics
The USA National Photovoltaics Program Plan for 2000-2004
pag e 10 3
Million Solar Roofs
Susse x Ce ntral M iddle Sc ho ol
Del aw are, USA
State C apit ol,
Hel ena, Mo nta na, USA
Portl a nd Pi o ne er Square,
Portl a nd, USA
Priv ate ho use,
Almer o, Net he rla nds
Announced in June 1997, Million Solar Roofs (MSRI) is an initiative to install solar energy systems on one million
U.S. buildings by 2010. The initiative includes two types of solar technology: solar electric systems (or
photovoltaics) that produce electricity from sunlight and solar thermal systems that produce heat f or domestic hot
water, space heating, or heating swimming pools.
http://www/millionsolarroofs.com/
pag e 10 4
A Grid-Connected PV Syste m
DC Side isolation
switch
DC
AC
DC
inverte r
AC m ains supply
Electrical
Distribution
Sy stem
PV Inv erter
PV Arr ay
(usually building mounted)
Mete r
AC
To high
efficienc y AC
appliances
Main fuse box
PV Panel
Full -Bri d ge I nv erter
load
Inverte r
Gate D rive
Rela y
Gate D rive
Feedbac k
Sensing Circuit
DSP Controller
pag e 10 5
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
35
Introduction to Power Electronics
三洋電機太陽能電池轉換率高達19.5％ (2003/3/24)
2003/03/24 【日經BP社報道】三洋電機日前成功開發出了電池轉換效率高
達19.5％（2002年10月上市的原產品為18.5％）的HIT太陽能電池單元。在4
月1日將上市採用該電池單元的“200W HIT太陽能電池模組”，以及採用這種
模組的太陽能發電系統。
除了用於建築材料的大尺寸電池模組外，“200W HIT太陽能電池模組”首次達
到了200W的高功率。如此之高的功率主要源於：（1）電池有效發電面積的
增大；（2）通過降低電池表面缺陷區域從而降低了發電損失；（3）降低了
電池與模組的電力損耗（電阻損耗）等。另外，通過採用高效HIT太陽能電
池，能夠確保17％的模組轉換率。該模組將主要用於住宅太陽能發電系統。
配備15塊太陽能電池模組時，以往產品的發電量為2450kWh/年（估計），
而200W模組則可以達到3530kWh/年，發電量提高了44％。據此推算，配置
20塊200W模組差不多就能提供日本普通家庭的平均年耗電量（約4795kWh/
年）。另外在3kW的系統中，太陽能電池模組的重量為210kg，與原來相比
約減輕了90kg。
pag e 10 6
Single-Phase Three-Wire PV Inverter
Q1
PV Mo dule
+
Q3
Q5
NFB
3P22 0V
P
+
Q2
Q4
AC 220 V
Load
A
AC 110 V
Load
B
Q6
N
AC 110 V
Load
N
Control interface for system integration
Ground
Current
Feedback
Grid Voltage Feedback
RS – 232 or 422
Grid Voltage
Feedback
Inverter
Current
Feedback
Digital Signal
Processor
DSP
Optional Front
Panel Controller
pag e 10 7
風力發電
位於美國加州的風力發電廠
位於丹麥外海的全世界首座海上風力發電廠
pag e 10 8
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
36
Introduction to Power Electronics
風力發電
日本七又地區的風車
日本七又地區的風車與
太陽能發電
日本狩保地區的風車
位於日本沖繩縣久米島的風力與太陽能發電廠
pag e 10 9
風力發電
pag e 11 0
路燈風力發電系統
pag e 11 1
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
37
Introduction to Power Electronics
家用風力發電
表1：根據葉片大小分為4種型號
型 號
1.6m
1.6m
3.0m
4.0m
風車 高度
0.9m
2.0m
2.0m
2.0m
風速
2/ms
1.5W
3W
6W
8W
風速
4/ms
12W
26W
51W
67W
風速
7/ms
66W
150W 280W 370W
風速
8/ms
97W
220W 410W 550W
風速
9/ms
140W 310W 580W 770W
輸出 功率
2003/06/30 【日經BP社報道】 日本神鋼電機開發出家用風力發電機。
該風力發電機的特點是，採用了被稱為“垂直軸風車”的葉片，而不是普通
的螺旋槳葉片（圖1）。根據風車直徑及高度的不同共分為4款產品（表1
）。價格為20萬日元～30萬日元/臺（約合人民幣1.33萬元～2萬元/臺）
，預定於2003年10月上市。除家庭外，預計這種風車還將用於學校等公
共設施（圖2）。
採用螺旋槳葉片的風車，需要設計根據風向將螺旋槳轉向最佳方位角的
結構，而垂直軸風車可以利用來自各個方向的風。此外，垂直軸風車還
具有“影響四鄰的風切音較小” 的優點。由於採用了靜音設計，因而也可
用於住宅密集區。此產品在風速為2m/s時即可發電，使用低阻力軸承以
減小機械損耗的同時，葉片材料採用鋁合金減輕了重量。
WG16 WG16 WG30 WG40
-09
-20
-20
-20
風車 直徑
風速
1060
190W 430W 800W
10/ms
W
風速
1400
12/ms 320W 730W
W
以上
1800
W
pag e 11 2
理光霓虹廣告塔 利用風力和太陽能 (2003/4/18)
小型風車
2003/04/18
【日經BP社報道】 理光宣佈在大阪市堂島深川大樓屋頂安裝了利用風力和太陽
能發電來點燈的霓虹廣告塔。該廣告塔自備發電機，不需要外部電源。
廣告塔在鐵架上安裝了26個小型風力發電機、39張太陽能電池板以及用來貯存
電力的40組電池。每天的平均發電量為21.06kwh（其中風力：6.24kwh/日，太
陽能：14.82kwh/日）。可以蓄電使用約3天的電量，由於在有的氣候下無法亮燈
，因此理光公司內將該塔命名為“靠天工作光耀萬年”廣告塔（理光公關部）。
另外，由於該塔每天可以亮約7個小時，因此預計在10年期間將可以減少約30t的
二氧化碳排放。
pag e 11 3
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Electronics for
Transportation
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 11 4
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
38
Introduction to Power Electronics
電動腳踏車
EARTHMIND INC.
Suite 310
300 Earl Grey Drive
Kanata, Ontario
Canada, K2T 1C1
Convert your existing bicycle into an ELECTRIC BICYCLE.
Top Speed = 23 kph
Range = 13-16 km
Weight = 12.5 lbs
Recharge = 10-12 hours
PEDAL WITHOUT OR WITH ELECTRIC ASSIST TO BOOST RANGE
AND SPEED
COMPLETE CONVERSION KIT INCLUDING CHARGER &
BATTERY $199 U.S. + Shipping & Handling($18.00)
Allow 3 to 4 weeks for delivery.
OPTIONS:
SOLAR PANEL $50
BATTERY MONITOR $32
EXTRA BATTERY $40
pag e 11 5
電動腳踏車
HONDA
Segway的電動雙輪踏板車“Segway HT”
HONDA
pag e 11 6
電動機車
碟型永磁交流馬達
pag e 11 7
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
39
Introduction to Power Electronics
太陽能電動車
日本於1992年所發展的太陽能電動車
pag e 11 8
Electric Vehicle & Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Insight, HONDA, 2000
美國通用汽車公司的電動車：EV1 ( Electric Vehicle No. 1)
pag e 11 9
電動汽車將逐漸步入實用階段…
On Oct. 23, 1997, Solectria Sunrise completes
its 339.4 km journey from Boston to New York
on one charge! The car runs at an average
speed of 90 km/h and top speed is 120 km/h.
The adopted nickel/metal-hydride battery has a
power density of 77 Wh/kg. The battery had a
total capacity of 150 Ah and an average voltage
of 221 V.
pag e 12 0
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
40
Introduction to Power Electronics
商品化的小型電動車
pag e 12 1
燃料電池電動車
2 0 0 2 / 0 6 / 0 7 【 日 經 BP 社 報 道 】 戴 姆 勒 · 克 萊 斯 勒 （
DaimlerChrysler）日前宣佈，該公司的甲醇改質型燃料電池
汽車“NECAR5”於5月20日從舊金山出發，在歷經16天之後的
6月4日成功橫穿了北美大陸，抵達華盛頓特區。燃料電池汽
車成功橫穿北美大陸尚屬首次。
此次橫穿北美大陸的行駛距離為326 3英里（5250km），遠
遠超出了此前戴姆勒·克萊斯勒在加利福尼亞燃料電池共同體
(CaFCP）行駛的600英里（965km）的距離。NECAR5每行
駛約300英里（483km）進行一次甲醇補充，平均時速達到了
38.4英里（61.8km）。
2 0 0 2 / 0 4 / 1 8 【 日 經 BP 社 報道 】 美國 H Power 公 司 在
“Hannover Fair 2002 Hydrogen+Fuel Cells”上展示了法國標
致雪鐵龍集團公司的計程車，這輛計程車上配備有該公司開
發的燃料電池。燃料電池採用串連方式，除燃料電池外還備
有鎳氫充電電池。最高時速為95km/h，使用該電池可以行駛
200km～300km。
燃料電池的輸出功率為5.5kW，能效方面，系統整體為48％
，燃料電池本身為58％。燃料電池的燃料採用的是氫氣。氫
氣箱位於后座至行李箱下。總共配有9個燃料箱，全部容量為
80L。氫氣氣壓為300標準大氣壓。向燃料電池單元提供空氣
和氫氣時的氣壓分別為1.2和1.6大氣壓。
pag e 12 2
燃料電池電動車
2005年日本世界博覽會組委會及豐田汽車日前宣佈，雙方已達成協定：2005年日本世界博覽會的會場和會場之間將
使用新型交通工具“智慧多模式交通系統（IMTS）”及燃料電池油電混合大巴（FCHV）。豐田負責開發、提供車輛
，基礎設施建設和和管理則由世博會組委會方面負責。
為了確保通過IMTS首次完成大流量遊客的運送，組委會方面已經獲得了有關IMTS專線的鐵路業務許可。同時，通
往會場的東部丘陵線（愛知高速交通公司正在加緊建設）上，導入日本國內第一列磁懸浮式超高速列車（HSST，
愛稱Linimo），因此在2005年“愛地球博”世博會上，可體驗到IMTS、燃料電池油電混合大巴及HSST三種新一代交
通系統。
IMTS是一種新型交通系統，埋設有磁指示器的專用道路及普通道路均可使用。採用CNG（壓縮天然氣）引擎。通
過專用道路中央的磁指示器自動控制方向盤和行駛路線；通過車間通信及地上信號裝置，可進行包括按照運行時刻
表在站點上停車及發車等的自動速度控制和制動。而且通過電子連接，可進行3輛車輛的列隊行駛。在專用道路上
可進行無人自動駕駛及列隊行駛，在普通道路上則與一般的公共汽車一樣，通過人工控制單獨行駛。（記者：櫛谷
沙江子）
pag e 12 3
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
41
Introduction to Power Electronics
電動列車 & 磁浮列車
Tem*
i qssf
Tor que
&
Flux
Reg ula tor
λ*s
Induction
Motor
iqss*
*
Curre nt
i dssf
*
e
j θ̂ rf
Tem
Reg ula ted
idss*
ωr , θ r
Am plifi er
qs
qe
r
is
iqss
λ̂sqds
Rotor axis
de
ωe
θˆ
sf
An ti-Alias
Filter s
Stator Fl ux
Ma g nitud e &
An gle C alcul ator
λsqs
Stator Flux
λsds
Sensing
e
ds
i
iqse
θ sl
θr θe
ds
idss
pag e 12 4
變頻器、馬達驅動器、伺服驅動器
ias
3-Phase
Power
Supply
S1
S3
a
A
S5
α
s
vas
a s'
o
S4
vcs
C
ibs (t )
vbs
S
cs
B
i as ( t )
bs
'
cs
S6
S
ics
S2
NN
Vdc
b s'
n
ibs
stator
ics ( t )
rotor
as
'
bs
t
ar
c 's
c r'
S
N
S
br
b r'
CW
N
cr
cs
當電流在t=t 1時刻，在定子形成的磁力線
t=t 1
'
ar
bs
a s'
pag e 12 5
System Integration of Motor, Power, Motion Control, and MMI
Digital Controller
Control Trajectory
DSP
Inside
Power Converter
Converter Trajectory
volts
Motor
Motor Trajectory
RBSOA/FBSOA
speed
x1
II
Load
Motion Prof ile
Y
I
X
amperes
Close d -L oo p
Spee d/Posi ti on
Co ntr ol
torque
III
x2
Fo ur-Quadra n t
Volta ge/A m pere
Co ntr ol
IV
Fo ur-Quadra n t
Tor que/S pee d
Co ntr ol
Co ordi nated
Moti o n Pro file
Co ntr ol
New Solutions of M otion Control Problems Using Advanced Technology!
)
DSP-Base d Software Contr ol Tec hniques
pag e 12 6
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
42
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Supply for LCD Display
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 12 7
Power Supply for a 42-inch Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
Mai ns
rectifier
DC- DC
HF
Gener ator
Power Supply for PDP
Power Supply Configuration
pag e 12 8
Mains
rectif ier
PDP Power Supply
Main PFC Rectifier
DC-DC Conv erter
a, T =1/f
D
IL L
IL
T
Uo
HF Generator
L
Uin
C R
Ud
off
T 11 D
1
I1 L1
Uo
C
D
Uout
U0
2
T 12 D2
c s >>c p
Uout =Ui n a
aT
0
0
Cp
T2 T4
on
1
Io=Uout/R
D
aT
I2 L
2
recovery operation (normalised)
T
IL
T
T1 T3
Up
Ip
R
Ud
Uin
HF
generator
Io
T
Ui
DC-DC
T
0.5 0.5
11(t)
-12(t) 0
UP(t)
-0.5
-1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75
1 1.25 1.5 1.75
2
pag e 12 9
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
43
Introduction to Power Electronics
Power Electronics Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Power Electronics for Power
Generation
電力電子晶片設計與DSP控制實驗室
Power Electronics IC & DSP Control Lab.
國 立交 通大學 • 電機 與控 制工程 研究所
pag e 13 0
Future Power Generation
Micr oelectr onics
Power Ele ctronics
Future?
M oore’s Law:
“Every 1.5 years
the cost of a ‘bit’
drops 50%.”
Power electronic s is the
Electric Power
Between 1920 - 1970,
every 1.5 years the cost
of kWh dropped 5%.
Since then it is constant.
enabling technology
driving to the future!
pag e 13 1
智慧型分散式再生能源電力網路
電力網路
併網型
燃料電池
變頻器
柴油發電機
併網型
太陽光
變頻器
微型渦輪
發電機
電池儲能
發電機
變頻器
併網型
風力發電
變頻器
pag e 13 2
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
44
Introduction to Power Electronics
通訊與電力網路的整合
電力 供應 網路
電力傳輸網路
網路伺服器
電力傳輸網路
配電站
用戶 雙向 供電
網路
資訊 網路 用戶
配電站
住宅發電
風力發電
電力用戶
網路用戶
住宅發電
電力用戶
網路用戶
現
在
未
來
pag e 13 3
The Power Electronics Revolution
Source: EPRI (Electric Pow er Research Institute, USA)
pag e 13 4
Homework Assignment
撰寫一篇針對特定主題的『研究專題報導』。
繳交時間：兩週後的上課時繳交。
格式：A4紙張，單欄雙行，文體參照本校碩士論文格式，頁數不限，圖形可
取用已發表的文章但需註明來源，參考相關文獻內容可自行編寫修改，但不
得抄襲，且參考資料必須註明來源。直接釘書機裝訂即可，封面不需另外用
塑膠套。
評分標準：主題(10%)、格式(20%)、內容(40%)、文獻蒐集與評論(20%) 、
研究心得(10%)。
建議題目如下頁所列，不得重複，亦可自行選定研究主題。
pag e 13 5
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
45
Introduction to Power Electronics
研究專題主題 (1)
1.
2.
微處理器的電源需求與穩壓電源模組(VRM)設計
應用於可攜式資訊設備的『電源管理IC』之發展現況
3.
4.
手機(mobile phone)中的電源轉換器
可攜式資訊設備電池充電IC的發展現況與充電器設計
5.
應用於DC-DC轉換器高頻低電壓Power MOSFET的發展現況
6.
7.
功率晶體IGBT的特性與發展現況
應用於PC主機板分散式電源架構的發展
8.
新型PWM控制IC的發展現況
9. 同步整流器(synchronous rectifier)
10. 多相DC-DC轉換器(multiphase dc-dc converter)
11. 電源諧波干擾的測試標準與功率因數控制技術的發展
12. 功率因數控制IC的發展現況
13. 新型PFC控制IC的設計應用
14. 單階單開關(single-stage single-switch)PFC轉換器電路架構的發展
15. 含有單相PFC前級的交換式電源供應器之EMI濾波器之設計
16. 三相PFC轉換器電路架構的發展
pag e 13 6
研究專題主題 (2)
17. 光碟機的馬達與電源驅動IC
18. 微小馬達的應用與驅動IC的發展
19. 無感測永磁馬達驅動技術的發展現況
20. 數位式空間向量脈寬調變(Space Vector PWM)技術
21. 多階(multi-level)換流器(inverter)的設計
22. LCD驅動IC的設計與發展現況
23. 高亮度投影機的驅動電路
24. 高亮度LED的應用與驅動電路設計
25. 不斷電系統(UPS)的發展現況
26. 鉛酸電池快速充電器的設計
27. 鋰離子電池充電器的設計
28. 可並聯式模組化UPS控制技術的發展
29. 燃料電池技術的發展現況與應用
30. 燃料電池電動車的發展現況
31. 太陽光電池技術的發展現況
32. 太陽光變頻器(PV inverter)
pag e 13 7
研究專題主題 (3)
33. Class-D Amplifier
34. Class-E Amplifier
35. 電力電子模擬軟體簡介
36. EMI電磁干擾模擬軟體簡介
37. 超級電容(double-layer capacitor)的的發展現況與應用
38. 平面磁性元件的發展現況與應用
39. 台灣類比與電源IC產業的發展現況
40. 分散式發電系統(distributed power generation system)
41. 智慧型電錶
42. 電力網通訊技術與在電力電子系統的應用
43. 電動車的發展現況
44. 電池技術的發展現況
45. 綠色能源(Green Energy)
46. 美國能源部(Department of Energy)的能源發展策略與方向
47. 美國電力電子中心(Center of Power Electronics, CPES)簡介
48. 美國電力研究院(Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI)簡介
pag e 13 8
NCTU 2004 Power Electronics Course Notes
46
Introduction to Power Electronics
References (1)
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and
Design, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, 2003.
[2] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimov ic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Chapman & Hall, 1998.
[3] J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. C. Verghese, Principle of Power Electronics, Addison-Wesley,
1991.
[4] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics Technology: Present Trends & Future Dev elopments, June
2001.
[5] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Low Power Systems, Oct. 2000.
[6] V. Rajagopalan (Guest Editor), Special Issue on Computers in Power Electronics, IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, May 1997.
[7] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics and Motion Control, August 1994.
[8] IEEE Proc., Special Issue on Power Electronics, April 1988.
[9] B. K. Bose (Editor), Chap. 1: Introduction to Power Electronics of Modern Power Electronics - Evolution,
Technology, and Applications, IEEE Press, 1992.
[10] B. K. Bose, “Power electronics - a technology rev iew,” Proc. of IEEE, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 1303-1334, Aug.
1992.
[11] E. Ohno, “The semiconductor evolution in Japan - a four decade long maturity thriving to an indispensable
social standing,” Proceeding of the International Power Electronics Conference, v ol. 1, pp. 1-10, Toky o,
1990.
[12] M. Nishihara, “Power electronics diversity,” Proceeding of the International Power Electronics Conference,
vol. 1, pp. 21-28, Tokyo, 1990.
pag e 13 9
References (2)
[13] Keith Billings, Switchmode Power Supply Handbook, McGrwa-Hill Inc., 1999.
[14] Marty Brown, Power Supply Cookbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.
[15] Marian K. Kazimierczuk and Dariusz Czarkowski, Resonsnt Power Conv erters, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1995.
[16] Andre'S. Kislovski, Richard Redl and Nathan O. Sokal, Dy namic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC
Converters, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New york, 1991.
[17] Abraham l. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1998.
[18] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1986.
[19] B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001.
[20] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives, IEEE Press, 1997.
[21] Y asuhiko Dote, Servo Motor and Motion Control Using Digital Signal Processors, Prentice Hall, Inc.,1990.
[22] A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, JR., and S. D. Umans, Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1992.
[23] D. W. Nov otny and T. A. Lipo, Vector Control and Dy namics of AC Driv es, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996.
[24] W. Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives, Varlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1985.
[25] S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.
pag e 14 0
References (3)
[26] N. G. Hingorani, “Flexible AC transmission,” IEEE Spectrum, pp. 40-45, April 1993.
[27] T. Yamada, G. Majumdar, S. Mori, H. Hagino, H. Kondoh, and T. Hirao, "Next generation power module,"
IEEE ISPSD Conf. Rec., pp. 3-8, 1994.
[28] N. Mohan, “Power electronics circuits: an overview,” IEEE IECON Conf. Rec., vol. 3, pp. 525-527, 1988.
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