Download MECHANISMS SUMMAR PRINT

Nucleophilic substitution with cyanide
Haloalkane
Free radical substitution
STEP 1: INITIATION - a radical is created
by using UV, starts the reaction.
Br - Br → 2Br∙
STEP 2: PROPAGATION - a radical reacts,
creating a new radical to continue the
reaction.
Br∙ + CH₄ → HBr + CH₃∙
CH₃∙+ Br₂ → CH₃Br + Br∙
STEP 3: TERMINATION - 2 radicals react
stopping the chain reaction.
Br∙ + Br∙→ Br₂
CH₃∙ + CH₃∙→ 2CH₃
CH₃∙ + Br∙ → CH₃Br
Electrophilic addition
Cyanide ions: NaCN & KCN
Ethanolic Conditions
Nitriles
Hydrogen Halide
Room temperature
Nucleophilic substitution with ammonia
Excess ammonia
Ethanolic Conditions
Amine
Alkane
Alcohol
Elimination reaction
Concentrated NaOH & KOH
Ethanoic Conditions
High temperature
Elimination reaction: dehydration of alcohols into
alkenes
Reagent: Concentrated H₂SO₄ (also acts as a catalyst).
Reflux Conditions
Excess acid
High temperature
Alkene
Nucleophilic substitution with hydroxides
Hydroxides: NaOH & KOH
Aqueous Conditions + Reflux