Download STEAM TABLES

1138
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A1. STEAM TABLES
Adapted from the
Abridged Callendar Steam Tables
by permission of Messrs Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.
1139
APPENDIX
Table 1A.
Absolute
pressure
(kN/m2 )
Properties of saturated steam (SI units)
Temperature
(◦ C)
(K)
Enthalpy per unit mass (Hs ) Entropy per unit mass (Ss )
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg K)
θs
Ts
water
latent
steam
water
latent
steam
water
steam
0.0
29.3
73.5
101.0
121.4
137.8
151.5
163.4
173.9
183.3
191.8
206.9
220.0
231.6
242.0
251.5
272.0
289.3
304.3
317.7
329.6
340.6
359.9
376.8
391.7
405.2
417.5
419.1
423.3
428.8
434.2
439.4
444.4
449.2
453.9
458.4
462.8
467.1
471.3
475.4
479.4
483.2
487.0
490.7
494.3
497.9
501.3
504.7
2501.6
2485.0
2460.2
2444.6
2433.1
2423.8
2416.0
2409.2
2403.2
2397.9
2392.9
2384.2
2376.7
2370.0
2363.9
2358.4
2346.4
2336.1
2327.2
2319.2
2312.0
2305.4
2293.6
2283.3
2274.0
2265.6
2257.9
2256.9
2254.3
2250.8
2247.4
2244.1
2240.9
2237.8
2234.8
2231.9
2229.0
2226.2
2223.5
2220.9
2218.3
2215.7
2213.3
2210.8
2208.5
2206.1
2203.8
2201.6
2501.6
2514.4
2533.6
2545.6
2554.5
2561.6
2567.5
2572.6
2577.1
2581.1
2584.8
2591.2
2596.7
2601.6
2605.9
2609.9
2618.3
2625.4
2631.5
2636.9
2641.7
2646.0
2653.6
2660.1
2665.8
2670.9
2675.4
2676.0
2677.6
2679.6
2681.6
2683.4
2685.2
2687.0
2688.7
2690.3
2691.8
2693.4
2694.8
2696.2
2697.6
2699.0
2700.3
2701.5
2702.8
2704.0
2705.1
2706.3
0
0.1060
0.2606
0.3543
0.4225
0.4763
0.5209
0.5591
0.5926
0.6224
0.6493
0.6964
0.7367
0.7721
0.8036
0.8321
0.8933
0.9441
0.9878
1.0261
1.0603
1.0912
1.1455
1.1921
1.2330
1.2696
1.3027
1.3069
1.3182
1.3330
1.3472
1.3609
1.3741
1.3868
1.3991
1.4109
1.4225
1.4336
1.4445
1.4550
1.4652
1.4752
1.4849
1.4944
1.5036
1.5127
1.5215
1.5301
9.1575
8.8706
8.4640
8.2242
8.0530
7.9197
7.8103
7.7176
7.6370
7.5657
7.5018
7.3908
7.2966
7.2148
7.1423
7.0773
6.9390
6.8254
6.7288
6.6448
6.5703
6.5035
6.3872
6.2883
6.2022
6.1258
6.0571
6.0485
6.0252
5.9947
5.9655
5.9375
5.9106
5.8847
5.8597
5.8356
5.8123
5.7897
5.7679
5.7467
5.7261
5.7061
5.6867
5.6677
5.6493
5.6313
5.6138
5.5967
9.1575
8.9767
8.7246
8.5785
8.4755
8.3960
8.3312
8.2767
8.2295
8.1881
8.1511
8.0872
8.0333
7.9868
7.9459
7.9094
7.8323
7.7695
7.7166
7.6709
7.6306
7.5947
7.5327
7.4804
7.4352
7.3954
7.3598
7.3554
7.3434
7.3277
7.3127
7.2984
7.2846
7.2715
7.2588
7.2465
7.2347
7.2234
7.2123
7.2017
7.1913
7.1813
7.1716
7.1622
7.1530
7.1440
7.1353
7.1268
0.0010002
0.001000
0.001001
0.001003
0.001004
0.001005
0.001006
0.001007
0.001008
0.001009
0.001010
0.001012
0.001013
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
0.001020
0.001022
0.001025
0.001027
0.001028
0.001030
0.001033
0.001036
0.001039
0.001041
0.001043
0.0010437
0.001045
0.001046
0.001047
0.001048
0.001049
0.001050
0.001050
0.001051
0.001052
0.001053
0.001054
0.001055
0.001056
0.001056
0.001057
0.001058
0.001059
0.001059
0.001060
0.001061
206.16
129.21
67.01
45.67
34.80
28.19
23.74
20.53
18.10
16.20
14.67
12.36
10.69
9.43
8.45
7.65
6.20
5.23
4.53
3.99
3.58
3.24
2.73
2.37
2.09
1.87
1.69
1.6730
1.618
1.549
1.486
1.428
1.375
1.325
1.279
1.236
1.196
1.159
1.124
1.091
1.060
1.031
1.003
0.977
0.952
0.929
0.907
0.885
Datum: Triple point
0.611
0.01
1.0
6.98
2.0
17.51
3.0
24.10
4.0
28.98
5.0
32.90
6.0
36.18
7.0
39.03
8.0
41.54
9.0
43.79
10.0
45.83
12.0
49.45
14.0
52.58
16.0
55.34
18.0
57.83
20.0
60.09
25.0
64.99
30.0
69.13
35.0
72.71
40.0
75.89
45.0
78.74
50.0
81.35
60.0
85.95
70.0
89.96
80.0
93.51
90.0
96.71
100.0
99.63
101.325 100.00
105
101.00
110
102.32
115
103.59
120
104.81
125
105.99
130
107.13
135
108.24
140
109.32
145
110.36
150
111.37
155
112.36
160
113.32
165
114.26
170
115.17
175
116.06
180
116.93
185
117.79
190
118.62
195
119.43
200
120.23
of water
273.16
280.13
290.66
297.25
302.13
306.05
309.33
312.18
314.69
316.94
318.98
322.60
325.73
328.49
330.98
333.24
338.14
342.28
345.86
349.04
351.89
354.50
359.10
363.11
366.66
369.86
372.78
373.15
374.15
375.47
376.74
377.96
379.14
380.28
381.39
382.47
383.51
384.52
385.51
386.47
387.41
388.32
389.21
390.08
390.94
391.77
392.58
393.38
Specific volume (v)
(m3 /kg)
(continued overleaf )
1140
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 1A. (continued)
Absolute
pressure
(kN/m2 )
Temperature
( C)
θs
Ts
water
latent
steam
water
latent
steam
water
steam
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
121.78
123.27
124.71
126.09
127.43
128.73
129.99
131.21
132.39
133.54
135.76
137.86
139.87
141.79
143.63
145.39
147.09
148.73
150.31
151.85
153.33
154.77
156.16
157.52
158.84
160.12
161.38
162.60
163.79
164.96
166.10
167.21
168.30
169.37
170.41
171.44
172.45
173.43
174.40
175.36
176.29
177.21
178.12
179.01
179.88
184.06
187.96
191.60
195.04
198.28
201.37
394.93
396.42
397.86
399.24
400.58
401.88
403.14
404.36
405.54
406.69
408.91
411.01
413.02
414.94
416.78
418.54
420.24
421.88
423.46
425.00
426.48
427.92
429.31
430.67
431.99
433.27
434.53
435.75
436.94
438.11
439.25
440.36
441.45
442.52
443.56
444.59
445.60
446.58
447.55
448.51
449.44
450.36
451.27
452.16
453.03
457.21
461.11
464.75
468.19
471.43
474.52
511.3
517.6
523.7
529.6
535.4
540.9
546.2
551.5
556.5
561.4
570.9
579.9
588.5
596.8
604.7
612.3
619.6
626.7
633.5
640.1
646.5
652.8
658.8
664.7
670.4
676.0
681.5
686.8
692.0
697.1
702.0
706.9
711.7
716.3
720.9
725.4
729.9
734.2
738.5
742.6
746.8
750.8
754.8
758.7
762.6
781.1
798.4
814.7
830.1
844.6
858.5
2197.2
2193.0
2188.9
2184.9
2181.0
2177.3
2173.6
2170.1
2166.6
2163.2
2156.7
2150.4
2144.4
2138.6
2132.9
2127.5
2122.3
2117.2
2112.2
2107.4
2102.7
2098.1
2093.7
2089.3
2085.0
2080.8
2076.7
2072.7
2068.8
2064.9
2061.1
2057.4
2053.7
2050.1
2046.5
2043.0
2039.6
2036.2
2032.8
2029.5
2026.2
2023.0
2019.8
2016.7
2013.6
1998.6
1984.3
1970.7
1957.7
1945.3
1933.2
2708.5
2710.6
2712.6
2714.5
2716.4
2718.2
2719.9
2721.5
2723.1
2724.7
2727.6
2730.3
2732.9
2735.3
2737.6
2739.8
2741.9
2743.9
2745.7
2747.5
2749.3
2750.9
2752.5
2754.0
2755.5
2756.9
2758.2
2759.5
2760.8
2762.0
2763.2
2764.3
2765.4
2766.4
2767.5
2768.5
2769.4
2770.4
2771.3
2772.1
2773.0
2773.8
2774.6
2775.4
2776.2
2779.7
2782.7
2785.4
2787.8
2789.9
2791.7
1.5468
1.5628
1.5781
1.5929
1.6072
1.6209
1.6342
1.6471
1.6596
1.6717
1.6948
1.7168
1.7376
1.7575
1.7764
1.7946
1.8120
1.8287
1.8448
1.8604
1.8754
1.8899
1.9040
1.9176
1.9308
1.9437
1.9562
1.9684
1.9803
1.9918
2.0031
2.0141
2.0249
2.0354
2.0457
2.0558
2.0657
2.0753
2.0848
2.0941
2.1033
2.1122
2.1210
2.1297
2.1382
2.1786
2.2160
2.2509
2.2836
2.3144
2.3436
5.5637
5.5321
5.5018
5.4728
5.4448
5.4179
5.3920
5.3669
5.3427
5.3192
5.2744
5.2321
5.1921
5.1541
5.1179
5.0833
5.0503
5.0186
4.9881
4.9588
4.9305
4.9033
4.8769
4.8514
4.8267
4.8027
4.7794
4.7568
4.7348
4.7134
4.6925
4.6721
4.6522
4.6328
4.6139
4.5953
4.5772
4.5595
4.5421
4.5251
4.5084
4.4920
4.4759
4.4602
4.4447
4.3712
4.3034
4.2404
4.1815
4.1262
4.0740
7.1105
7.0949
7.0800
7.0657
7.0520
7.0389
7.0262
7.0140
7.0022
6.9909
6.9692
6.9489
6.9297
6.9115
6.8943
6.8779
6.8622
6.8473
6.8329
6.8192
6.8059
6.7932
6.7809
6.7690
6.7575
6.7464
6.7356
6.7252
6.7150
6.7052
6.6956
6.6862
6.6771
6.6683
6.6596
6.6511
6.6429
6.6348
6.6269
6.6192
6.6116
6.6042
6.5969
6.5898
6.5828
6.5498
6.5194
6.4913
6.4651
6.4406
6.4176
0.001062
0.001064
0.001065
0.001066
0.001068
0.001069
0.001070
0.001071
0.001072
0.001074
0.001076
0.001078
0.001080
0.001082
0.001084
0.001086
0.001088
0.001089
0.001091
0.001093
0.001095
0.001096
0.001098
0.001100
0.001101
0.001102
0.001104
0.001105
0.001107
0.001108
0.001109
0.001110
0.001112
0.001114
0.001115
0.001116
0.001118
0.001119
0.001120
0.001121
0.001123
0.001124
0.001125
0.001126
0.001127
0.001133
0.001139
0.001144
0.001149
0.001154
0.001159
0.846
0.810
0.777
0.746
0.718
0.692
0.668
0.646
0.625
0.606
0.570
0.538
0.510
0.485
0.462
0.442
0.423
0.405
0.389
0.375
0.361
0.348
0.337
0.326
0.316
0.306
0.297
0.288
0.280
0.272
0.266
0.258
0.252
0.246
0.240
0.235
0.229
0.224
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.206
0.202
0.198
0.194
0.177
0.163
0.151
0.141
0.132
0.124
◦
(K)
Enthalpy per unit mass (Hs )
(kJ/kg)
Entropy per unit mass (Ss )
(kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (v)
(m3 /kg)
1141
APPENDIX
Table 1A. (continued)
Absolute
pressure
(kN/m2 )
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2400
2600
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
22120
Temperature
(◦ C)
(K)
Enthalpy per unit mass (Hs ) Entropy per unit mass (Ss )
(kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (v)
(m3 /kg)
θs
Ts
water
latent
steam
water
latent
steam
water
steam
204.30
207.11
209.79
212.37
217.24
221.78
226.03
233.84
242.54
250.33
257.41
263.92
275.56
285.80
294.98
303.31
310.96
318.04
324.64
336.63
347.32
356.96
365.71
373.68
374.15
477.45
480.26
482.94
485.52
490.39
494.93
499.18
506.99
515.69
523.48
530.56
537.07
548.71
558.95
568.13
576.46
584.11
591.19
597.79
609.78
620.47
630.11
638.86
646.83
647.30
871.8
884.5
896.8
908.6
930.9
951.9
971.7
1008.3
1049.7
1087.4
1122.1
1154.5
1213.7
1267.5
1317.2
1363.8
1408.1
1450.6
1491.7
1571.5
1650.4
1734.8
1826.6
2010.3
2107.4
1921.6
1910.3
1899.3
1888.7
1868.1
1848.5
1829.7
1794.0
1752.2
1712.9
1675.6
1639.7
1571.3
1506.0
1442.7
1380.8
1319.7
1258.8
1197.5
1070.9
934.5
779.0
591.6
186.3
0
2793.4
2794.8
2796.1
2797.2
2799.1
2800.4
2801.4
2802.3
2802.0
2800.3
2797.7
2794.2
2785.0
2773.4
2759.9
2744.6
2727.7
2709.3
2698.2
2642.4
2584.9
2513.9
2418.2
2196.6
2107.4
2.3712
2.3976
2.4227
2.4468
2.4921
2.5342
2.5736
2.6455
2.7252
2.7965
2.8612
2.9207
3.0274
3.1220
3.2077
3.2867
3.3606
3.4304
3.4971
3.6241
3.7470
3.8766
4.0151
4.2934
4.4429
4.0246
3.9776
3.9327
3.8899
3.8094
3.7348
3.6652
3.5383
3.3976
3.2720
3.1579
3.0528
2.8633
2.6541
2.5393
2.3952
2.2592
2.1292
2.0032
1.7564
1.5063
1.2362
0.9259
0.2881
0
6.3958
6.3751
6.3555
6.3367
6.3015
6.2690
6.2388
6.1838
6.1229
6.0685
6.0191
5.9735
5.8907
5.8161
5.7470
5.6820
5.6198
5.5596
5.5003
5.3804
5.2533
5.1127
4.9410
4.5814
4.4429
0.001163
0.001168
0.001172
0.001177
0.001185
0.001193
0.001201
0.001216
0.001235
0.001252
0.001269
0.001286
0.001319
0.001351
0.001384
0.001418
0.001453
0.001489
0.001527
0.0016105
0.0017102
0.0018399
0.0020374
0.0026675
0.0031700
0.117
0.110
0.105
0.0996
0.0907
0.0832
0.0769
0.0666
0.0570
0.0498
0.0440
0.0394
0.0324
0.0274
0.0235
0.0205
0.0180
0.0160
0.0143
0.01150
0.00931
0.007497
0.005875
0.003735
0.003170
1142
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 1B.
Pressure
Absolute Vacuum
(lb/in.2 ) (in. Hg)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
14.696
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
28.99
28.79
28.58
28.38
28.17
27.97
27.76
27.56
27.35
27.15
26.95
26.74
26.54
26.33
26.13
25.92
23.88
21.84
19.80
17.76
15.71
13.67
11.63
9.59
7.55
5.50
3.46
1.42
Properties of saturated steam (Centigrade and Fahrenheit units)
Temperature
(◦ C)
26.42
29.57
32.28
34.67
36.80
38.74
40.52
42.17
43.70
45.14
46.49
47.77
48.98
50.13
51.22
52.27
60.83
67.23
72.38
76.72
80.49
83.84
86.84
89.58
92.10
94.44
96.62
98.65
(◦ F)
79.6
85.3
90.1
94.4
98.2
101.7
104.9
107.9
110.7
113.3
115.7
118.0
120.2
122.2
124.2
126.1
141.5
153.0
162.3
170.1
176.9
182.9
188.3
193.2
197.8
202.0
205.9
209.6
Enthalpy per unit mass
Centigrade units
(kcal/kg)
100.57
102.40
104.13
105.78
107.36
108.87
110.32
111.71
113.05
114.34
115.59
116.80
117.97
119.11
120.21
121.3
123.3
125.3
213.0
216.3
219.5
222.4
225.2
228.0
230.6
233.1
235.5
237.8
240.1
242.2
244.4
246.4
248.4
250.3
254.0
257.6
Water
Steam
Steam
0.0924
0.1028
0.1117
0.1196
0.1264
0.1326
0.1381
0.1433
0.1484
0.1527
0.1569
0.1609
0.1646
0.1681
0.1715
0.1749
0.2008
0.2199
0.2348
0.2473
0.2582
0.2676
0.2762
0.2836
0.2906
0.2970
0.3029
0.3086
2.0367
2.0214
2.0082
1.9970
1.9871
1.9783
1.9702
1.9630
1.9563
1.9501
1.9442
1.9387
1.9336
1.9288
1.9243
1.9200
1.8869
1.8632
1.8449
1.8299
1.8176
1.8065
1.7968
1.7884
1.7807
1.7735
1.7672
1.7613
643.0
540.6
466.6
411.7
368.7
334.0
305.2
281.1
260.5
243.0
228.0
214.3
202.5
191.8
182.3
173.7
118.7
90.63
73.52
61.98
53.64
47.35
42.40
38.42
35.14
32.40
30.05
28.03
970.6 1150.7 0.3122 1.7574
26.80
970.0
967.9
965.9
964.0
962.2
960.4
958.8
957.2
955.6
954.0
952.5
951.1
949.7
948.3
947.0
945.6
943.1
940.7
26.28
24.74
23.38
22.17
21.07
20.09
19.19
18.38
17.63
16.94
16.30
15.72
15.17
14.67
14.19
13.73
12.93
12.21
Water
Latent Steam Water Latent Steam
26.45
29.58
32.28
34.66
36.80
38.74
40.52
42.17
43.70
45.12
46.45
47.73
48.94
50.08
51.16
52.22
60.78
67.20
72.36
76.71
80.52
83.89
86.88
89.61
92.15
94.50
96.69
98.73
582.50
580.76
579.27
577.95
576.74
575.60
574.57
573.63
572.75
571.94
571.16
570.41
569.71
569.06
568.47
567.89
562.89
559.29
556.24
553.62
551.20
549.16
547.42
545.82
544.26
542.75
541.34
540.06
608.95
610.34
611.55
612.61
613.54
614.34
615.09
615.80
616.45
617.06
617.61
618.14
618.65
619.14
619.63
620.11
623.67
626.49
628.60
630.33
631.72
633.05
634.30
635.43
636.41
637.25
638.03
638.79
100.65
102.51
104.27
105.94
107.53
109.05
110.53
111.94
113.30
114.61
115.87
117.11
118.31
119.47
120.58
121.7
123.8
125.8
538.9
537.7
536.5
535.5
534.5
533.6
532.6
531.7
530.8
530.0
529.2
528.4
527.6
526.8
526.1
525.4
524.1
522.8
639.5
640.2
640.8
641.4
642.0
642.6
643.1
643.6
644.1
644.6
645.1
645.5
645.9
646.3
646.7
647.1
647.9
648.6
Specific
volume
(ft3 /lb)
Fahrenheit units
(Btu/lb)
47.6
53.2
58.1
62.4
66.2
69.7
72.9
75.9
78.7
81.3
83.7
86.0
88.2
90.2
92.1
94.0
109.4
121.0
130.2
138.1
144.9
151.0
156.5
161.3
165.9
170.1
173.9
177.7
Gauge 100.00 212.0 100.06 539.22 639.28 180.1
(lb/in.2 )
0.3
1.3
2.3
3.3
4.3
5.3
6.3
7.3
8.3
9.3
10.3
11.3
12.3
13.3
14.3
15.3
17.3
19.3
Entropy
(Btu/lb◦ F)
181.2
184.5
187.6
190.6
193.5
196.3
198.9
201.4
203.9
206.3
208.6
210.8
212.9
215.0
217.0
219.0
222.7
226.3
1048.5
1045.4
1042.7
1040.3
1038.1
1036.1
1034.3
1032.5
1030.9
1029.5
1028.1
1026.8
1025.5
1024.4
1023.3
1022.2
1013.2
1006.7
1001.6
996.6
992.2
988.5
985.2
982.5
979.6
976.9
974.6
972.2
1096.1
1098.6
1100.8
1102.7
1104.3
1105.8
1107.2
1108.4
1109.6
1110.8
1111.8
1112.8
1113.7
1114.6
1115.4
1116.2
1122.6
1127.7
1131.8
1134.7
1137.1
1139.5
1141.7
1143.8
1145.5
1147.0
1148.5
1149.9
1151.2
1152.4
1153.5
1154.6
1155.7
1156.7
1157.7
1158.6
1159.5
1160.3
1161.1
1161.9
1162.6
1163.3
1164.0
1164.6
1165.8
1167.0
0.3137
0.3187
0.3231
0.3276
0.3319
0.3358
0.3396
0.3433
0.3468
0.3502
0.3534
0.3565
0.3595
0.3625
0.3654
0.3682
0.3735
0.3785
1.7556
1.7505
1.7456
1.7411
1.7368
1.7327
1.7287
1.7250
1.7215
1.7181
1.7148
1.7118
1.7089
1.7060
1.7032
1.7004
1.6952
1.6905
1143
APPENDIX
Table 1B.
(continued)
Pressure
Absolute Vacuum
(lb/in.2 ) (in. Hg)
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
21.3
23.3
25.3
27.3
29.3
31.3
33.3
35.3
37.3
39.3
41.3
43.3
45.3
47.3
49.3
51.3
53.3
55.3
57.3
59.3
61.3
63.3
65.3
67.3
69.3
71.3
73.3
75.3
77.3
79.3
81.3
83.3
85.3
90.3
95.3
100.3
105.3
110.3
115.3
120.3
125.3
130.3
135.3
Temperature
(◦ C)
(◦ F)
Enthalpy per unit mass
Centigrade units
(kcal/kg)
Entropy
(Btu/lb◦ F)
Specific
volume
(ft3 /lb)
Fahrenheit units
(Btu/lb)
Water
Steam
Steam
0.3833
0.3879
0.3923
0.3964
0.4003
0.4041
0.4077
0.4112
0.4146
0.4179
0.4211
0.4242
0.4272
0.4302
0.4331
0.4359
0.4386
0.4412
0.4437
0.4462
0.4486
0.4510
0.4533
0.4556
0.4579
0.4601
0.4622
0.4643
0.4664
0.4684
0.4704
0.4723
0.4742
0.4789
0.4833
0.4876
0.4918
0.4958
0.4997
0.5035
0.5071
0.5106
0.5140
1.6860
1.6817
1.6776
1.6737
1.6700
1.6664
1.6630
1.6597
1.6566
1.6536
1.6507
1.6478
1.6450
1.6423
1.6398
1.6374
1.6350
1.6327
1.6304
1.6282
1.6261
1.6240
1.6219
1.6199
1.6180
1.6161
1.6142
1.6124
1.6106
1.6088
1.6071
1.6054
1.6038
1.6000
1.5963
1.5927
1.5891
1.5856
1.5823
1.5792
1.5763
1.5733
1.5705
11.58
11.02
10.50
10.30
9.600
9.209
8.848
8.516
8.208
7.922
7.656
7.407
7.175
6.957
6.752
6.560
6.378
6.206
6.044
5.890
5.743
5.604
5.472
5.346
5.226
5.110
5.000
4.896
4.796
4.699
4.607
4.519
4.434
4.230
4.046
3.880
3.729
3.587
3.456
3.335
3.222
3.116
3.015
Water Latent Steam Water Latent Steam
127.2
128.9
130.7
132.3
133.9
135.4
136.9
138.3
139.7
141.0
142.3
143.6
144.9
146.1
147.3
148.4
149.5
150.6
151.6
152.6
153.6
154.6
155.6
156.5
157.5
158.4
159.4
160.3
161.2
162.0
162.8
163.6
164.4
166.4
168.2
170.0
171.8
173.5
175.2
176.8
178.3
179.8
181.3
260.9
264.1
267.2
270.3
273.1
275.8
278.5
281.0
283.5
285.9
288.3
290.5
292.7
294.9
296.9
299.0
301.0
302.9
304.8
306.7
308.5
310.3
312.0
313.7
315.4
317.1
318.7
320.3
321.9
323.3
324.8
326.6
327.8
331.3
334.8
338.1
341.3
344.4
347.3
350.2
353.0
355.8
358.4
127.7
129.5
131.2
132.9
134.5
136.0
137.5
139.0
140.4
141.8
143.1
144.4
145.6
146.8
148.0
149.2
150.3
151.5
152.6
153.6
154.7
155.7
156.7
157.7
158.6
159.6
160.5
161.5
162.4
163.3
164.1
165.0
165.8
167.9
169.8
171.7
173.6
175.4
177.1
178.8
180.5
182.1
183.7
521.5
520.3
519.2
518.0
516.9
515.9
514.8
513.8
512.8
511.8
510.9
510.0
509.2
508.4
507.6
506.7
505.9
505.0
504.2
503.4
502.6
501.8
501.1
500.3
499.6
498.9
498.3
497.6
496.9
496.3
495.7
495.0
494.3
492.7
491.2
489.8
488.3
486.9
485.6
484.2
482.9
481.6
480.3
649.2
649.8
650.4
650.9
651.4
651.9
652.3
652.8
653.2
653.6
654.0
654.4
654.8
655.2
655.6
655.9
656.2
656.5
656.8
657.0
657.3
657.5
657.8
658.0
658.2
658.5
658.8
659.1
659.3
659.6
659.8
660.0
660.1
660.6
661.0
661.5
661.9
662.3
662.7
663.0
663.4
663.7
664.0
229.7
233.0
236.1
239.1
242.0
244.9
247.6
250.2
252.7
255.2
257.6
259.9
262.2
264.4
266.5
268.6
270.7
272.7
274.6
276.5
278.4
280.3
282.1
283.9
285.6
287.3
289.0
290.7
292.3
293.9
295.5
297.0
298.5
302.2
305.7
309.2
312.5
315.7
318.8
321.9
324.9
327.8
330.6
938.5
936.4
934.4
932.3
930.3
928.3
926.4
924.6
922.9
921.1
919.4
917.8
916.2
914.6
913.1
911.6
910.1
908.7
907.4
906.0
904.6
903.2
901.9
900.6
899.4
898.1
896.8
895.5
894.3
893.1
891.9
890.8
889.7
886.9
884.2
881.5
878.9
876.4
874.0
871.5
869.1
866.8
864.5
1168.2
1169.4
1170.5
1171.4
1172.3
1173.2
1174.0
1174.8
1175.6
1176.3
1177.0
1177.7
1178.4
1179.0
1179.6
1180.2
1180.8
1181.4
1182.0
1182.5
1183.0
1183.5
1184.0
1184.5
1185.0
1185.4
1185.8
1186.2
1186.6
1187.0
1187.4
1187.8
1188.2
1189.1
1189.9
1190.7
1191.4
1192.1
1192.8
1193.4
1194.0
1194.6
1195.1
1144
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 1C.
Saturation
Pressure
P
(kN/m2 )
Ts
(K)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
372.78
393.38
406.69
416.78
425.00
431.99
438.11
443.56
448.56
453.03
485.59
506.98
523.49
537.09
548.71
558.95
568.13
576.46
584.11
591.19
597.79
Temperature,
θ (◦ C)
2675.4
2706.3
2724.7
2737.6
2747.5
2755.5
2762.0
2767.5
2772.1
2776.2
2797.2
2802.3
2800.3
2794.2
2785.0
2773.4
2759.9
2744.6
2727.7
2709.3
2698.2
Saturation
Ts
(K)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
372.78
393.38
406.69
416.78
425.00
431.99
438.11
443.56
448.56
453.03
485.59
506.98
523.49
537.07
548.71
558.95
568.13
576.46
584.11
591.19
597.79
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Ss
Temperature, 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
(kJ/kg)
T (K)
2676.0 2875.4
2870.4
2866.0
2861.3
2856.0
2850.7
2845.5
2839.7
2834.0
2828.7
Table 1D.
Pressure
P
(kN/m2 )
Enthalpy of superheated steam, H (kJ/kg)
3074.6
3072.0
3069.7
3067.0
3064.8
3062.0
3059.5
3057.0
3055.0
3051.7
3024.8
2994.8
2962.0
2926.0
2886.0
2840.0
2785.0
3278.0
3276.4
3275.0
3273.5
3272.1
3270.0
3269.0
3266.8
3266.2
3264.3
3248.0
3231.7
3214.8
3196.9
3178.0
3159.1
3139.5
3119.0
3097.7
3075.6
3052.9
3488.0
3487.0
3486.0
3485.0
3484.0
3483.0
3482.6
3480.4
3479.5
3478.0
3467.0
3456.0
3445.0
3433.8
3421.7
3410.0
3398.0
3385.5
3373.6
3361.0
3349.0
3705.0
3704.0
3703.1
3702.0
3701.2
3701.0
3700.2
3699.0
3698.6
3697.5
3690.0
3681.6
3673.4
3665.4
3657.0
3648.8
3640.4
3632.0
3624.0
3615.5
3607.0
3928.0
3927.0
3927.0
3926.0
3926.0
3925.0
3924.0
3923.8
3923.0
3922.8
3916.0
3910.4
3904.0
3898.0
3891.8
3886.0
3880.8
3873.6
3867.2
3862.0
3855.3
4159.0
4158.0
4158.0
4157.0
4156.8
4156.2
4156.0
4155.0
4155.0
4154.0
4150.0
4145.0
4139.6
4135.5
4130.0
4124.8
4121.0
4116.0
4110.8
4106.0
4101.2
600
700
800
Entropy of superheated steam, S (kJ/kg K)
Temperature,
θ (◦ C)
100
200
300
400
500
Hs
Temperature, 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 773.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15
(kJ/kg)
T (K)
7.3598
7.1268
6.9909
6.8943
6.8192
6.7575
6.7052
6.6596
6.6192
6.5828
6.3367
6.1838
6.0685
5.9735
5.8907
5.8161
5.7470
5.6820
5.6198
5.5596
5.5003
7.362
7.834
7.507
7.312
7.172
7.060
6.968
6.888
6.817
6.753
6.695
8.216
7.892
7.702
7.566
7.460
7.373
7.298
7.234
7.176
7.124
6.768
6.541
6.364
6.211
6.060
5.933
5.792
8.544
8.222
8.033
7.898
7.794
7.708
7.635
7.572
7.515
7.465
7.128
6.922
6.770
6.647
6.542
6.450
6.365
6.288
6.215
6.145
6.077
8.834
8.513
8.325
8.191
8.087
8.002
7.930
7.867
7.812
7.762
7.431
7.233
7.090
6.977
6.880
6.798
6.724
6.659
6.598
6.540
6.488
9.100
8.778
8.591
8.455
8.352
8.268
8.195
8.133
8.077
8.028
7.702
7.508
7.368
7.258
7.166
7.088
7.020
6.958
6.902
6.850
6.802
9.344
9.020
8.833
8.700
8.596
8.510
8.438
8.375
8.321
8.272
7.950
7.756
7.620
7.510
7.422
7.345
7.280
7.220
7.166
7.117
7.072
9.565
9.246
9.057
8.925
8.820
8.738
8.665
8.602
8.550
8.502
8.176
7.985
7.850
7.744
7.655
7.581
7.515
7.457
7.405
7.357
7.312
1145
K
700
600K
550K
450K
500K
0K
80
400K
0K
90
350K
K
00
6.0
10
100,000
300K
APPENDIX
6.5
7.0
0.004
600K 0.006
0.01
10,000
0.02
7.5
550K
0.04
0.06
500K
8.0
0.1
450K
0.2
8.5
0.6
0.8
9.0
1.0
100
2.0
350K
Temperature, T
9.5
4.0
10.0
6.0
8.0
1000K
900K
300K
350K
400K
450K
500K
550K
600K
1,0
40
800K
300K
10
20
700K
10
Temperature
0.1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Enthalpy, H (kJ/kg)
Figure 1A.
Pressure–enthalpy diagram for water and steam
4000
4500
Entropy, S (kJ/kgK)
0.4
400K
Specfic volume v (m3/kg)
Absolute presssure, P (kN/m2)
1000
1146
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
750
700
650
12,000
11,000
10,000
9000
8000
7000
6000
600
5000
4000
3000
2000
re, P
(kN
/m 2)
500
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
ssu
450
Pre
Temperature, T (K)
550
400
200
100
350
300
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Entropy per unit mass, S (kJ/kgK)
Figure 1B.
Temperature–entropy diagram for water and steam
8
9
10
1147
APPENDIX
Table A2. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SOME
COMMON SI UNITS
An asterisk (∗ ) denotes an exact relationship.
Length
Time
1
1
1
1
∗1
in
ft
yd
mile
Å (Angstrom)
∗1
∗1
∗1
min
h
day
1 year
:
:
:
:
:
25.4 mm
0.3048 m
0.9144 m
1.6093 km
10−10 m
:
:
:
:
60 s
3.6 ks
86.4 ks
31.5 Ms
Area
1
1
1
1
1
in2
ft2
yd2
mile2
acre
:
:
:
:
:
645.16 mm2
0.092903 m2
0.83613 m2
2.590 km2
4046.9 m2
Volume
1
1
1
1
1
in3
ft3
yd3
UK gal
US gal
:
:
:
:
:
16.387 cm3
0.02832 m3
0.76453 m3
4546.1 cm3
3785.4 cm3
1 oz
lb
1 cwt
1 ton
:
:
:
:
28.352 g
0.45359237 kg
50.8023 kg
1016.06 kg
1 pdl
1 lbf
kgf
1 tonf
∗ 1 dyn
:
:
:
:
:
0.13826 N
4.4482 N
9.80665 N
9.9640 kN
10−5 N
∗1
:
5
9
:
:
1.3558 J
0.04214 J
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
4.1868 J
10−7 J
1.05506 kJ
2.6845 MJ
3.6 MJ
105.51 MJ
4.1855 MJ
Mass
Force
∗1
∗1
Temperature difference
Energy (work, heat)
deg F (deg R)
1 ft lbf
1 ft pdl
∗ 1 cal
(international table)
∗ 1 erg
1 Btu
1 hp h
∗ 1 kWh
1 therm
1 thermie
deg C (deg K)
Calorific value (volumetric)
1 Btu/ft3
:
37.259 kJ/m3
Velocity
1 ft/s
1 mile/h
:
:
0.3048 m/s
0.44704 m/s
Volumetric flow
1 ft3 /s
:
0.028316 m3 /s
ft3 /h
1
1 UK gal/h
1 US gal/h
:
:
:
7.8658 cm3 /s
1.2628 cm3 /s
1.0515 cm3 /s
1 lb/h
:
0.12600 g/s
1 ton/h
:
0.28224 kg/s
lb/in2
:
703.07 kg/m2
Mass flow
Mass per unit area
1
1148
Density
Pressure
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
1 lb/ft2
1 ton/sq mile
:
:
4.8824 kg/m2
392.30 kg/km2
1 lb/in3
:
27.680 g/cm3
1 lb/ft3
1 lb/UK gal
1 lb/US gal
:
:
:
16.019 kg/m3
99.776 kg/m3
119.83 kg/m3
1 lbf/in2
:
6.8948 kN/m2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
15.444 MN/m2
47.880 N/m2
101.325 kN/m2
98.0665 kN/m2
105 N/m2
2.9891 kN/m2
249.09 N/m2
3.3864 kN/m2
133.32 N/m2
:
745.70 W
:
:
:
:
735.50 W
10−7 W
1.3558 W
0.29307 W
1
1
∗1
∗1
∗1
1
1
1
1
Power (heat flow)
tonf/in2
lbf/ft2
standard atmosphere
atm (1 kgf/cm2 )
bar
ft water
in. water
in. Hg
mm Hg (1 torr)
1 hp (British)
1
∗1
1
1
1
hp (metric)
erg/s
ft lbf/s
Btu/h
ton of
refrigeration
:
3516.9 W
Moment of inertia
1 lb
ft2
:
0.042140 kg m2
Momentum
1 lb ft/s
:
0.13826 kg m/s
Angular momentum
1 lb ft2 /s
:
0.042140 kg m2 /s
:
0.1 N s/m2
:
:
0.41338 mN s/m2
1.4882 N s/m2
:
10−4 m2 /s
:
0.25806 cm2 /s
:
10−3 J/m2
:
(10−3 N/m)
:
1.3562 g/s m2
Viscosity, dynamic
∗1
P (poise)
1 lb/ft h
1 lb/ft s
Viscosity, kinematic
∗1
Surface energy (surface tension)
∗1
S (stokes)
1 ft2 /h
∗ (1
Mass flux density
Heat flux density
erg/cm2
dyn/cm)
1 lb/h
ft2
1 Btu/h ft2
∗1
kcal/h
:
3.1546 W/m2
m2
:
1.163 W/m2
ft2 ◦ F
:
5.6783 W/m2 K
2.326 kJ/kg
Heat transfer coefficient
1 Btu/h
Specific enthalpy (latent heat, etc.)
1 Btu/lb
:
Specific heat capacity
1 Btu/lb ◦ F
:
4.1868 kJ/kg K
:
:
1.7307 W/mK
1.163 W/mK
Thermal conductivity
1 Btu/h ft ◦ F
∗ 1 kcal/h m ◦ C
Taken from MULLIN, J. W.: The Chemical Engineer 211 (Sept. 1967), 176. SI units in chemical engineering.