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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name: ___________________________ Class: ______ Date: __________________ (Biology) This question is about the use of stem cells in medical research. 1) READ the text about stem cells. Highlight key terms you should use in your answer. Stem cells are used to treat some human diseases. Stem cells can be collected from early embryos. These stem cells have not begun to differentiate, so they could be used to produce any kind of cell, tissue or organ. The use of embryonic stem cells to treat human diseases is new and, for some diseases, trials on patients are happening now. Stem cells can also be collected from adult bone marrow. The operation is simple but may be painful. Stem cells in bone marrow mainly differentiate to form blood cells. These stem cells have been used successfully for many years to treat some kinds of blood disease. Recently there have been trials of other types of stem cell from bone marrow. These stem cells are used to treat diseases such as heart disease. 2) PLAN your answer with the table below. Remember to include scientific concepts as well as consider other ideas (economic, environmental, ethical, social issues on stem cells): List the two sources of stem cells: List one pro/benefit/advantage for each source: List one con/drawback/disadvantage for each source: (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) In the space below, list any other relevant ideas and issues: 3) DEVELOP a strong conclusion. Questions to consider about your conclusion: a) Should scientists continue to carry out stem cell research? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) b) What are your well-considered and scientifically-valid reasons for your opinion? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) 4) ANSWER the question. Use Point-Evidence-Explain in your writing: “Use the information above and your own knowledge and understanding to evaluate the use of embryonic stem cells or adult bone marrow stem cells for treating human diseases. You should include economic, ethical or social factors in your evaluation.” ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (6 marks) Name: ___________________________ Class: ______ Date: __________________ (Chemistry) This question is about ethanol and petrol for use as fuels in vehicles. 1) READ the text about ethanol and petrol. Highlight key terms you should use in your answer. Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer. It is also useful as a fuel. It is usually mixed with petrol for use in cars and other vehicles. In 1970, the Brazilian Government had stated that all petrol must contain more than 25% ethanol. The reasons for this statement in 1970 were: the oilfields in Brazil at that time only supplied 20 % of the crude oil needed to make petrol Brazil has a climate suitable for growing sugar cane. To produce ethanol the sugar cane plants are crushed and soaked in water for one day. The sugar solution is separated from the plant material by filtration. Yeast is added to the sugar solution and fermented for three days. The yeast is separated from the solution of water and ethanol by filtration. Ethanol is separated from water by fractional distillation. In 2011, the Brazilian Government decided to reduce the amount of ethanol in petrol to 18%. The reasons were that in 2011: the demand for ethanol and the price of ethanol had greatly increased very large offshore oilfields had been discovered, making Brazil one of the biggest crude oil producers in the world. 2) PLAN your answer with the table below. Remember to include scientific concepts as well as consider other ideas (economic, environmental, ethical, social issues on stem cells): List the two sources of fuel: List one pro/benefit/advantage for each source: List one con/drawback/disadvantage for each source: (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) In the space below, list any other relevant ideas and issues: 3) DEVELOP a strong conclusion. Questions to consider about your conclusion: a) Should Brazil produce more ethanol or petrol for fuel? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) b) What are your well-considered and scientifically-valid reasons for your opinion? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) 4) ANSWER the question. Use Point-Evidence-Explain in your writing: “Use the information above and your own knowledge and understanding to evaluate whether Brazil should in future increase or decrease the amount of ethanol mixed in petrol. You should include environmental, economic or social factors in your evaluation.” ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (6 marks) Name: ___________________________ Class: ______ Date: __________________ (Physics) This question is about nuclear energy. 1) READ the text about nuclear energy. Highlight key terms you should use in your answer. There are two methods of generating electricity using nuclear power. Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atom's nucleus to release heat. Nuclear power stations use a carefully-controlled chain reaction of rare radioactive elements such as uranium-235 to heat water. Dangerous radioactive waste is sealed in glass-like blocks and buried in rocks. Fossil fuel power stations burn their fuel (coal, oil or gas) to heat their water. The only difference between fossil fuel and nuclear power stations is how the water is heated. Nuclear fusion releases more heat energy than nuclear fission. However, in nuclear fusion: two nuclei must join together (rather than uranium nuclei splitting, as in fission) extremely high temperatures and pressures are needed. Extremely high temperatures and pressures are difficult to achieve, and it is difficult to safely manage the extremely hot gases produced. However, the oceans could provide almost limitless amounts of the hydrogen isotopes needed for nuclear fusion. Also, nuclear fusion produces no dangerous wastes, so scientists believe that it is worth trying to design and build a fusion power station. This is so expensive that several countries are working together on the project. 2) PLAN your answer with the table below. Remember to include scientific concepts as well as consider other ideas (economic, environmental, social issues on nuclear power): List the two types of nuclear energy: List one pro/benefit/advantage for each type: List one con/drawback/disadvantage for each type: (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) In the space below, list any other relevant ideas and issues: 3) DEVELOP a strong conclusion. Questions to consider about your conclusion: a) Should we continue to use and research nuclear power? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) b) What are your well-considered and scientifically-valid reasons for your opinion? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) 4) ANSWER the question. Use Point-Evidence-Explain in your writing: “Use the information above and your own knowledge and understanding to evaluate whether we should continue to use and research nuclear power. You should include environmental, economic or social factors in your evaluation.” ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (6 marks) Name: ___________________________ Class: ______ Date: __________________ Mark Scheme (Biology) marks should not be awarded for simply copying the information provided a mark may be awarded for a comparison between treatments if the answer only involves copied information for all 4 marks to be awarded, there must be at least 1 pro and 1 con 0 marks No relevant content. Level 1 (1-2 marks) There is a simple description of advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental or economic or social factors why scientists should or should not pursue stem cell research. There is a weak or no conclusion. Level 2 (3-4 marks) There a clear description of advantages and /or disadvantages of environmental and economic or social factors why scientists should or should not pursue stem cell research. There is a conclusion based on the factors described. Level 3 (5-6 marks) There is a detailed description of the advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental and economic or social factors why scientists should or should not pursue stem cell research, considering both sources of stem cells. There is a justified conclusion. examples of the biology points made in the response Embryonic stem cells Adult bone marrow stem cells Advantages Advantages can treat a wide variety / lots of diseases / no ethical issues (in collection) or permission problems given many available / plentiful quick recovery using them better than wasting them (relatively) safe painless well tried / tested / know they work Disadvantages (possible) harm / death to embryo does not kill (donor) / low risk (relatively) untested / unreliable / may not work embryo can’t be ‘asked’ / ’embryo rights’ idea long term effects not known or may be more risky Disadvantages surgical hazards, eg infection few types of cell / tissue produced or few diseases / problems treated painful so may deter donors Mark Scheme (Chemistry) marks should not be awarded for simply copying the information provided a mark may be awarded for a comparison between treatments if the answer only involves copied information for all 4 marks to be awarded, there must be at least 1 pro and 1 con 0 marks No relevant content. Level 1 (1-2 marks) There is a simple description of advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental or economic or social factors why Brazil should in future increase or decrease the amount of ethanol mixed in petrol. There is a weak or no conclusion. Level 2 (3-4 marks) There a clear description of advantages and /or disadvantages of environmental and economic or social factors Brazil should in future increase or decrease the amount of ethanol mixed in petrol. There is a conclusion based on the factors described. Level 3 (5-6 marks) There is a detailed description of the advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental and economic or social factors why Brazil should in future increase or decrease the amount of ethanol mixed in petrol, considering both processes. There is a justified conclusion. examples of the chemistry points made in the response Sugar cane Crude oil Advantages Advantages Environmental: Environmental: it is renewable / sustainable does not use land as it is offshore absorbs CO2 while growing / ‘carbon neutral’ Economical / Social: Economical / Social: no loss of food crops labour intensive, provides employment extracting or processing is fast / continuous / low amount of energy / fuel needed so process reliable costs are low simple / low technology process so process / Disadvantages investment costs are low Environmental: it is non-renewable / will run out Disadvantages it contains ‘locked up’ carbon / CO2, when Environmental: released increases global warming destruction of habitats / biodiversity to provide destruction of marine habitats / spillages land to grow sugar cane Economical / Social: Economical / Social: processing requires small number of trained land should be used to grow food (shortage / workers cost / population increase) high amount of energy / fuel needed so process growing or process is slow / batch / unreliable costs are high (crop failure) complex / high tech process so process / investment costs are high Name: ___________________________ Class: ______ Date: __________________ Mark Scheme (Physics) marks should not be awarded for simply copying the information provided a mark may be awarded for a comparison between treatments if the answer only involves copied information for all 4 marks to be awarded, there must be at least 1 pro and 1 con 0 marks No relevant content. Level 1 (1-2 marks) There is a simple description of advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental, economic, ethical or social factors why we should continue to use and research nuclear power. There is a weak or no conclusion. Level 2 (3-4 marks) There a clear description of advantages and /or disadvantages of environmental, economic, ethical or social factors why we should continue to use and research nuclear power. There is a conclusion based on the factors described. Level 3 (5-6 marks) There is a detailed description of the advantages and / or disadvantages of environmental, economic, ethical or social factors why we should continue to use and research nuclear power, considering both methods. There is a justified conclusion. examples of the physics points made in the response Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Advantages Advantages Environmental: Environmental: does not emit CO2 / harmful gases/ contribute does not produce pollution / harmful waste to global warming products Economical / Social: provides cheap electricity (for homes and industries) Disadvantages Environmental: produces dangerous radioactive wastes that persist for centuries / millenia Economical / Social: difficult to deal with radioactive wastes risk of irradiation from accidents and leaks Economical / Social: potential to provide safe cheap limitless energy Disadvantages Environmental: need access to large bodies of water to provide hydrogen isotope fuel Economical / Social: expensive research and development difficult and dangerous to maintain high pressures and temperatures