Download Y8 Q3 Biotech8 q3 mod2 GeneticManipulation s

8
Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Genetic Manipulation
Biotechnology– Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Genetic Manipulation
First Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for a profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Regional Director
:
OIC Asst. Regional Director :
May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Marifar Santos, Lemuel Licup, Larissa Manalili
Editors: Sherilyne L. Reyes, Jennifer Praza, Edgardo D. Cortez,
Jenny S. Tongol, Edythe Hipolito
Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo, Emily F. Sarmiento, Hermes Vargas,
Adrian Tamayo, Krislene Ida N. Mercado, Noel S. Reganit
Mercedes Bactol, Billy Ray B. Manuel, Marvin R. Leano,
Gemmarie G. Rivas
Illustrator: Arnold Arceo
Layout Artist: Maricon H. Rivera, Noel S. Reganit
Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Ma. Irelyn P. Tamayo PhD, CESE
Fernandina P. Otchengco, PhD, CESE
Librada M. Rubio PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD
Rochella C. David
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD
Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education –Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City
Office Address:
Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City
Telefax:
(045) 322-5722; 322-4702; 888-0582; 887-6099
E-mail Address:
[email protected]
8
Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Genetic Manipulation
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biotechnology. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is summated into one lesson, namely:
•
Lesson 1: Genetic Manipulation
After going through this module, you are expected to discuss how genetic materials
are manipulated;
1
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. This refers to the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes.
a.Genetic engineering
b. Karyotyping
c. Ligase
d. Plasmid
2. The circular piece of DNA found in bacteria and contains genes.
a. Cell
b. Ligase
c. Plasmid
d. Vector
3. The process by which many copies of a specific gene are made each time the host
cell reproduces.
a. Fingerprinting
b. PCR
c. Gene Cloning
d. Recombinant DNA
4. It is the shape of the DNA.
a. Helical
c. Parallel
b. horizontal
d. Vertical
5. He discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
a. Hamilton Smith
b. Hindll
c. Kary Mullis
d. Werner Abner
6. These are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide
sequence.
a. Gel electrophoresis
b. Ligase
c. Restriction enzymes
d. PCR
7. It is a genetic engineering tool used to multiply the DNA exponentially for each of
the 25 to 75 cycles.
a. Gel electrophoresis
b. Ligase
c. Restriction enzymes
d. PCR
8. It is a branch of biotechnology deals with the study and investigation of genomic
information from trace evidence found at crime scenes.
a. Agricultural biotechnology
b. Forensic biotechnology
c. Industrial biotechnology
d. Medical biotechnology
9. This was the name given to the first mouse used to study cancer.
a. Mighty mouse
b. Mousegenic
c. Oncomouse
d. Supermouse
10. This is the process where mice are used to study gene function by purposely
turning off specific genes.
a. Apoptosis
b. Cell knockout
c. Gene knockout
d. Genetosis
2
Lesson
1
Genetic Manipulation
What’s In
In our previous module, we learned about the different tools used in genetic
engineering and how these tools became helpful for human in terms of crop
production, detection of viruses, forensics and development of vaccines. For example,
the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRt-PRC) test which is used to
detect if a person is infected with a common strain of virus. In addition, the pulse
field gel electrophoresis is a technique that distinguishes samples of genetic material
applied in DNA fingerprinting.
ACTIVITY A
Direction: Match each tool used in genetic engineering to their corresponding
description by writing on the blank spaces the letter of the correct answer.
Genetic Tools
Polymerases
Gel Electrophoresis
Eukaryotic Host
Polymerase Chain
Reaction
Molecular Scissor
Answer
Description
a.
It
multiplies
the
DNA
exponentially for each of the 25 to
75 cycles.
b. It is the enzymes that cut DNA at
specific locations based on the
nucleotide sequence.
c. It monitors the changes
protein content in body fluids.
of
d. The utilization of multi cell
organisms
to
produce
human
proteins since these hosts with
complex structures
are
more
suitable to synthesize
complex
proteins.
e. The groups of enzymes that
catalyze the synthesis of
nucleic
acid molecules.
3
What’s New
Directions: Study the flowchart below. Complete it by choosing inside the box the
missing steps and benefits of DNA manipulation. Other responses were given as
your clues.
A- Removal of genes
D- To produce hydrocarbons, fuels,
plastics, drugs
B- Mutation of existing genes
E- To produce disease-and insect
resistant crops, edible vaccines,
larger crops
C- Insert new genes
G- To track protein production, for
disease detection to produce larger
animals as food source
DNA Manipulation
(Steps)
3.
2. Replace
insert new
genes
1.
4.
Creates genetically
modified organism
GM
Plants
GM
Bacteria
GM
Animals
Benefits
5.
7.
6.
4
What is It
Let’s talk about what is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary
material in humans and almost all other organisms.
So now let’s learn what is genetic manipulation, it is the process of inducing changes
in gene expression and expression of novel genes and has proven to be an
indispensable tool in genetic research.
According to Bhagvanji, Gohil Sanjay (2018) one of the applications of genetic
manipulation is Gene cloning, defined as a mechanism by which each time the host
cell reproduces; several copies of a particular gene are produced wherein it is possible
to clone whole species. Gene Cloning is the insertion of a fragment of DNA carrying
a gene into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA
molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning. It involves using bacteria to
make multiple copies of a gene, foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid, and the
recombinant plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell, reproduction in the bacterial
cell results in cloning of the plasmid including the foreign DNA and this results in
the production of multiple copies of a single gene.
Nuclear cloning or Nuclear transfer- the introduction of the nucleus from a cell
into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed). This
can be accomplished through fusion of the cell to the egg or through the direct
removal of the nucleus from the cell and the subsequent transplantation of that
nucleus into the enucleated egg cell. The donor nucleus used for nuclear transfer
may come from an undifferentiated embryonic cell or from a differentiated adult cell
(somatic cell); in the latter case, the technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer.
The concept of nuclear transfer was first conceived in 1928 by German embryologist
5
Hans Spemann, who initially experimented with transferring salamander embryonic
cell nuclei into egg cells (Rogers, Kara).
Transgenic organism- Modern genetic technology can be used to modify the
genomes of living organisms. This process is also known as “genetic engineering.”
Genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted from one species
to another. Genetic engineering is made possible by recombinant DNA technology.
Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic. Most transgenic
organisms are generated in the laboratory for research purposes. For example,
“knock-out” mice are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled.
By studying the effects of the missing gene, researchers can better understand the
normal function of the gene (Transgenic Organisms. 2019. Genetics Generation).
Transgenic organisms have also been developed for commercial purposes. Perhaps
the most famous examples are food crops like soy and corn that have been genetically
modified for pest and herbicide resistance. These crops are widely known as “GMOs”
(genetically modified organisms).
Here are few other examples of transgenic organisms with commercial value:
Golden rice: modified rice that produces beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A.
Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem for millions of people around the
world, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Golden rice is still waiting regulatory
approval.
Goats that produce important proteins in their milk: goats modified to produce
FDA-approved human antithrombin (ATryn), which is used to treat a rare blood
clotting disorder in humans. Goats have also been genetically modified to produce
spider silk, one of the strongest materials known to man, in their milk. Proposed
uses for this recombinant spider silk range from artificial tendons to bulletproof vest.
Copyright 1999-2009 Access Excellence @ The National Health Museum. Alright
reserved.
6
The process of cloning a gene in a bacterial plasmid can be divided into five steps:
1. Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. The source DNA may come from
human tissue cells. The source of the plasmid is typically E. coli. This plasmid carries
useful genes, such as ampR, conferring resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin.
2. Insertion of DNA into the vector. By digesting both the plasmid andhumanDNA
with the same restriction enzyme we can create thousands of human DNA fragments,
one fragment with the gene that we want, and with compatible sticky ends on
bacterial plasmids. After mixing, the human fragments and cut plasmids form
complementary pairs that are then joined by DNA ligase. This creates a mixture of
recombinant DNA molecules.
3. Introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Bacterial cells take up the
recombinant plasmids by the transformation. This creates a diverse pool of bacteria,
some bacteria that have taken up the desired recombinant plasmid DNA, other
bacteria that have taken up other DNA, both recombinant and nonrecombinant.
4. Cloning of cells (and foreign genes). We can plate out the transformed bacteria
on a solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin. Only bacteria that have the
ampicillin-resistance plasmid will grow.
5. Identifying cell clones with the right gene. Inthe final step, we willsortthrough
the thousands of bacterial colonies with foreign DNA to find those containing our
gene of interest
Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. Transgenic mice
were used to study development and disease; the first mouse used was called an
oncomouse used to study cancer. Other mice are used to study diabetes, brain
function, and development and sex determination. Gene knockout mice used to
study gene function – by purposely “turning off” specific genes. The knockout mouse
does not have a functional gene for a protein called leptin, which helps to control
food intake. Researchers are using this type of mouse to study obesity.
7
What’s More
Activity 1 Dolly: The cloned sheep
Direction: Read the short article about Dolly the sheep and answer the following
guide questions.
Dolly was part of a series of experiments at The Roslin Institute that was trying
to develop a better method for producing genetically modified livestock. If successful,
this would mean fewer animals would need to be used in future experiments.
Scientists at Roslin also wanted to learn more about how cells change during
development and whether a specialized cell, such as a skin or brain cell, could be
used to make a whole new animal.
These experiments were carried out at The Roslin Institute by a team led by
Professor Sir Ian Wilmut. Because of the nature of the research, the team was made
up of many different people, including scientists, embryologists, surgeons, vets and
farm staff.
Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six-year-old
Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface sheep. She was
born to her Scottish Blackface surrogate mother on 5th July 1996. Dolly’s white face
was one of the first signs that she was a clone because if she was genetically related
to her surrogate mother, she would have had a black face.
In 2001, Dolly was diagnosed with arthritis after farm staff noticed her walking
stiffly. This was successfully treated with anti-inflammatory medication, although
the cause of the arthritis was never discovered.
Dolly continued to have a normal quality of life until February 2003, when she
developed a cough. A CT scan showed tumors growing in her lungs and the decision
was made to euthanize Dolly rather than risk her suffering. Dolly was put to sleep
on 14th February 2003, at the age of six.
Guide questions:
1. Who is Dolly the Sheep and how was she created?
2. Who made Dolly the Sheep?
3. What was the first sign that showed Dolly was cloned?
Assessment1.
1. Why do you think producing Dolly is an important breakthrough in Science
and Technology?
2. If you were chosen to be a part of the team who created Dolly, what else would
you consider so Dolly would be healthy as possible?
8
Activity 2.
Directions: Complete the sentences in the diagram below to show the manipulation
of genetic material.
Photo source: April 30, 2018|Author: Anonymous| Category: Science, Biology,
Biochemistry, Genetics
Assessment 2.
1. Based on the diagram in activity 2, discuss the manipulation of genetic
material on how they cloned a lamb.
Activity 3. Gene Cloning versus Nuclear Cloning
Direction: Copy the Venn Diagram below and write the similarities and differences
between Gene cloning and Nuclear cloning.
NUCLEAR
CLONING
GENE
CLONING
Differences
Similarities
Differences
Assessment 3
1. What are the two types of Cloning?
2. What is Gene Cloning? How about Nuclear Cloning?
3. What type of cloning did scientists use to create Dolly? Explain your answer?
9
Activity 4:
Directions: Read each description carefully. Match them with the terms used in DNA
manipulation. Write the letter of the correct answer before each number.
Descriptions
Terms
A. Transgenic Organism
1. It is the process of inducing changes in gene
expression and expression of novel genes.
B. Nuclear cloning
2. It is defined as a mechanism by which each
time the host cell reproduces.
C. Genetic manipulation
D. Gene cloning
3. It is a modern technology which is used to
modify the genomes of living organisms.
E. Gene knockout
4. It is the purposely “turning off” the specific genes
of a mouse.
5. It is the introduction of the nucleus from a cell
into an enucleated egg cell.
Assessment 4.
1. What is oncomouse used for?
2. Why do we create transgenic animals?
3. How does cloning benefit the environment?
Activity 5: MYSTERY WORDS
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form correct words. Then, copy the letters
in the numbered boxes and write them below to unlock the mystery words.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
1. SILIONATO
2
2. COERTNISRTI
7
3. NROOSARFAITT
6
3
4. PIADLSM
1
10
10
12
13 14 15
5. MERTBCAONNI
4
6. SORSIPEEXN
8
7. GERTAT GEEN
11
8. NEZYSME
13
9. BEACIART
12
10. RIVUS
9
Assessment 5.
1. Based on the puzzle above, how are the terms involved in the DNA
manipulation process? Discuss your answers.
Activity 6. Letter clues
Direction: Decode the terms related to DNA manipulation by
corresponding letter of the given number clues.
writing the
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
1. It is the process by which many copies of a specific gene are made each time the
host cell reproduces. 7-5-14-5-3-12-15-9-14-7
2. What do we call to the organisms created by genetic engineering? 7 – 13 – 15
3. It is the introduction of the nucleus from a cell into an enucleated egg cell. 14-213-12-5-1-18
4. It contains foreign DNA that has been introduced using biotechnology. 20-1- 1419-7-5-14-9-3
5. The transgenic animals that are used to study cancer. 15-14-3-15-13-15-21-19-5
11
Assessment 6.
1. Based on your previous activity, how can we differentiate genetically modified
organisms and transgenic organisms? And how are transgenic organisms
created?
What I Have Learned
Let’s sum up what you have learned. Complete the sentences below.
It is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms
1
. While 2.
is the basic physical and functional unit
of heredity and made up of DNA. 3.
is the process of producing
individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially.
There are 2 types of cloning the 4
and 5
.
Organisms that have altered genomes are known as 6.
which
generated in the laboratory for research purposes. For example, 7
are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled and used to study
cancer. Another example is 8.
the first mammal cloned from an adult
somatic cell, using the process of nuclear. While 9.
is a modified
rice that produces 10.
the precursor to vitamin A.
12
What I Can Do
Find an article about the Human Genome Project. Write your insights based on the
article that you have read. Use the rubric below to guide you in writing your content.
CONTENT
ORGANIZATION
STYLE
5pts.
The ideas are
substantial, specific,
and/or illustrative
content demonstrating
strong development and
sophisticated ideas.
Sophisticated
arrangement of
content with evident
and/or subtle
transitions.
Precise, illustrative
use of a variety of
words and sentence
structures.
4pts.
Sufficiently developed
content with adequate
elaboration or
explanation.
Functional
arrangement of
content that sustains
a logical order with
some evidence of
transitions.
Use of simple or
common words.
3pts.
Limited content with
inadequate elaboration
or explanation.
Confused or
inconsistent
arrangement of
content with or
without attempts at
transition.
Limited wordchoice
and control of
sentence
structures.
2Pts.
Superficial and/or
minimal content.
Minimal control of
content arrangement.
Minimal variety in
word choice and
minimal control of
sentence
structures.
13
Assessment
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
1. Which genetic engineering process contains foreign DNA that has been
introduced using biotechnology?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gene cloning
GMO
Nuclear cloning
Transgenic organism
2. Who developed the process of nuclear cloning?
a. Hamilton Smith
b. Hans Spemman
c. Hindll
d. Kary Mullis
3. When was the first nuclear cloning conceived?
a. 1928
b. 1929
c. 1930
d. 1931
4. Which organism was modified to produce FDA-approved human antithrombin
(ATryn).
a. Cat
b. Frog
c. Goat
d. Sheep
5. What vitamin is present in Golden rice?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin D
B. FACT OR BLUFF. Write Fact if the statement is True and write Bluff if it is False.
1. Dolly the sheep is still alive.
2. Transgenic organisms have also been developed for commercial purposes.
3. The donor nucleus used for nuclear transfer may come from an
undifferentiated embryonic cell.
4. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the
genome.
5. DNA manipulation is the indirect manipulation of an organism's genes using
biotechnology.
14
Additional Activity
Direction: How does the creation of Spider goat be helpful? Discuss your answer.
Photo source: by Lisa Zyga , Phys.org
Rubric for Scoring
CONTENT
ORGANIZATION
STYLE
5pts.
The ideas are
substantial, specific,
and/or illustrative
content
demonstrating strong
development and
sophisticated ideas.
Sophisticated arrangement of
content with evident and/or
subtle transitions.
Precise, illustrative
use of a variety of
words and sentence
structures.
4pts.
Sufficiently
developed content
with adequate
elaboration or
explanation.
Functional arrangement of
content that sustains a
logical order with some
evidence of transitions.
Use of simple or
common words.
3pts.
Limited content with
inadequate
elaboration or
explanation.
Confused or inconsistent
arrangement of content with
or without attempts at
transition.
Limited word choice
and control of
sentence structures.
2Pts.
Superficial and/or
minimal content.
Minimal control of content
arrangement.
Minimal variety in
word choice and
minimal control of
sentence structures.
15
References
Anderson, Christine, and Lisa Bartee. n.d. “Manipulating Genetic Material.” Mt
Hood Community College Biology 102. Open Oregon Educational Resources.
Accessed January 16, 2021. Retrieved from
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology102/chapter/manipulatin
g-genetic-material/.
Bhagvanji, Gohil Sanjay. 2018. “Gene Cloning Principles as a Technique.” Retrieved
from SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/gohilsanjay3/gene-cloningprinciples-an-technique.
Genetic Engineering. n.d. Retrieved from
http://www.deercreekhs.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_38468/File/Bush/H
MH%209.4%20Notes.ppt
Malaka Follow, Madhusudhana. 2019. “Gene Cloning Presentation.” SlideShare.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/MadhusudhanaMalaka/genecloning-presentation.
Rideout, William M., Kevin Eggan, and Rudolf Jaenisch. 2001. “Nuclear Cloning
and Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Genome.” Science. American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5532/1093.
Rogers, Kara. n.d. “Nuclear Transfer.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica, inc. Accessed January 16, 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-transfer.
The Life of Dolly. n.d. Dolly the Sheep. Accessed January 16, 2021. Retrieved from
https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html.
Transgenic Organisms. 2019. Genetics Generation. Retrieved from
https://knowgenetics.org/transgenic-organisms/
19
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Region III- Schools Division of Angeles City
Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines 2009
Telefax: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702; 888-0582; 887-6099
Email Address: [email protected]