Download Booklet Physics and Chemistry 2021

Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Unit #1: Experimental Issues and Laboratory.
Teacher’s notes: Why Lab Safety is Important
It is important to have lab safety when you are working by yourself, in a group, and
around other people. Wearing protection equipment is very important when necessary. When
dealing with something hot always be sure to wear gloves and when using a chemical that
can hurt your eyes goggles should be worn at all time when you are in the lab. Also, when
using a chemical or anything that can leave stains be sure to wear an apron or something
that protects your clothes. Some chemicals are very dangerous to the body, therefore when
using them always do the right thing and never taste, touch, or smell the chemical unless the
teacher instructs you to. Always be sure you know what chemical you are using and if you
need to wear any protection to be safe and not get physically hurt. Also, when using a
chemical always be aware of your surroundings. Being aware of your surroundings means
that you know where everything is in case of fire or accident. You also need to know were
other groups are, so you do not have an accident and hurt another person and be respectful
of their space and their chemicals also. Always listen to the teacher and if you have a
question about a chemical or what to do always ask the teacher or a classmate that knows
what he/she is supposed to be doing. All these things are important to remember when in the
lab working.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s notes: There are many chemicals that are most essential in daily life. These
chemicals are used either in combined form or as some reagents. More than 1000 of these
chemicals are in use daily life. Here are some of them:
1) Baking powder
2) Soap
3) Detergent
4) Toothpaste
5) Vinegar
6) Bleaching powder
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
MOST DANGEROUS HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
Air Fresheners: don't let the commercials fool you. Most air fresheners interfere with your
ability to smell by disabling your nasal passages with an oil film or a nerve-deadening agent.
Common chemicals in air fresheners include formaldehyde (a highly toxic known carcinogen)
and phenol (which can cause hives, convulsions, circulatory collapse, coma, and even death).
Ammonia: is a volatile chemical that can damage your eyes, respiratory tract, and skin.
Bleach: is a strong corrosive that can damage the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. NEVER
mix bleach with ammonia, as the fumes can be deadly.
Carpet and Upholstery Shampoos: generally, contain highly toxic substances like
perchloroethylene (a known carcinogen that damages the liver, kidneys, and nervous system)
and ammonium hydroxide (a corrosive that irritates eyes, skin, and respiratory passages).
Dishwasher Detergents: most of them contain highly concentrated chlorine, which is the
#1 cause of child poisonings.
Drain Cleaners: commonly include lye (which can burn skin and eyes, and the esophagus
and stomach if ingested), hydrochloric acid (a corrosive eye and skin irritant that damages
kidneys, liver, and digestive tract), or trichloroethane (eye and skin irritant and nervous
system depressant).
Furniture Polish: is highly flammable and can cause skin and lung cancer. It often contains
phenol as well as nitrobenzene, which is an extremely toxic chemical that's easily absorbed
through the skin.
Mold and Mildew Cleaners: often contain sodium hypochlorite (a corrosive which can lead
to fluid in the lungs) and formaldehyde (a highly toxic, known carcinogen).
Oven Cleaner: contains lye (sodium hydroxide). Lye is often used to dissolve roadkill
dumped in landfills; that can't be healthy.
Antibacterial Cleaners: often contain triclosan, which is absorbed through the skin and
linked to liver damage. Antibacterial soaps may also contribute to the development of drugresistant bacteria.
Laundry Room Products: may contain sodium or calcium hypocrite (a highly corrosive
agent that can irritate the skin and eyes), hypochlorite bleach (a corrosive that can burn the
eyes, skin, and respiratory tract). If exposed to other chemicals, hypochlorite bleach may
form chlorine fumes that could be fatal.
Toilet Bowl Cleaners: may contain hydrochloric acid or hypochlorite bleach.
Chemistry is everywhere,
including in your household
materials like the one mentioned.
Perhaps most of you have already
aware of that, though there might
be some who are still clueless. Be
it the natural chemicals or the
artificial ones, they both are
surrounding us. Like, detergents,
cleaners, shampoo, soaps, air
fresheners, and many more.
Of course, they are quite
handy, helpful, and useful in the
same time. Well, just imagine that
there are no detergents in this world. Oh, the idea of walking around with some shabby,
stinky clothes doesn’t sound good, does it?
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Is Anything We Use in Everyday Life Radioactive? *
Everything we encounter in our daily lives contains some radioactive material, some
naturally occurring and some man-made: the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we
eat, the ground we walk upon, and the consumer products we purchase and use. Although
they might be familiar with the use of radiation to diagnose disease and treat cancer, many
people, when they hear the terms "radioactive" and "radiation," tend to think of mushroom
clouds and the monster mutants that inhabit the world of science fiction movies and comic
books. Careful analyses can identify and quantify the radioactive material in just about
anything. This document describes a few of the more commonly encountered and familiar
consumer products that can contain sufficient radioactive material for it to be distinguished
from background with a simple handheld radiation survey meter.
Smoke Detectors: Most residential smoke detectors contain a low-activity americium-241
source. Alpha particles emitted by the americium ionize the air, making the air conductive.
Any smoke particles that enter the unit reduce the current and set off an alarm. Even though
these devices save lives, the question "are smoke detectors safe?" is still asked by those with
an inordinate fear of radiation. The answer, of course, is "yes, they are safe." Instructions for
proper installation, handling, and disposal of smoke detectors are found on the package.
Watches and Clocks: Modern watches and clocks sometimes use a small quantity of
hydrogen-3 (tritium) or promethium-147 as a source of light. Older (for example, pre-1970)
watches and clocks used radium-226 as a source of light. If these older timepieces are
opened and the dial or hands handled, some of the radium could be picked up and possibly
ingested. As such, caution should be exercised when handling these items.
Ceramics: Ceramic materials (for example, tiles, pottery) often contain elevated levels of
naturally occurring uranium, thorium, and/or potassium. In many cases, the activity is
concentrated in the glaze. Unless there is a large quantity of the material, readings above
background are unlikely. Nevertheless, some older (for example, pre-1960) tiles and pottery,
especially those with an orange-red glaze (for example, Fiesta® ware) can be quite
radioactive.
Glass: Glassware, especially antique glassware with a yellow or greenish color, can contain
easily detectable quantities of uranium. Such uranium-containing glass is often referred to as
canary or Vaseline glass. In part, collectors like uranium glass for the attractive glow that is
produced when the glass is exposed to a black light. Even ordinary glass can contain highenough levels of potassium-40 or thorium-232 to be detectable with a survey instrument.
Older camera lenses (1950s-1970s) often employed coatings of thorium-232 to alter the
index of refraction.
Fertilizer: Commercial fertilizers are designed to provide varying levels of potassium,
phosphorous, and nitrogen. Such fertilizers can be measurably radioactive for two reasons:
potassium is naturally radioactive, and the phosphorous can be derived from phosphate ore
that contains elevated levels of uranium.
Food: Food contains a variety of different types and amounts of naturally occurring
radioactive materials. Although the relatively small quantities of food in the home contain too
little radioactivity for the latter to be readily detectable, bulk shipments of food have been
known to set off the alarms of radiation monitors at border crossings. One exception would be
low-sodium salt substitutes that often contain enough potassium-40 to double the
background count rate of a radiation detector.
* Information taken from a Health Physics Society fact sheet, "Consumer Products Containing
Radioactive Materials," published in November 2002.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Safety rules for laboratory practices
Video #1: Zombie College – 5 Rules for lab safety
Description
The zombie apocalypse has started because students failed to follow the 5 rules of lab safety!
But you can set things right by proving you have what it takes to work safely in the lab. Join
Amy, Jack, and Prof. McClean in the search for a cure.
And most of all...try to stay alive!
Activities I
1.a)- The figure shows a cartoon of a lab and students doing unsafe things. You must
examine the cartoon:
Now answer the questions:
1.b)- List all the unsafe activities (25) shown in the cartoon and explain why each is unsafe.
1.c)- What are three things shown in the lab that should not be there?
1.d)- List three items in the cartoon that are there for the safety of the students in the lab.
1.e)- List “the five” safety rules included in Zombie College Lab.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
What are they doing wrong?
Activity II
1)- Read carefully the story on page 6.
2)- Now list the things (12) that the pupils are doing wrong in this story.
3)- The Paul’s behavior is very dangerous. How to end this story? Write a short paragraph
telling the consequences of his actions.
4)- Warning signs activity. What do you understand by the words:
4.a)- corrosive
4.b)- irritant
4.c)- flammable
4.d)- radioactive
4.e)- toxic?
5)- Give 5 examples of each of the substances labeled with warning signs and that are
commonly used in daily life.
IRRITANT
CORROSIVE
RADIOACTIVE
FLAMMABLE
TOXIC
6)- The following table lists many cleaning products that we use regularly. Depending on the
characteristics of each one, place a cross “X” or a tick “” in the appropriate column.
Corrosive
Irritant
Toxic
Flammable
Chemicals
Air fresheners
Ammonia
Bleach
Carpet and upholstery
shampoos
Dishwasher detergents
Drain cleaners
Furniture polish
Mold and mildew cleaners
Oven cleaners
Antibacterial cleaners
Laundry room products
Toilet bowl cleaners
Laundry detergents
Toothpaste
Floor cleaner
Antiseptics mouthwash
Bleaching agents
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
7)- Connect using different-colours arrows: warning sign with the proper substance.
Here
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
INDIVIDUAL SELF ASSESSMENT – Unit #1
1)- Savannah, Evan, Fredy, Will, Sarah and Lindsey are part from 1st grade E. As you will
appreciate, they are committing a great variety of imprudence and unsafe actions for
themselves and their surroundings.
Now solve the questions below using an extra-page:
1.a)- Describe 7 unsafe behaviors shown in the cartoon and explain why these
behaviors are unsafe. Then, determine for each behavior which is the rule they are
breaking.
1.b)- What are three items shown in the lab that should not be there?
1.c)- List 3 items that are there for the safety of the students.
1.d)- List “the five safety rules” included in Zombie College movie OR in Zombie college
song lyrics.
2)- Connect by colours arrows the type of substance with its properties.
TOXIC
will destroy and
damage other
substances or
tissues with
which it comes
into contact.
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CORROSIVE
will ignite and
continue to
burn in air if
exposed to a
source of
ignition.
RADIOACTIVE
causes a
temporary
inflammation of
living tissue
(eyes, skin, or
respiratory
organs).
sue (eyes, skin,
FLAMMABLE
IRRITANT
chemicals can
be - - - - because they
can harm us
when they
enter the body.
a substance can
be - - - - - if it
contains
unstable nuclei
and is able to
release energy
in the process.
in the process.
Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
3)- Connect using different colours arrows the signs with their proper everyday cleaning
products and device.
(smoke detector)
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
QUESTION BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The desire to maintain a safe laboratory environment for all begins with _________?
a. prevention
c. microbiology
b. ubiquity
d. accidents
2. When a chemical splash in the eye rinse for ________?
a. 10 seconds
c. 5 minutes
b. 30 seconds
d. 15 minutes
3. Which of the following type(s) of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is frequently used?
a. Safety glasses
d. Gloves
b. Lab Coats
e. All of the above
c. Face Shields
4. Chemical, reagents or broth cultures should be pipetted by ___________?
a. mouth
c. pipetter
b. ear
d. nose
5. Good work practices include,
a. smelling and tasting chemicals
b. not washing hands before and after lab
c. confining long hair and loose clothing
d. using damaged equipment and glassware.
6. What is the name of the procedure performed under sterile conditions to eliminate
contamination in hopes to obtain a pure culture of one type of microorganism?
a. sterilization technique
c. disinfectant technique
b. aseptic technique
b. pathogen technique
Vocabulary here:
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
7. After a biohazard spill is covered with paper towels and disinfectant solution, it must sit for
_________ minutes?
a. 5
c. 60
b. 30
d. 20
8. ______________ is needed as a source of nutrient for the growth and reproduction of
microbes.
a. pathogens
c. reagents
b. bacteria
d. media
9. To prevent the contamination of microscopes and surrounding areas disinfect/clean used
slides, prepared by student, with
a. 70% ethanol and lens paper
b. acetone and lens paper
b. 5% methylene blue and lens paper
d. water and lens paper
True/False:
1. Virulent strains of microorganisms are used in your laboratory.
2. You should always wash your hands before and after lab.
3. Food and drinks are allowed in the lab.
4. Lab coats much be taken off when exiting the lab and entering a nonlaboratory area.
5. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a method employed in a laboratory setting
to prevent contamination, accidents and injuries.
Vocabulary here:
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
True/false (continuance)
6. Following Good Laboratory Practices should only be used when your instructor
reminds the class to do so.
7. Cell phones can be used in lab if the instructor is not talking.
8. Students must know the location of all safety equipment.
9. It is good practice to carry the microscope with one hand.
Short Answer
1. What are the 3 most common ways accidents or incidents occur in the laboratory?
2. Identify one safety violation in the picture.
3. What type of solution(s) should be used to disinfect a bench top before and after lab?
4. The sign below indicates what type of safety hazard?
Vocabulary here:
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
5. The sign below indicates what type of safety hazard?
6. Identify one safety violation in the picture.
Vocabulary here:
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Some laboratory apparatuses (I)
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
UNIT 2: Matter. Properties and transformations.
Teacher’s note: Physics and chemistry are both sciences and are both interested in the
structure of matter. However, they also have a great deal of differences. In this lesson,
we'll compare and put in contrast the fields of physics and chemistry.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note: There are several differences between a physical and chemical change
in matter or substances. A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the
substance is. In a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is
formed, and energy is either given off or absorbed.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note: When heat is given off in a chemical change or reaction, it is called an
exothermic reaction. When heat is absorbed in a chemical change or reaction, it is called
an endothermic reaction. The speed at which chemical reactions take place depend on the
temperature pressure and how concentrated the substances involved in the chemical
reaction are.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Starter activities: Physical and Chemical Changes
Video #2: Physical and Chemical Changes, Mark and Molly
1st Part:
1) What are they doing?
2) What happened in each case?
3) What kind of changes they produced?
4) Which are the examples mentioned for chemical and physical changes?
5) How is an ice cube made up?
6) What happens during a melting?
7) How is a molecule of water?
2nd Part:
8) How can we represent a molecule of water?
9) Iron bar can be suffering 2 kinds of change, can change into ______________ or
______________.
10) Write down the chemical equation for a rusting process (case: iron)
11) Write down the chemical equation for a sugar digestive process (case: lollipop)
12) Write down the chemical equation for a gasoline combustion process (case: octane)
13) Physical changes can be: ______________________________.
14) Chemical changes can _______ be _______, also called _________________.
Continuance
15)- Identify which are physical or chemical changes. Put CH for chemical or PH for
physical, as appropriate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Iron rusting (iron oxide forms) _____
Whipping egg whites (air is forced into the fluid) _____
Gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon dioxide form) _____
Magnetizing a compass needle (there is realignment of groups, domains, of iron
atoms) _____
Egg cooking (fluid proteins molecules uncoil and crosslink to form a network)
_____
Boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid
changes the vapor, but the molecules are still H2O) _____
Bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas) _____
Dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water) _____
Dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them)
_____
Sun tanning (vitamin D and melanin is produced) _____
16)- Write down at least 5 characteristics of a chemical change. Then crop the diagram
from the next page by the dash lines. Put the attributes in each semi-circle.
1)- _______________________________________________
2)- _______________________________________________
3)- _______________________________________________
4)- _______________________________________________
5)- _______________________________________________
6)- _______________________________________________
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
How do you
know when a
chemical
change has
occurred?
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note: Oxygen is a highly reactive element that is very abundant on earth and
in the human body. It is found in many compounds that are used to sustain basic life
forms and modern civilization. Compounds containing oxygen are of great interest in the
field of chemistry.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note: Chemistry happens in the world around you, not just in a lab. Matter
interacts to form new products through a process called a chemical reaction or chemical
change. Every time you cook or clean, it's chemistry in action. Your body lives and grows
thanks to chemical reactions.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
INDIVIDUAL SELF ASSESSMENT – Unit #2
1)- Read each scenario. Decide whether a physical or chemical change has occurred and
give 2 evidences for your decision. The first one has been done for you to use as an
example.
Situation
1
Umm! A student called Sarah removes a
loaf of bread hot from the oven. She
cuts a slice off the loaf and spreads
butter on it.
2
Every morning, Sarah moistens her face
and then uses soap. After this, she
brushes her teeth.
3
Sarah wants to toast bread and puts
the slices on a grill. The bread is heated
and catches on fire in the grill.
4
Sarah does not use butter and milk very
much. After a while, both become
rancid.
5
Sarah is distracted surfing the
Internet and her coffee gone cold.
6
To ride on her bicycle, Sarah puts oil on
the metal chain of bike for making it
turn easily.
7
During a fitness class, extra work makes
Sarah breathe faster. Extra oxygen in
needed for respiration.
8
For her plants to grow, Sarah waters
and puts them under the sun for their
photosynthetic processes.
page 33
Physical or
chemical
change?
Physical
Evidences…
 No change in substances.
 No unexpected color
change, temperature
change, or gas given off.
Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Sarah was walking in the rain. Her hair
got wet. Now, Sarah dries out her hair
by blow hot air.
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In a firework show that Sarah is
watching, the fireworks explode giving
off heat and light.
2)- A group of 1st year students are conducting a series of experiments in the laboratory.
The goal is to get different changes at the end of the class, could you help them to
distinguish the changes?
A- Cooking a
hard-boiled egg.
B- Dissolving
sugar in glass of
water.
C- Boiling fresh
tap water.
D- Setting light
candles.
Complete putting the letters of the pictures A, B, C or D:
Changes that are irreversible: ___________
Changes that are reversible: ___________
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
QUESTION BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1)- Which of the following is a physical change?
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Combustion of magnesium ribbon
(c) Burning of candle
(d) Melting of wax
2)- Which of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Twinkling of stars
(b) Cooking of vegetables
(c) Cutting of fruits
(d) Boiling of water
3)- A chemical change may involve –
(a) change in colour only
(b) change in temperature only
(c) evolution of gas only
(d) any or all of the above
4)- Which of the following is/are true when milk changes into curd?
(a) Its state is changed from liquid to semi solid.
(b) It changes colour.
(c) It changes taste.
(d) The change cannot be reversed.
5)- Choose the correct option from below:
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (i) to (iv) are correct
6)- A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to
(i) prevent it from rusting.
(ii) protect it from sun.
(iii) make it look beautiful.
(iv) make it dust free.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
7)- Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) only (ii)
(d) (i) and (iii)
8)- Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi is famous for the following facts. Which of
these facts is responsible for its long stability?
(a) It is more than 7 metres high.
(b) It weighs about 6000 kg.
(c) It was built more than 1600 years ago.
(d) It has not rusted after such a long period.
9)- Galvanization is a process used to prevent the rusting of which of the following?
(a) Iron
(b) Zinc
(c) Aluminium
(d) Copper
10)- Joan’s mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving sugar in hot water. On
cooling, crystals of sugar got separated. This indicates a –
(a) physical change that can be reversed.
(b) chemical change that can be reversed.
(c) physical change that cannot be reversed.
(d) chemical change that cannot be reversed.
11)- Which of the following statement is incorrect for a chemical reaction?
(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed.
(b) Sound may be produced.
(c) A colour change may take place.
(d) A gas may be evolved.
12)- Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper sulphate powder and
then small amount of hot water was added to dissolve it (step I). On cooling, beautiful
blue coloured crystals got separated (step II). Step I and step II are:
(a) physical and chemical changes respectively.
(b) chemical and physical changes respectively.
(c) both physical change.
(d) both chemical change.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1)- State whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place.
(b) Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas.
(c) Ships suffer a lot of damage though they are painted.
(d) Stretching of rubber band is not a physical change.
2)- Melting of wax is a change where a solid changes to liquid state. Give one more such
change which you observe in your surroundings.
3)- What kind of change is shown by tearing of paper?
Short Answer Type Questions
1)- Match the items of Column I with the items of Column II.
2)- Fill in the blanks in the following statements using the words given in the box.
rusted, colourful, substance, chemical, physical, reversible, iron oxide, object
(a) Making sugar solution is a ____________ change.
(b) A physical change is generally____________.
(c) Grinding of wheat grain changes its size. It is a ____________ change.
(d) Iron benches kept in lawns and gardens get____________. It is a
_________ change because a new _________ is formed.
3)- Classify the following processes into physical or chemical changes:
(i) Beating of aluminium metal to make aluminium foil.
(ii) Digestion of food.
(iii) Cutting of a log of wood into pieces.
(iv) Burning of crackers.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
4)- Write word equations for two chemical reactions with the help of materials given in
the box.
Air, copper sulphate, iron, vinegar, iron oxide, carbon dioxide,
iron sulphate, copper, lime water, water
5)- Explain the following:
(a) Lime water turns milky on passing carbon dioxide gas into it.
(b) Bubbles are produced when acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
Long Answer Type Questions
1)- Give two examples for each of the following cases:
(a) Physical changes which are reversible.
(b) Physical changes which are not reversible.
(c) Chemical changes.
2)- Give an example of a chemical reaction for each of the following situations:
(a) A change in colour is observed.
(b) A gas is evolved.
(c) Sound is produced.
3)- If you leave a piece of iron in the open for a few days, it acquires a film of brownish
substance, called rust.
(a) Do you think rust is different from iron?
(b) Can you change rust back into iron by some simple method?
(c) Do you think formation of rust from iron is a chemical change?
(d) Give two other examples of a similar type of change.
4)- A student took a solution of copper sulphate in a beaker and put a clean iron nail into
it and left it for about an hour.
(a) What changes do you expect?
(b) Are these changes chemical in nature?
(c) Write a word equation for the chemical change, if any.
page 38
UNIT #3: Particle theory.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Activities based on videos #3 and #4
Video #3: matter and states of matter
1)2)3)4)5)6)-
What are all substances made?
What is matter?
How is matter made up?
How do we know if something is solid, liquid or gas?
How can we define what are the properties? And which are they?
Connect with arrows:
MASS
VOLUME
SHAPE
is the form of an object or its external boundary, outline,
or external surface, as opposed to other properties such
as color, texture, or material composition.
the amount of space that is contained within an object or
solid shape.
quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle
or object.
7)- Complete: for solids,
 Mass…___________________________
 Volume…___________________________
 Shape…___________________________
8)- Complete: for liquids,
 Mass…___________________________
 Volume…___________________________
 Shape…___________________________
9)- Complete: for gasses,
 Mass…___________________________
 Volume…___________________________
 Shape…___________________________
10)- draw how atoms are arranged in each of the states.
_____________
11)- Are gasses invisible? Why?
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Video #4: the kinetic molecular theory
1)- What is the Kinetics molecular theory?
2)- What is the meaning of the word “Kinetic”?
3)- How do the particles of solid move?
4)- How do the particles of a liquid move?
5)- How do the particles of a gas move?
6)- Are energy and motion connected? Why?
7)- In your opinion, in which states the atoms and molecules are?
7.a)- Disappointed, upset, dissatisfied
7.b)- Peaceful, quiet, serene
7.c)- happier, cheerier, merrier
Continuance
8)- For a substance that has gas, liquid, and solid phases, arrange these phases in order
of increasing density.
a. strength of intermolecular interactions.
b. compressibility.
c. molecular motion.
d. order in the arrangement of the molecules or atoms.
9)- The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that;
Discuss
A. All matter is composed of atoms
B. Atoms are in constant motion
C. The motion of the particles can explain their physical states
D. Matter cannot be created or destroyed
10)- Gases differ from solids in that;
Discuss
A. They can be compressed
B. They have collisions with close neighbors
C. They have a definite volume
D. They have a higher amount of kinetic energy
11)- Gases are like liquids in that;
Discuss
A. They have a definite volume
B. They take the shape of their container
C. They are both considered fluids
D. They cannot be compressed
12)- How do gas molecules move?
Discuss
A. In an orderly fashion
B. Constantly and randomly
C. In straight-line paths
D. In a circular motion
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
BLANK PAGE
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Some laboratory apparatuses (II)
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
BLANK PAGE
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Activities based on the video #5
What is plasma? The fourth state of matter
1) Words are willing to be caught by young minds. Use the jail to trap them.
2) Imagine you have a volume of hot gas. What happens if we continue applying
heat? (Very strong heat must be applied)
3) What means the verdict “plasma is neutral”?
4) Which is the difference between “gas” and “plasma” respect of electricity?
5) List the 6 examples of plasma mentioned and used in everyday life.
6) Explain using your own words or a diagram how to produce light within a
fluorescent tube.
7) Sketch the way that a plasma TV produce a colorful image.
8) Choose from the following examples the cases where “plasma” is present. Crop and
paint them. Don’t throw away the other objects and save them for next activity.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
INDIVIDUAL SELF ASSESSMENT – Unit #3
1)- Alphabet soup puzzle: find the terms that are defined below.
M
H
U
O
A
Z
F
U
J
S
C
I
Q
E
L
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
N
A
J
L
M
O
W
F
L
J
O
C
D
E
E
B
D
H
B
A
M
S
A
L
P
X
R
T
Y
J
S
H
A
P
E
H
I
A
B
G
J
N
U
E
Y
T
A
C
I
A
K
T
Y
Q
X
E
U
B
E
L
G
G
J
I
E
C
A
I
J
C
L
D
E
A
C
G
N
B
L
I
H
D
U
S
U
E
J
Z
O
E
L
E
L
I
K
E
Y
E
F
C
T
F
T
D
K
A
B
J
M
N
Z
R
U
J
H
I
Z
M
E
Y
T
U
L
B
J
O
K
E
C
B
C
O
N
A
L
X
B
G
J
U
P
A
E
O
A
Y
F
O
Y
I
A
U
B
L
I
D
M
C
I
N
V
I
S
I
B
L
E
F
D
A
F
E
G
E
Y
I
B
Y
C
K
L
I
1)- The presence of a significant number of charge carriers makes it electrically
conductive. ___________
2)- The atoms and molecules need it to able to move and pass from a certain state
to another one. ___________
3)- The amount of space that is contained within an object or solid shape.
___________
4)- Type of light that is produced by an ionized gas like mercury and an electrical
current. ___________
5)- Relating to the movement of physical objects. Any object uses this type of
energy. ___________
6)- Affects the speed at which particles move. Heating a liquid increases. Cooling a
liquid decreases. ____________
7)- The particles of a gas are so far apart they are colourless, but they are still
there. ___________
8)- The quality of a distinct object or body in having an external surface or specific
form or figure. ___________
*** Remember to write the found terms in the appropriate blank line ***
2)- Properties of the states of matter: read carefully each sentence and put if it is “S” for
solid, “L” for liquid, “G” for gas and “P” for plasma.
a. The molecules are really spread out, full of energy. _____
b. Is a hot gas consisting of equal numbers of positive ions and negative electrons.
_____
c. the molecules are packed closely together. _____
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
d. Will flow and fill the lowest portion of a container. _____
e. Usually arranged in a regular pattern. _____
f. Particles have more space between them, so they are not fixed in position.
_____
g. Has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. _____
h. Is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the Universe. _____
3)- The 4th state of matter: crop by the dash line the following items and using an extra
page, separate into 2 groups: 1 group for those that use plasma to operate and then 1
group for those do not have anything to do with the fourth state of matter:
4)- Artists of particles: inside each container draw the arrangements of particles for each
state and paint them as you decide.
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Solid
Gas
Liquid
Plasma
Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
BLANK PAGE
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
5)- Plasma is appliances (I) in everyday life: Diagram the structure of a pixel
inside the magnifier and then explain briefly how a set of pixels produces a full
colour images.
Plasma screen TV
magnifier
6)- Plasma is appliances (II) in everyday life
Complete the following sketch of a fluorescent tube connecting
the particles that carry the electrical current and answer:
6.a)- Which is the difference between “gas” and “plasma”
respect of electricity?
Base pins
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aluminium cap
glass tube mercury vapor
Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
UNIT #4: Atoms and Elements.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Activities based con video #6
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
Part I
1. Watch and listen carefully. Pay attention without taking notes in your folders.
2. During second reproduction try to find the places where you can find the answers.
3. Why can’t we observe an atom with naked eye?
4. How can we observe an atom?
5. What does the word “atom” mean?
6. Which is the origin of the word “atom”?
7. How is everything made up?
8. How are all molecules made up?
9. How does the video explain the concepts of atom and molecule?
10.Atoms are the ______________ unit of _______________.
Part II
11.What is centre of atom name?
12.How is a centre of atom made up?
13.What are the protons?
14.What are the neutrons?
15.What are the electrons?
16.Can electrons run away from the nucleus? Why?
17.How do atoms bond together to form a molecule?
18.What is outer shell electrons name?
19.How do hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom join to form the molecule of water?
20. Draw the union between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
BLANK PAGE
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Some laboratory apparatuses (III)
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
BLANK PAGE
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note:
Plausibly the first
chemical reaction used in
a controlled manner was
fire. However, for
millennia fire was seen
simply as a mystical
force that could
transform one substance
into another (burning
wood, or boiling water)
while producing heat and
light. Fire affected many
aspects of early
societies. These ranged
from the simplest facets
of everyday life, such as
cooking and habitat
lighting, to more
advanced technologies,
such as pottery, bricks,
and melting of metals to
make tools.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Teacher’s note: The word “alchemy” brings to mind a cauldron-full of images: witches
hovering over a boiling brew, or perhaps sorcerers in smoky labs or cluttered libraries.
Despite these connotations of the mythic and mystical, alchemical practice played an
important role in the evolution of modern science.
Historically, alchemy refers to both the investigation of nature and an early philosophical
and spiritual discipline that combined chemistry with metal work. Alchemy also
encompassed physics, medicine, astrology, mysticism, spiritualism, and art. The goals of
alchemy were:
 to find the “elixir of life” (it was thought that this magical elixir would bring wealth,
health, and immortality);
 to find or make a substance called the “philosopher’s stone,” which when heated
and combined with “base” (nonprecious metals such as copper and iron) would turn
it into gold, thought to be the highest and purest form of matter; and
 to discover the relationship of humans to the cosmos and use that understanding to
improve the human spirit.
Alchemists contributed to an incredible diversity of what would later be recognized as
chemical industries: basic metallurgy, metalworking, the production of inks, dyes, paints,
and cosmetics, leather-tanning, and the preparation of extracts and liquors. It was a
fourth-century Indian alchemist who first described the process of zinc production by
distillation, a 17th- century German alchemist who isolated phosphorus, and another
German alchemist of the same period who developed a porcelain material that broke
China’s centuries-old monopoly on one of the world’s most valuable commodities. These
contributions proved valuable to the societies in which alchemists lived and to the
advancement of civilization.
In 1662, Robert Boyle (1627–1691) articulated Boyle’s law, which states that the volume
of a gas decreases as the pressure on it increases, and vice versa. For this and other
important contributions to scientific inquiry, Boyle is sometimes called the father of
modern chemistry, but he was not a scientist in the current sense of the word. Rather, he
is what is called a natural philosopher, someone who studied fundamental questions
about nature and the physical universe before the 19th century, when dramatic advances
in technology began to revolutionize our understanding of and approach to these
questions.
Boyle used his 1661 text The Sceptical Chymist to explain his hypothesis and to dismiss
Aristotle’s four-elements theory, which had persisted through the ages. Boyle recognized
that certain substances decompose into other substances (water decomposes into
hydrogen and oxygen when it is electrically charged) that cannot themselves be broken
down any further. These fundamental substances he labelled elements, which could be
identified by experimentation.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Boyle was a prolific experimenter who kept meticulous accounts about both his failures
and successes. He was a pioneer of chemical analysis and the scientific method, endlessly
repeating his experiments with slight variations to obtain better results and, unheard of
among earlier alchemists, always publishing the methods and details of his work in clear
terms that could be widely understood.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Activities based on video #7
The life cycle of stars. The Chemistry in the stars
1)- Re-write all the words you took prisoner in your annotations page, including the words
from your classmate. Gather the both pages and attach them with these activities.
2)- Which of the following words do not appear in the video? Cross out them.
FUNCTIONS
SAND
RED
COLLAPSE
ABSORB
EARTH
HELIUM
OXYGEN
HOPE
BLANK
WHITE
SILVER
PLANETS LIGHT
DENSER
HOTTER
USUALLY
EVENTUALLY
FUSE
FISION
ATOMS
INDELICATE
OBJECT
ROW MATERIAL
BALANCE
EXPAND
SOLAR SYSTEM
FATTER
WICKER
ATMOSPHERE
NEBULAE
SUBJECT
DWARF
HALF MASS
AMAZING
RENEWABLE ENERGY
BIGGER
SOLAR ENERGY
BLAST
POWERFUL
BLACK HOPE
BIG BLAST
DUST
3)- Which of the following elements from the Periodic Table do not appear in the video?
IRON
MAGNESIUM
COBALT
HYDROGEN
CARBON
SODIUM
HELIUM
SILVER
MERCURY
CHLORINE
SULPHUR
SILICON
URANIUM
TIN
COPPER
NITROGEN
CALCIUM
GOLD
LEAD
4)- Answer the following questions considering all the information you discovered in the
video:
4.1)- What is a star?
4.2)- What star is nearest the Earth?
4.3)- Why are some stars brighter than others?
4.4)- Do the stars have colours?
4.5)- Do the colours of the stars have any meaning?
5)- Using your own resources, answers these extra question:
5.1)- Do all the stars have names?
5.2)- How many stars can we see in a clear night?
6)- Write TRUE or FALSE as appropriate:
 A cloud of gas and dust forms many stars _________
 A single star is created when clumps of this material (mostly nitrogen gas) are pulled
together by the force of gravity _________
 The gas in the center becomes hot enough and dense enough to begin fusion
_________
 Iron atoms inside the clumps smash into each other, combining to create helium
_________
 The star begins to shine when hydrogen produces helium _________
 The death of a high-mass star is called supernova _________
 In the most massive stars, the collapsed core will become a black hole _________
7)- Now, students are reporters!!!! List 5 Ws questions written by you to use as a quiz
testing the knowledge of the other groups.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Extra exercises: Fundamental ideas about the atom
Attention: Underline or highlight the correct answer. In the first attempt, you must use
pencil.
1)- The atoms in an element are:
 All the same type
 Two types joined together
 About a hundred different types
2)- An atom consists of:
 An electron surrounded by a nucleus
 A nucleus containing electrons
 A nucleus surrounded by electrons
3)- What is the correct chemical symbol for sodium?
 NA
 Na
 na
4)- Which of the following does the nucleus contain?
 protons and electrons
 protons and neutrons
 neutrons and electrons
5)- Which of the following statements is correct?
 Protons are positively charged, and neutrons are negatively charged.
 Protons are negatively charged, and electrons are positively charged.
 Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.
6)- What is the atomic number of an atom?
 The number of atoms it contains.
 The number of protons it contains.
 The number of neutrons it contains.
7)- Which of the following statements is true of an atom?
 The number of protons is always equal to the number of neutrons.
 The number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons.
 The number of neutrons is always equal to the number of electrons.
8)- The three basic components of an atom are:
 protons, neutrons, and ions
 protons, neutrons, and electrons
 protons, neutrinos, and ions
 protium, deuterium, and tritium
9)- An element is determined by the number of:
 atoms
 electrons
 neutrons
 protons
10)- The nucleus of an atom consists of:
 electrons
 neutrons
 protons and neutrons
 protons, neutrons, and electrons
11)- A single proton has what electrical charge?
 no charge
 positive charge
 negative charge
 either a positive or negative charge
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
12)- Which two particles would be attracted to each other?
 electrons and neutrons
 electrons and protons
 protons and neutrons
 all particles are attracted to each other
13)- The atomic number of an atom is:
 the number of neutrons
 the number of protons
 the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
14)- The smallest unit of matter that can enter chemical reactions and is no divisible by
chemical means is called a(an):
 nucleus
 atom
 element
 molecule
 compound
15)- Which of the following is an element?
 Sugar
 Water
 Steam
 Snow
 Iron
16)- What is a chemical compound?
 A subatomic particle
 A combination of two protons and two electrons
 A combination of two or more chemical elements
 A mixture of two or more substances
17)- Which of the following is NOT true of matter on the Earth?
 Matter is always composed of atoms
 All substances are made of matter
 All matter contains chemical elements
 Our body are composed of matter
 Matter always consists of molecules
18)- Which of the following does NOT contain any chemical substances?
 Air
 Water
 A wood fires
 Light
 A pure diamond crystal
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Have fun using the Periodic Table!!!
1)- Re-write the following words using symbols from Periodic Table of Elements
Start time: __________
12- Teacher: _______________
4- Life: ___________
11- Nice: _________
5- Boss: ___________
3- You: _____
2- Cute: _________
6- Cookies: ______________
7- Sunny: _____________
1- Genius: _________
10- Candy: ___________
Arrival time: ___________
9- Fire: ______________
Score: ________________
8- Think: ___________
What’s the meaning of Periodic Table numbers? (Continuance)
2)- Complete the following table using the periodic table:
Name
Symbol
Z
A
# protons
# neutrons
# electrons
Uranium
Cl
192
Mn
Calcium
53
47
Nitrogen
133
Chosen colours:
3)- Select 4 elements and diagram their complete atoms using the same colours
references for electrons, neutrons and protons.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
INDIVIDUAL SELF ASSESSMENT – Unit #4
1)- A group of students have the following samples of substances: A, B, C and D
A
B
C
Write the correct letter:
1.a)- Molecules of a compound: ________
1.b)- Mixture of elements and a compound: ________
1.c)- Atoms of an element: ________
1.d)- Molecules of an element: ________
2)- Connect using arrows:
The atomic number is …
D
a specific number of protons and neutrons.
The total number of electrons is …
elements gathering by their atomic numbers.
In the Periodic Table, there are about 120 …
The nucleus contains …
always the same as the number of protons.
an amount that represents the number of protons.
3)- What is an element?
_______________________________________________________________________
Circle the elements only:
water
iron
Ccrbon dioxide
hydrogen
ozone
bones
fat
Sodium
blood
Chlorine
saccharouse
citric acid
aluminium
orange juice
milk
Light
4)- Which of the following is TRUE of matter on the Earth? (only one) Put a “X”
• Matter is always composed of molecules.
• All substances in our body are made of water.
• All matter contains just one type of element.
• All matter is composed of little bricks called atoms.
• Matter always consists in a mixture of only 10 elements.
5)- What do atoms contain? Draw the complete body of an atom and indicate its parts.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
6)- Answers the following question: If I touch the surface of any object, what part of the
atom body would be touching?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7)- Can electrons run away from the nucleus? Why? ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8)- Using an extra-page, work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each
case. Then, draw the atoms and all their parts. Use 3 different colours to distinguish the
subatomic particles.
6
C
12
11
Na
23
9
F
19
9)- Using the symbols of the elements, complete the name of the nouns that are
represented. Then, inside the brackets, complete with the complete name of the
elements.
____ ____
(_____________, _____________)
____ ____ ____ ____ (____________, ____________, ____________, ___________)
____ ____ ____ ____ (____________, ____________, ____________, ___________)
____ ____
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
10)- Complete the following table:
Element
Symbol
Number of
protons
Mass
number
Number of
neutrons
Number of
electrons
Atomic
number
1
52
14
56
80
94
11)- The life cycle of stars: Put T (true) or F (false) as appropriate and justify the false
ones using an extra-page.
a)- When you look up at stars in the night sky, you are appreciating
hundreds of chemical factories. _____
b)- In each star a substance called magnesium is being squashed so hard
that it changes into another. _____
c)- If a star is small and massive it may implode as a black hole. _____
e)- If the star is large enough it may explode lighting all the universe for one
second. _____
f)- Gas and dust remaining in space join and swirl around forming primitive
comets. _____
g)- The oxygen you breathe and the carbon in your body came from Jupiter.
_____
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Unit 5: Mixture and separation techniques.
Teacher’s notes: Classification of Matter. Pure Substances and Mixture
Once the physical and chemical properties of matter are determined, those properties aid
scientists in classifying matter into about six different categories. To determine which of
the six different categories the particular matter that is under investigation belongs to, it
is helpful to ask a series of questions:
1. Is the matter uniform in composition?
To be uniform in the composition, matter must be made up of all the same atoms, or
different atoms always combined in the same ratio. If matter is uniform in composition,
then it is classified as a pure substance. If matter is not uniform in composition (different
atoms in different ratios), then it is classified as a mixture of pure substances.
Because a mixture is a physical mix of pure substances, it must be separable by physical
means, as in distillation, chromatography, using a magnet, filtration, or even using your
fingers.
2. If the matter is a substance, is it composed of one single type of atom?
Pure substances are uniform in composition, meaning it is composed of only one single type
of atom, called an element, or composed of different atoms always combined in the same
ratio, called compounds. Compounds usually have very different properties than the
elements that actually compose it. For example, sodium metal is explosive in water and
chlorine gas is very poisonous, but the compound of sodium chloride is a white, crystalline
solid that is necessary for the human body.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Elements cannot be broken down any further by chemical means. It takes nuclear reactions
to break open an atom. However, compounds can be broken down into the elements that
compose it by chemical means.
3. If the matter is a mixture, is the mixing uniform?
Mixtures of pure substances are classified by the extent that the mixture is uniformly
composed. There are two types of mixtures; homogeneous and heterogeneous. The Greek
words “homo” means “same” and “hetero” means “different”. Thus, a homogeneous
mixture is where all components are in the same phase, like in a well-made glass of iced
tea. In contrast, the components of a heterogeneous mixture are in different phases with
an obvious boundary (interface) between the phases, like in fresh-squeezed orange juice
where the pulp settles to the bottom.
Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions, and if something is a solution, it must be
a homogeneous mixture. Solutions have completely even mixing of the components, and
do not necessarily have to be a liquid. Bronze is an example of a solid solution, and air is
an example of a gaseous solution.
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
4. If the mixture is a solution, which parts are the solute and solvent?
When a homogeneous mixture is being made, least two pure substances are needed. One
of the substances dissolves the other to form the solution. The substance being dissolved
is called the solute, and the substance doing the dissolving is called the solvent. Sometimes
it’s easy to tell which is which – to make lemonade, lemon juice and sugar are both dissolved
by water so therefore the lemon juice and sugar are the solutes and water is the
solvent. Other times it’s difficult to tell – ethyl alcohol will dissolve completely in any
amount of water, and water will dissolve completely in any amount of ethyl alcohol. The
rule of thumb is that the substance in greatest amount is considered the solvent. Anything
else by default is considered solute.
5. If the mixture is heterogeneous, does it settle?
Heterogeneous mixtures have parts that are noticeably different because they are in
different phases. Sometimes these parts settle, like a bucket of muddy water, and
sometimes the different parts don’t settle, like smog.
If the particles are large enough that settling will occur, if given enough time, then the
heterogeneous mixture is considered a suspension. Any food that states "Shake Well
Before Using" is guaranteed to be a suspension.
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If the particles do not settle after an appreciably amount of time, then it is a special type
of suspension called a colloidal suspension.
When you observe a mixture and only one phase is present, then it is a solution; when two
or more phases are present, then the mixture is considered to be heterogeneous. You can
see the phases because they usually meet at a well-defined interface, oil and vinegar salad
dressing.
One of the definitional ways to tell if a heterogeneous mixture is a colloid is using the Tyndall
Effect. Colloids will scatter light, allowing a beam to be seen in the colloid; a solution will
not show the beam of light; and often suspensions will completely block out the light.
Solution
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Physics and Chemistry Booklet for 1°B and C | Teacher Carina Cerrichio
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures
1)- Classify the following substances and mixtures as either homogeneous or
heterogeneous
a) Spaghetti sauce
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
b) Pure air
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
c) City air
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
d) Chocolate chips cookies
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
e) Black coffee
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
f) Salad dressing
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
g) Beach sand
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
h) Soil
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
i) A flat soda drinks
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
2)- Circle the correct answer
2.a)- What do we call a substance that contains two or more different types of matter?
A. An organic sample
B. A mixture
C. A model
D. A formula
2.b)- If you can easily see the different parts that make up a mixture, you know that it is
a __________ mixture.
A. Bio-geoclimatic
B. quantitative
C. plasma
D. heterogeneous
2.c)- What do we call a substance that is the same throughout?
A. A pure substance
B. A heterogeneous mixture
C. A solid
D. A viscous material
2.d)- Homogeneous means that every part of the material is
A. different
B. transparent
C. liquid
D. the same as every other part
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2.e)- Which of the following is NOT a heterogeneous mixture?
a. Ketchup
b. White sugar
c. Pizza
d. Concrete
2.f)- Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?
A. Milk
B. Pure water
C. Helium
D. Pure gold
2.g)- Homogeneous mixtures contain two or more
A. heterogeneous mixtures
B. models
C. pure substances
D. melting points
2.h) _________ mixtures are mixed so that their properties are blended, and every part
of the mixture is the same.
A. Mechanical
B. Homogeneous
C. Heterogeneous
D. Environmental
2.i)- Pure substances contain only one type of
A. mixture
B. density
C. matter
D. mass
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Separation techniques
Choose one from these following statements or complete as appropriate
1)- Which separation technique would be the best method to get clear water from a
mixture of flour and water?
 Evaporation
 Filtration
 Distillation
 Chromatography
2)- Distillation is not used to
 separate a mixture with solid impurities in a solution
 separate and identify the components of a mixture
 separate a solvent from a solution
 separate a mixture of liquids in a solution
3)- What does the term “solute” means?
 solid particles that are left behind after filtration on the filter paper
 solid particles that are left behind after evaporation
 the liquid that is collected at the end of distillation
 the liquid that evaporates from a solution
4)- When do we use evaporation to separate components?
 a solid-solid mixture when one of the components sublimes
 a solid-liquid mixture when solid particles are dissolved
 a liquid-solid mixture when solid particles can be seen in the mixture
 a liquid-liquid mixture when one of the liquids has a lower boiling point
5)- In the lab, a scientist accidentally dropped a ball bearing into a beaker of hot water
and wanted to get it out as soon as possible as the hot water will be used in an
experiment. What can he do?
 Evaporate the hot water to get the ball bearing
 Use paper chromatography
 Use distillation to isolate the hot water.
 Use a magnet to attract the ball bearing and get it out of the beaker
6)- What does immiscible mean?
 Does dissolve
 Doesn't dissolve
 Will catch fire
7)- Which would be an example of an immiscible mixture?
 Oil and water
 Liquid air
 Food dye
8)- What property allows mixtures to be separated by fractional distillation?
 Density
 Boiling point
 Type of bonding
9)- To get salt out of a solution (separating salt from water) we could try.....
 Melting it
 Evaporating the water so the salt is left behind
 Using a magnet
 Using the solute to re-dissolve it
10)- If Joe wants to get the iron filings out of some sand, what could she use to separate
these two solids?
 A magnet
 Evaporation
 Decanting
11)- Evaporation means going from a liquid to a ____________. (Choose from: liquid,
solid, gas)
12)- Melting means going from a __________ to a liquid. (Choose from: liquid, solid, gas)
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13)- If I pour the water off after I boil the potatoes, what is this an example of? (I am
separating the solid potatoes from the liquid hot water)
 Decoutage
 Deglazing
 Double glazing
 Decanting
 Decarting
14)- I am making lip balm. I have to pour my cooked mixture through some muslin
(fabric). What am I doing to the mixture? (I am separating the solid bits from the liquid
bits: the liquid can fit through the tiny holes in the muslin fabric)
 Decanting it
 Mixing it
 Filtering it
 Serrating it
 Nothing
15)- I put dirty water into a funnel with a paper lining. Clean water comes out of the
funnel into my beaker and solid dirt gets left behind on the paper. This is an example of
____________.
16)- Which of the following mixtures could NOT be separated into its components by
decanting.
 Beans in hot water
 Sand in water
 Coffee in hot water
17)- If something has been dissolved in water, how could I separate it from the water
again?
 By decanting it
 By evaporating the water
 By dissolving it in milk
18)- Which of these are methods of separating a solid from a liquid?
 Decanting, filtering and dissolving
 Decanting, filtering and evaporating
 Decanting and dissolving
19)- Which of these methods could be used to separate an insoluble solid from a soluble
solid. (HINT: soluble means WILL dissolve; insoluble means WON'T dissolve)
 Mixing the mixture with water and then filtering it. Then we could evaporate the
water from the resulting liquid.
 Mixing the mixture with sand and then filtering it. The we could evaporate the
sand from the resulting solid.
 Mixing the mixture with hydrogen gas, and then filtering it. Then we could
evaporate the solids out.
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INDIVIDUAL SELF ASSESSMENT – Unit #5
1) Think carefully about the following statements. Are they true or false?
Circle your answer.
a.
In filtration, the filtrate is always a pure liquid.
True/False
b.
Drinking water can only be obtained from seawater by
True/False
distillation.
c.
The fractional distillation of miscible liquids is only possible if
True/False
the liquids have different boiling points.
d.
Paper chromatography is a physical method for separating
True/False
mixtures.
e.
Mixtures have fixed melting and boiling points.
True/False
2)- Name the techniques which are suitable for separating the following mixture:
a.
Situation
To obtain drinking water from muddy water
b.
To separate petrol from crude oil
c.
To remove leaves from a swimming pool
d.
To obtain pure sugar from a solution
e.
To determine whether the colouring in a fruit
Separation Technique
juice is a single substance or a mixture of
coloured substance
3)- You are asked to separate sand and sodium chloride.
Name the methods needed to carry out the procedure. Explain how you would carry
out the procedure to obtain pure sand and sodium chloride back.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4)- The following diagram shows a setup of a simple distillation.
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a)- (I) Identify substance P.
___________________________________________________________________
(II) What is the objective of substance P?
___________________________________________________________________
b)- Identify the distillate collected in the receiver.
___________________________________________________________________
c)- Suggest how you would determine that the distillate collected is a pure substance.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
d)- Label the water in and water out on the diagram.
e)- State one possible mistake in the set up and explain the significance of the mistake.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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